NEW 



Grammar School History 



United States, 

TO WHICH AUE ADDED 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, 

WITH 

Notes, Questions, and Explanations. 



FULLY ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS, PORTRAITS, AND VIEWS. 



JOHN J. ANDERSON, Ph.D., 

AUTHOR OF A "POPULAR SCHOOL HISTORY OP THE UNITED STATES," A NEW "MANUAL 

OF GENERAL HISTORY," A " HISTORY OF ENGLAND," A "HISTORY OF FRANCE," 

"the HISTORICAL READER," "THE UNITED STATES READER," 

ETC., ETC. 




NEW YORK: 

Clark & Maynard, Publishers, 

771 Broadway. 

18«7. 



Anderson's Historical Series, 



A Junior Class History of the United States. Illustrated with 
hundreds of portraits, views, maps, etc. 30« pag-es. 16ino. 

A New Grammar School History of the United States. Sup- 
plemented by maps, engravings, chronological summaries, tabulated analyses, 
review questions, appendix, etc. 360 pages. 13mo. 

A Grammar School History of the United States. Anno- 
tated ; and illustrated with numerous portraits and views, and with more than 
forty maps, many of which are colored. 340 images. 16mo. 

A Pictorial School History of the United States. Fully illus- 
trated with maps, portraits, vignettes, etc. 439 pages. 12mo. 

A Popular School History of the United States, in which are 
inserted, as a part of the narrative, selections from the writings of eminent 
American historians, and other American writers of note. Fully illustrated 
with maps, colored and plain ; portraits, views, etc. 381 pages. 12mo. 

A Manual of General History. Illustrated with numerous en- 
gravings and with beautifully colored maps showing the changes in the 
political divisions of the world, and giving the location of important places. 
500 pages. Ix'mo. 

A New Manual of General History, with j)articular attention to 
Ancient and Modern Civilization. With numerous engravings and colored 
maps. 685 pages. 12mo. Also, in two parts. Part I. Ancient History : 300 
pages. Part II. Modern History : 385 pages. 

A School History of England. Illustrated with numerous en- 
gravings and with colored maps showing the geographical changes in the 
country at diflferent periods. 378 pages. l™'mo. 

A Short Course in English History. With numerous engravings 
and maps. 215 pages. 12mo. 

A School History of .France. Illustrated with numerous en- 
gravings, colored and uncolored maps. 373 pages. 12mo. 

A History of Rome. Amply illustrated with maps, plans, and en- 
gravings. 554 pages. By R. F. Leighton, Ph.D. (Lips.>. 

A School History of Greece. In preparation. 

Anderson's Bloss's Ancient History. Illustrated with engrav- 
ings, colored maps, and a chart. 445 pages. 12mo. 

The Historical Reader, embracing selections in prose and verse, 
fi'om standard writers of Ancient and Modern History ; with a Vocabulary of 
Difficult Words, and Biographical and Geographical Indexes. 544 pages. 12mo. 

The United States Reader, embracing selections from eminent 
American historians, orators, statesmen, and poets, with ex]ilanatory obser- 
vations, notes, etc. Arranged so as to form a Class-manual of United States 
History. Illustrated with colored historical maps. 436 pages. 12mo. 

CLARK & MAY:N^ARD, Publishers, 

771 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 

Copyright, 1887, by John J, Anderson, 



En< 



K5 






PREFACE. 



Although the success of the Grammar School History of 
the United States during the last twenty years has been un- 
paralleled, the publishers, in order to meet the demands of 
the present time, have induced the author to prepare the book 
here offered to the public. 

In examining the plan of this work, it will be observed 
that so much of the history as belongs to the colonial period 
is presented in chronological order and as related to the dif- 
ferent English reigns. This departure from the usual ar- 
rangement seems to possess many advantages. Pupils study- 
ing the history of each colony without reference to contem- 
poraneous circumstances and events are apt to receive the 
impression that the narrative covers a greater length of time 
tlijin is actually the case. The events, too, in their various 
relations, are not clearly understood ; since their connection 
with other events as causes or consequences, though perhaps 
clearly observed by the pupil in the history of one colony, 
becomes obscure, or is lost sight of entirely, in the history of 
other colonies, owing to the different circumstances with 
which they are connected. The general thread of the narra- 
tive is thus broken in the mind of the pupil. 

A fuller treatment lias been given to the earlier than to 
the more recent history of our country, because, with but few 
exceptions, the events of the former are generally of greater 
interest and importance ; and, besides, having passed so far 
into history, they may be more readily studied without 
prejudice, and with a better idea of their true value and re- 
Uition. 



6 Preface. 

In the preparation of this book, three special objects have 
been constantly kept in view. 

The first and most important of these is accuracy of state- 
ment. The works of Bancroft, Hildreth, Palfrey, Prescott, 
Sparks, Parkman, and other trustworthy historians, have 
been thoroughly read, and their statements and conclusions 
carefully compared. Whenever their accounts have been 
found to be at variance, the author has carried his investiga- 
tions back to official reports, early letters and records, and 
other original sources. 

Tlie second object has been to make the narrative, though 
brief, well connected, symmetrical, and attractive. The 
truth being ever the paramount object, it has been the con- 
stant aim of the author to present it as forcibly and con- 
spicuously as possible, and in language both simple and 
attractive. 

The third object has been to make a conij)Iefe class-inanual. 
It is believed that the many helps offered in the maps, illus- 
trations, topical questions, summaries, tabulated reviews, and 
appendix, will be greatly appreciated by practical teachers. 
History is now taught quite as widely as grammar or geog- 
raphy, though teachers differ considerably in their methods 
and requirements. AVhile some secure the results which they 
require by teaching a mere outline in connection with the 
most important dates, others devote much time to what is 
understood as class-drill, believing that tlie subject cannot be 
taught definitely, thoroughly, and with permanent effect, in 
any other way. The latter make free use of chronological 
tables, maps, review outlines, and other expedients of the 
kind. A third class, discarding all such means, depend ex- 
clusively upon the narrative, their aim being not so much to 
prepare pupils for a critical examination as to implant in 
their minds a taste for history, as well as to induce them to 
read the best historical literature. The author is convinced 
that teachers of each class, whatever methods tliev mav 



Preface. 



prefer, will find this book adapted to their several views and 
}) references in every respect. 

One of the author's earlier works has been objected to 
because it contained no questions at the foot of the pages. 
Objections may be made by some to this book for the V(^ry 
opposite reason ; since, while some teachers find from ex- 
perience that questions prepared for them are helpful, others 
prefer to use only those of their own construction. Such 
being the case, the author thinks there can be no good reason 
for excluding the questions, inasmuch as they may be used 
or entirely ignored, at the pleasure of the instructor. 

Without any specification of other improvements in the 
work, which cannot fail to be obvious to the practical teacher 
in the use of it as a class-manual, the author submits it to the 
public, feeling confident that the more thorough and critical 
the examination given to it, the more assured and hearty will 
be the approval which it will receive. 



SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 

Aim of the Teacher.— A recitation or examination should have for its 
object, not merely to determine the amount of knowledge that has been 
acquired by the pupil, but also to ascertain the degree of clearness and 
intelligence with wliich it is comprehended. Thus, in a measure, it be- 
comes an examination of the instructor as well as of the instructed. 
Facts, standing alone, without reference to other facts, are comparatively 
of little value. To show their relation or connection with one another, 
and t ims their full value, and to do this in such a manner as to interest 
the learner, and create in his mind a love for the subject, should be the 
{)rincipal aim of the teacher. Pupils so taught may with confidence be 
subjected to the most rigid examination. Their answers will not be of 
the parrot kind. They will be alive with intelligence. This is especially 
requisite in history. 

Assigning the Lesson.— Have the lesson read, care being taken that all 
the proper names arc correctly pronounced. See that the location of all 
the i)laces named is clearly known, and that the significance and rela- 
tive importance of every fact mentioned are well understood. To secure 



iSuggestiotis to Teachers. 



these results, make free use of large uiaps. When tlie lesson ivlates to 
early discoveries, or the war with Mexico, an outline map of North 
America should be kept before the class. In other cases the map of the 
United States should be used. Require the pupils to draw snuiU sec- 
tional maps, showing the location of the places mentioned in the lesson. 
Head, or have read, extracts from the works of standard authors. 

The Recitation.— The small maps prepared by tlie pupils sliould be 
carefully examined and criticised. In this duty tlie teacher may Ix* 
aided by a system of examinations carried out by the pupils themselves, 
who will derive much benefit in many respects from tht- exercise. His- 
tory and geoiiraphy should be constantly associated. Without such 
association the facts must be vague, and will, consequently, soon slip 
from the mind. Why is it very dilficult for some persons to remember 
the facts of history ? Simply, because they do not Iwate them, or they 
place them so loosely as to im^wirt no positiveness or distinctness to them. 
Let it be undei-stood that no lesson is thoroughly learnt d that does not 
include in the acquisition a clear knowledge of the kx'ation of every 
place mentioned. Do not depend entirely, if to any great extent, upon 
set questions, and encourage your scholai-s to ask questions. 

The Review.— This should be by topics, or occasionally by epochs. 
Topics are made up of facts or events, and their consequences, names, 
dates, and locations. All these should have been well learned in previ- 
ous lessons. We then come to the time when the dates that ix'cur in 
the lesson should have special attention. Take one of these as a turning- 
point and see how many minor events can Ix^ made to lead to it as cause- 
events, and how many may be made to lead from it as etfect-events. The 
chi-onological tables in this bixik contain all the important events in the 
history of our country that pupils in our schools should be required to 
learn. If the exaunnations londueted by our superintendents and com- 
mittees usually required fewer dates, these tables would contain a 
smaller number. 

The author has no hesiration in saying that teachers who use this 
book intelligently and persistently adhere to its help-forms : its map ex- 
ercises ; review outlines : chronological summaries : geographical, bicv 
graphical, and historical review topics, and its tabulated i-eviews, will 
lie tolerably sui*e to achieve complete success, in not only storing, but 
also in disciplining the minds of their pupils, as well as in imparting a 
permanent taste for historical stud v. 



C N T E N T S . 



Section T. — Discovkhies and Exi'lorations. 

First Inhabitiints of Anu'rica (11): Tiio Indians (13); First Disrovory 
of Anu'rica (HI); Discoveries and Kxploralions l)y the Noi'tlinien (1(>); 
})y Columbus (20); by the Cnbots (28); by I)e Leon (211); by liall)oa 
(31): by Drake (33); by De Soto (35); by Manjuette (3!)); by La 
Salle (42). 

Section II. — (^)lonial Period. 

First Attempts at Settlement (45); Florida (47); Acadia (51); Vir- 
ginia (52, 80); New Netherland (New Yoi-k, Now Jersey, and Dela- 
ware (GO, 88); New England ((15, 84, 97); Maryland (81); New Yoi-k 
and New Jersey (88); North and South Carolina (91); Pennsylvania 
and Delaware) (93); Georgia (103); Claims to Territory (10(1): l^'ivndi 
and Indian War (10()) ; What the ('olonists said and did (1 19). 

Section III. — Revolutionary Period. 

Causes of the War (141-151); First (V)ntinental Congress (151); Lex- 
ington and Concord (152); Second Continental Congress (157); Decla- 
ration of Independence (101); Treason of Ai'nold (192); Sui-render of 
Jiurgoyne (779); Surrender of ('ornwallis (198); Adoi)tion of the Con- 
stitution (205). 

Section IV. — Constitutional Period. Part I. 

Administrations of Washington (213), John Adams (225), JefTei'son 
(231), Madison (240), Monroe (200), Joiin (^uincy Adams (205), Jack- 
son (208), Vail Buren (271), Harrison (272), Tyler (273), Polk (275), 
Tayhn- (282), Fillmore (283), Pieive (285). 

Section V^. — Constitutional Period. Part IT. 

Administrations of Buchanan (295), Lincoln (300), .Tohnson (327), Grant 
(329), Hayes (330), (Jarlield (339), Arthur (340), Clcvehuid (340). 



APPENDIX. 

The Declaration of Independence (1) ; The C-onstitution of the Fniled 
States (0) ; The States, the Origin of their Names, and their Pet 
Names (34) ; The Presidents and Vice-Presidents (38, 39) ; Acquisi- 
tion of Territory (40). 



LIST OF MAPS. 



PAGE 

1. Indian nations and discoveries Facing 11 

•2. French and Indian War and the Revolution •* 45 

3. Jamestown and Chesapeake Bay 53 

4. MassiK-husetts and Rhode Island G9 

5. Portsmouth. X. H.. and its vicinity T2 

0. Connecticut and Long Island 75 

7. Xew Jei-sey and p;irt of Pennsylvania 90 

8. Xorth and South Carolina and Georgia 9"2 

9. Maine, Xew Brunswick, and Xova Scotia 112 

10. Territorial claims of the United States as based on royal grants. 

Facing 141 

11. Boston and its vicinity 156 

12. Sorel or Richelieu River and Montreal 159 

13. Xew York Bay. Xew York, and Brooklyn 164 

14. Trenton. Princeton, and Monmouth 166 

15. The Hudson River and Lake Champlain 174. 175 

16. The Mohawk River. Oriskany. and Fort Schuyler 176 

17. Xew London. Fort Trumbull, and Fort Griswold 198 

18. Original territory of the Uniteil States Facing 213 

19. Detroit and western part of Lake Erie 250 

20. Alabama and adjacent country 251 

21. Lake Erie and Lake Ontario connected by Xiagara River 252 

22. Region west of Chesapeake Bay 254 

23. Part of the Southern States Facing 263 

24. Mississippi and Alabama as ceded to them 263 

25. Taylor's campaign in Mexico 277 

26. Scott's campaign in ^lexico 278 

27. San Fmncisco and its vicinity 283 

28. Stilt Lake City and its vicinity 285 

29. Formation of States from the acquiretl territory west of the Mis- 

sissippi River Facing 295 

30. Charleston, S. C. and its harbor 299 

31. Part of Maryland and Yirginia Facing 311 

32. Chattanooga and its vicinity 318 

33. Mobile and Mobile Bay . . . .' 323 

34. Savannah and Fort McAllister 324 

35. Part of Oregon and Washington Territory 330 

36. Territorial growth of the Fnited States Facing 333 



IXDIAX XATIOXS 



DISCOVERIES. 




A NEW 

Grammar School History 

OF THE 

United States. 



First Inhabit- 
ants of 
America. 



SECTION I. 

DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATION'S. 

1. This grand division of land on which we live, known 
as the Western Continent, has an extent of ten thousand 
miles. It stretches from the regions of the north, 
where snow and ice forever abound, to the 
rocky cape in the far south that lifts its head out 
of the waters of the Antarctic Ocean. Millions of homes are 
now dotting its plains and valleys, and millions of busy men 
and women are living upon it, but there was a time in the 
remote past when not a house or a human being was on the 
face of all this great continent. When and how did the first 
man get here ? Did he come from China or Japan, from 
Europe or Africa ? Did he come of his own free will, or was 
his boat or raft driven or wafted hither by storms and winds ? 
These questions have been asked a great many times, but thus 
far nobody has been able to answer them. 

1. On what grand division of land do we live? What is its extent? Name its 
sonthern cape (see a map of Sonth America). What is said of its remote condition as 
regards inhabitants? W^hat questions are asked about that? 



12 Discoveries and Exploraiions. 

2. Very many years ago. just liow many no one among all 
oiir learned men is able to tell, there was a people, or, to be 
more eorreet. tliere were several peoples that lived and pros- 
pered here. We know this from numerous remains of tem- 
ples, bridges, and aqueducts, built by men more skilful than 
the first inhabitants of the continent of whom we have any 
clear knowledge. Many of the ancient structures were of 
stone, immense blocks of which were used. One of the tem- 
ples in South America, a perfect circle in form, was of brick. 
Carved on some of the stones, particularly on those over 
door-ways, are figures of men and animals as well as of fanci- 
ful objects. On these stones are beautiful mouldings, cor- 
nices, and niches. High up on the mountain tops of Peru, 
where neither tree nor shrub can grow, are stone wall inclos- 
ures, thousands in number, which, according to the tra- 
dition among the Peruvians, are the remains of structures 
that were built "before the sun shone." 

3. In our own country, the United States, the evidences 
of a former civilization seem almost as numerous, but they 
ditfer in kind from those of South America and ^Eexico. 
Instead of great ruins in which are beautiful blocks of cut 
stone, we have, as a rule, mounds of earth, or of earth 
and rough stone. These, found mostly in the valleys of 
the Ohio and Mississippi, are of various sizes and shapes. 
Some are round, some are square, others have the form of 
animals. We call the people who built them Mound Build- 
ers, but of this people we know nothing whatever, except 
what ^^e learn from the mounds themselves. Perhaps we 
may think that the mounds were made by the ancestors of 
the people whom we call Indians. Learned men who have 
carefully studied the subject, deny this. They tell us that 
the mounds were constructed by a peojde who occupied the 
country long before the Indians or their forefathers came 

2. What evidences of former civilization are there in Sonth America ? 

3. What are in our own country ? What is^ s^aid of the Mound Builders ? 



Discoveries and Bxj) /orations. 



13 



here ; and tlieir decision seems to be supported by the char- 
acter and habits of the Indians, as well as by other facts.* 

4. As a rule the house of the Indian was a poor affair. 
It was not made to last long, for its owner never meant to 
live in one place long. It was not built of brick 
or stone, but commonly of young trees, bent and 



The Indians. 




SCENE IN A PUEBLO VILLAGE. (FROM A PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN 188tt.) 

twisted together at their tops, and covered with mats, or 
bark, or buffalo skins. These houses, or lodges, or Avig- 



* We ()ui;ht to receive the statements about the Mound Builders with con- 
siderable caution. Lewis Cass, one of America's venerated statesmen, speak- 
ing of the mounds, said : " They were no doubt erected by the forefathers of 
the present Indians." 

" To ascribe these remains to a mythical people of a different civilization, 
is to reject a simjde and satisfactory explanation in favor of a conclusion that 
is far-fetched and incomplete, and that is neither science nor logic." — C'arr\s 
Mounds of the Miasimjypi Valley. 



4. Describe the ordinary house of the Indian. Tlie Pueblo house. Who was Coro- 
uado ? What did he see of the Pueblos ? Describe the picture. 



14 Discoveries and Explorations. 

warns, whatever we choose to call them, had no chimneys. 
The fire was made on the ground in the center of the house, 
and the smoke escaped through an opening in the top. 
About the year 1530, four Spaniards, survivors of an ill- 
fated expedition that had Xarvaez (nar-vah'-etli) for its 
leader (§ ■l'-?), wandered into the region now known as Xew 
Mexico, and found the Pueblo (piva-hlo) Indians living in 
houses built of stone, or of sun-dried brick to which has been 
given the name adobe. Ten years later, Coronado, another 
Spaniard, at the head of an expedition of three hundred 
men, passed through the same region. The Pueblos were 
then raising grain and vegetables ; also cotton, which they 
spun, wove, and made into garments. Large remnants of 
the Pueblos, probably ten thousand in all, are at the present 
time occupying the houses built by their ancestors. The 
buildings are ranged in the form of a hollow square, or are 
on the broAv of a high bluff or mountain terrace. Xot one 
has a door-way or other opening in its first or lower story. 
Access can only be gained by means of a ladder. The vil- 
lage is called a pueblo. 

5. The fierce Iroquois (e-ro-quaJi). so named by the 
French, occupying what we now call Central Xew York, 
built quite large habitations, which they called "long 
houses." These were covered with the bark of the oak or 
of other trees.* From one of Francis Parkman's charm- 
ing books, Tlie Discovery of the Great West, we get an excel- 
lent idea of an Indian house seen three hundred years ago 
among the southern tribes near the western bank of the 



* "The Indians east of the Mississippi may be divided into three great 
families. The Iroquois, the Algonquin {al-gon'-kin), and the Mobilian, each 
speaking a language of its own. varied by numerous dialectic forms. To 
these families must be added a few stragglers from the great western race of 
the Dahcotah (Dakota), besides several distinct tribes of the south." — Itirk- 
man's Cons2)iracy of Ihnfiac. 

5. Who were the Iroqnois ? What is said of their houses ? What is said of a cer- 
tain Indian house west of the Mississippi ? 



jitS.'*' 



Discoveries and Explorations, 15 

Mississippi. It was large enough to hold twenty families. 
Its construction was begun by planting in a circle a number 
of tall, straight trees, such as grow in swamps. Their tops 
were then bent inward, and lashed together. The whole 
structure was then covered with thatch, a hole being left in 
the top for the escape of the smoke. Twenty apartments, 
like stalls for horses, separated one from another by mat 
partitions, but open in front, were ranged in regular order 
around the inside. In these the families slept. 

6. The Indian's weapons, beside the bow and arrow, were 
the wooden spear and the tomahawk. The latter was a stick 
two or three feet long, with a knob, or stone hatchet, or piece 
of deer's horn, fastened to its end. With these weapons 
the Indian went forth to fight. Hunting was his daily 
labor, but war, it may be said, was ever his master passion. 
In fact, the tribes were at strife with each other so much 
that it is a wonder there was a single Indian alive when the 
" pale faces" came to take possession of his country. In the 
colder region and near the ocean coast, the Indian was not 
quite so warlike. He hunted the deer, speared the salmon, 
captured the cod, and trapped the beaver. In some jiarts of 
the land, the obedient and ill-treated squaws cultivated small 
patches of ground. ''Working with hoes of wood and bone, 
among charred stumps, they raised corn, beans, and pumi)- 
kins." * 

7. If we are not able to say when and how this continent 
received its first inhabitants, we are quite certain that there 
was a time when the people of the eastern continent had no 

* " In 1696, the invading army of Count Frontenac, Governor of Canada, 
found tlie maize fields of tlie Iroquois extending a league from their villages. 
In 1779, the troops of General Sullivan were filled with amazement at their 
abundant stores of corn, beans, and squashes, and at the old apple orchards 
which grew around their settlements." — Parkmmi^s Comjnracy of Fontiac. 

6. "What is said of the Indian's weapons ? Of war among the Indians ? Of hunt- 
ing ? Of work done by the Indian women ? 

7. What theories have been advanced as to the first discovery of America ? 



16 Discoveries and Explorations, 



knowledge whatever of this our western workl. They did 
did not even suspect, as far as we know, that there was a 
second continent. The question then occurs : 
Who, among their adventurers, was the first to 
learn the trreat fact ? Or, as we are in the habit 



First Discovery 

of 

America. 



of putting it, AVho first discovered America ? Did some 
unlucky vessel, as has been surmised, sailing out of the Med- 
iterranean into the Atlantic, long before seamen had more 
than the sun and stars to tell them in what direction to 
steer their barks, encounter storms which drove it across the 
ocean to the strange shore ? Not many years ago a book was 
l)ublished to prove that in the fifth century a party of monks 
wandered from the southwestern i)art of Asia to Japan, then 
sailed to the northern islands of the Pacific and crossed to 
America. Shall we believe another story — it has been told by 
more than one — of a AVelsh prince, who, about the year llT-0, 
discoveretl this continent, and seeing the land to be 'fertile, 
left a number of his party and returned to his own country ? 
The tradition asserts that with ten ships, he sailed again for 
the new land, but was never afterward heard of. 

8. Sball we believe the stories told by the Sa'-ga-men ? 
The home of these story-tellers was in Norway, the people of 
rpj^g which country, living so far north, were called 

Northmens Northmen, or Norsemen. A thousand years 
Discov eries, j .^^^ ^|^g Norsemen were a bold and hardy race. 
They built ships in which they made voyages to distant 
lands. They were the dread of all western Europe, for, be- 
ing strong and fearless sailors, and fierce and daring soldiers, 
they made many conquests. By accident they discovered 
Iceland, one of their famous sea-rovers having been driven 
upon its coast by a storm (8(31). By a like accident, fifteen 
years later, thev discovered Greenland. By a third accident, 
not unlike the others, they discovered the main land, the 

8. Who were the Sagamen ? The Norssemen ? What is said of the discovery of 
Iceland ? Greenland ? Where are these lands ? Where was Vinland supposed to be ? 



DUcoveries and Nx^jloraliuits. 



17 



continent itself (1001). Soon afterward they made voyages 
to tlie continent, so it is related in their sagas, or legends. 
At a place, supposed to be in Massachusetts, which they 
called Vinland, they made a settlement, but were driven 
from it by the Indians. 

9. This name, Vinland, figures largely in the stories told 
by the Sagamen. Its origin is given thus : A captain by the 




NOKMAN SHIPS OF THE ELEVENTH CENTURY. 

name of Leif {life), meaning the Fortunate, was in command 
of the settlement. One day he missed his servant, a little 
German. Fearing that he might be killed by Indians or by 



9. Relate Leif s adventure with his German servant. 



18 Discoveries and £xj)Ioratiofis. 

wild animals. Leif went with a few men to search for him. 
Toward evening the servant was met as he was coming back. 
" lie was smacking his lips and talking. For some time he 
would do nothing but hiugh, and talk German. When they 
got him to talk Xorse. he explained that to his great jov he 
had found vines and grapes in great abundance. '^ He led 
them to the spot, and Leif thereupon named the country 
Vinland.* 

10. Iceland, called Snowland by its discoverers, soon 
gained quite a number of inhabitants, for the rule of Nor- 
way's king was so hard and oppressive that many of his 
chiefs, with their families, fled to it. Greenland, when first 
seen by the Xorsemen. contained not a single human being. 
In the course of two centuries, so nuiny Xorwegians and 
Danes went to it that more than a hundred villages were 
formed within its borders. Strange to say, all these have 
disappeared. Xot one of those old houses remains. Did an 
enemy, as has been asserted, sail to Greenland, and with fire 
and sword lay waste the country ? Or was the destruction 
begun by the dreadful plague, known as the "black death." 
and completed by fierce winds, terrible colds, and deep 
snows y 

11. This story is strange, the more so when we learn that 
it slumbered hundreds of years after its alleged events took 
place. All knowledge of Greenland and of the Xorsemeu's 



* An •• old stone mill. " used by the early English settlers of Rhode Island 
as a grist mill, and probably built by them for that purpose, was long a puzzle. 
Danish writers claimed that it was erected by Northmen. Its walls, still 
standing, and covered with moss and ivy. present a picturesque object. New- 
port's sununer visitors look upon it. wonder, and sj^culate. *' The first notice 
of it known to exist is in the will of Governor Arnold, of NewiKirt. dated 
December 00, 1677. He therein directs his body to be buried at a certain spot 
• being and lying in my land near the path from my dwelling house leading 
to my stone-built windmill : ' " — Ihffrty's ITfi<tonj of Xnr EmjUtmi. 

10. Give the former history of Greenland. The condition i>f affairs there now. 

11. What was Columbus's theory about getting to India? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



19 



divscoveries soiitli of it was entirely forgotten. When Colum- 
bus, in 1492, launched boldly upon the Atlantic, he did not 
know that there was any continent other than the one on 
wliicli he lived, lie had never heard of another. 



A\'hat grand idea did he cherish ? He believed 

■not a common belief 



Theory 

of 

Columbas. 



that the earth was round- 
in his day — and on this opinion he built the theory that by 
sailing westward he woidd 
get to India. In other 
Avords, he believed that 
the shortest way from Eu- 
ro})e to India was across 
the Atlantic. 

12. AVlien the people 
of Europe spoke of India 
in those days they had no 
clear idea of what they 
were talking about. They 
had heard the marvelous 
story told by Marco Polo, 
a \"enetian, who had been 
in the service of the Khan 

of Tartary, and had visited many of the cities in eastern 
Asia. I'hey had also heard the stories of travelers who had 
been in southern Asia. All these stories repre- 
sented the far-off regions to be rich in gold, sil- 
ver, 2)recious stones, spices, and other choice objects of com- 
merce. It may be said that India in the fifteenth century, 
included the southeastern part of Asia, with the islands in 
its vicinity. 

13. Only two cities of Europe, Genoa (jen'-o-ah) and 
Venice, had thus far carried on any commerce with India. 




CHKISTOPHKK fOLlMBlS. 



India. 



12. State what yon can of Marco Polo. What constitnted India ? 

13. Where ir* Genoa ? (See t^chool map.) Venice ? What trade did the Venetians 
have with India ? How was the trade carried on ? How, between Genoa and India ? 



20 /*»>n)<rr*>,v tuttf h\t^ih*rafion.<. 

Mon'huMts of WMiii'o sout nnrroTv^. and othor thiuiis inado of 
ii'lass for whioh ihiW iMty was rolobratovl. 'riu\v also sont 
brass ami ir*>n artirlos in i^roal variotv. Thoso wi^rt^ sliippoii 
aorovss I ho Motlilorranoan \o l\iivp(, thonv>o woro oarriod on 
iho l>aoks v^r oainols (o tlio lunl Soa. antl thonv>o woro takon l>v 
ships to hhlia. Morv'liants of luMiv^a sont thoir iivHuis to oasl- 
orn ports of tho Moditorranoati. ihonoo i>vorhinil to iho TavS- 
piat\ Soa. and ll\otioo bv v^oa anvi hind ti> thoir dostmativni. 

11. (\dnnibns. as wo ha\o stated. prv>posod to roaoli India 
by mMn^i" ii\ oxaotly tho oppv^sito dirootion.* 'V\\c nuiio 
c»iambM Jnvnnd tlio vsouthorn point of .Vfrioa was not yot 
Mi kit known. Cohnnbns w.as poor. tvH> iHH>r to tit v>nt 
**'^' sl\ips for tho ^iiivat voyaiio ho had prv>joolod. llo 
askovi tho poopK^ o( his i\alivo oity. (umuku to holji him. 
'rhoy wouKi not. Mis t\oxl applioalioi\ was to Kiiii* John, of 
IVu'tu^iiuK »lol\ii lislonod to all Cohnnbns s;ud. and thoi\ ro- 
fonvd tho mat tor tv> a lunly v>f loarnod nion. Thoy ivportod 
that tho pjvjoot was foolish. Thon. in an ovil honr, tho 
kin^ii\ iutlnonoini by bad nion. ovuivsontoil to do a dishonorablo 
tluug. llo sooivtly sont vmh a vship. with diiwtious to itvS 
oaptain to sail wostwatxl avwnlinij ti> tho plan laid down by 
C\»lntnlnis. AftiM' sjulin^i sovoral days and sooing nothiti^ir 
bnt wator on ovory sivlo. tho oaptaitv bKst oouruiix> ami put 
bnok. Tho kinii had oxpootod ti* ivap iiK>ry. Wi^ ww^^ sjuily 
dis;>ppiMtUoil. So atTootod waj* i'ohnnbus by this tivaohory. 
that, ivfusiuij to havo tuiY furthor limUng with tho trioky 

* llo t\.^vl «U5»kIo Uin^solf fjuuUuHr with all thst \v»?i thou known of tho 
solotu^^ of ii\HVb!:»^^>l\\ . »»ul hvul Ihvu ou !»o\o»^l vv\\H4ix^ tho ttr^t whon ho was 
o«V\ fvntrt<H^« \>^t> of «iiv vNv*to. tv '-JTV Two hututrrHt vi"^*-^ tn^f^Mfw vov^xv^ 
wotv JkiuUhnl l\Y (^ iu^>«^)ot4o tuHsUo tv»t{»nv^Hl u|Hm .^ pUnv of tli^tiu^t^ in^rk. 
AftonxarJ »u u«prv»Yo\l fv*n«vvf thb vHmtHYa«vH\ uiulortho uamo of mariuor's 
vnxm\^?4?^ oa««o into Uv^Os Wtth Ihbatul tho a*ti\>tj»K\V\»t«»uh«?i ^^mM now 
vvntutv u^HM^ ttio nt»ktu>\\t» vn-^ts^t* {»nvl lo?^^ svljita of latui v^oto. noxt vviijn»V 

I4v Wh,v *IW »>v^ v\4««»hu?' )cv» tv^ tn\tU by saUJuc tv^nxil tho ss»MUhon\ oj^*;* \i»f 
.\ftrto* ? What was* UvM^o tv* jtivv jirtx^atvMT ?^v^^> ami cOrtahuy to wax i^ratlou vNv^o. m^xt 
^v^''>y What hoh» *hU that i»\stnuwo«t tx^hUmt * tV xxh\m> \tW vVhuuhw* api^y fivr 
aKl* What aKl \thl h* w^hI ? i^f what \U*hvvuo*t>' w*$ KU»^ Jolitt gwitty ? 



/h'srorrrits and Nxploraf io)is. 



21 



nioii.ircli. he sjumm1i1\ shook I lu< iliisl of Porl ii!;;il I'lom liis 
I'tM'l/'^ 'I'o lltMii-N NIL. l'!ii:'J;m»rs kiii-;. hr snil Ins l»r..lh(>r 
loi" :i 1(1 ; Iml I ho brol Ikm" It'll ;inioii!', I liio\ os w lio si ri|>|>(Ml li i iii 
of his |-;iinionl. m oonso(|iioiU(> of which ho did nol yy\ t|iiiok 
Moooss lo lloiiiN, ;ind nolhiii;' onmo \A llu> ;i|>|M>;d. 

15. ll IS roi'ordod ihiil "Cohimhns h;id lo ht>;- his \v;iy 
from oomi lo oourl lo olVor lo |ti'inoos I ho diso(»\orv ol" ;i 
world." (uMioM w;is ;ipp(>;i lod lo ;i;';;iiii. thou I ho .MppoMl w:is 
iiiiido lo \tMiiro. \ol ;i word k\{ oiU'oiir;i:M>monl o;inio from 
oilhor. ('olmnhMs no\l Inod Spain. Ills lhoor\ w;iso\;im 
mod h\ ;i ooimoil o\ mon who wiTo snppos(>d lo ho \or\ w is(> 
nhoiil ;':oo;ir;iph\ ;md n;i\ i;';il ion. Tho ihoorv :ind ilsanllnM- 
woro ridioiilod. S;iid ono o{ I ho w iso mon : " Is lhoi't> ;in\ 
owe sy^ {oyA\A\ ;is lo hoIio\(> lh;il I IhM'o ;ii'o pt^oplo li\ini; on I ho 
ol hor sido y\{ I ho o;irlh wilh ihoir f(>ol opposilo to onrs. 
pooph* who w.ilk wilh Ihoii' hools upwiu'd Mini I heir h(>;ids 
h.iniA'ini; down '. " 1 1 is i(h>;i w;is I hid (he ciirlh wms Hal liko ;i 
plalt\ 

U). Can wt* wondor Ihal Colnmhns for a lunu' limt> mol 
Willi no snoot\ss ! hiirin;;' si>\on Ituii^' \i\'irs. whih* his iIumm'v 
aiitl polilion wiM'o htdoro iho Spanish ooiii'l. ho imploriMl and 
wailoti imlil. al lasl. w hon all hopo had Ih'd, and ho was in 
llu> \(>r\ aol o\ h'a\ini' iho ot)iinli-v lo lr\ his forlnno m 
l''ranoi\ Isaholla, llu' (pioon. s(M\I a mossa^t* dosirin^ him lo 



"> •" impMlirul .>r lli(> slow in>N.-^ wilh whicli l\is discoViM-ios iMlviinct'd nloni;- 
lluM'Oiisi ..r \lri.;i, the Iviiui. .loliii ll,,i'iilU>(l in tht'iiitl of scU>Mft> l(» <li«vis,> 
-oiutMiU'ims 1«\ w liwli mt;in>r m o|m« iiinl rciniini v luiiil)! Im» i>lv»'n to iiiivln'a 
tioiM I ISC.t. Thr nvsull Wiis llio iippliriil ion ol' lln> as1n>l!ilu> lo nnviynlion. 
riiMl.linu tin- .s,.iun;in. i<\ (Im> !iHiHnlt' ol' tin- ,s(m. to ;isr.M'(:iin lii^ ,iis| niuf I'loin 
|Ih> (M|Uiiloi-. ll is iin|>ossil>lt> to il»>siiilit> llic clTt'rl |>i-o(hu c.l upon w.w iy.jilioii 
l>\ tills iii\t>l\tion, rin' m;iriuiM-, now, insic;!,! ol' roaslini' tin- shore likrlhc 
:MH-it>nt inn iuMlors, iiml. if (lri\rii lioiii Ihr land, ;'.roi.inr, iiis wa\ l>;iilv in 
(loul'l !\n«l apprehension h\ I lie nneerlain ;vniilanee ol' I he sImi's. niiii'lil vcninre 
I'ohilN into nnUnow n se-is, eonliih-nl of lit>ini;- ahle lo Iraee hiseourse 1>\ nieiin^; 
ol lh.« eonipass and I he as| ndahe. '" //v/m/'.v l.if, of (olitnthiDi. 

1ft h'elal.- the l.ial. of foluiuhu. h, fniv (lie Spanish e,Mn-|. 

1({ W hal linn leoU pljiee in Ills leilmies" Win. wjis jsahellii V 



I)iscoren'es afu/ E.vjih) rat ions. 



return to lier. She oravo him a cordial reception, and becom- 
ing interested in what he said, exehiimed : ** I undertake the 
enterprise, and will pledge my jewels to raise the necessary 
funds : *' 

17. The sacritice was not required. Most of the money 
needed was advanced from the public treasury. The balance 
'rr, TT was furnished bv a family of wealthy nayiaators. 

Columbus s •• * . "• ^ 

First Voyage It was agreed, on the part of Ferdinand and Isa- 
to Ameri ca. bclla, king and queen of Spain, that Columbus 

should have the title of Admiral and be viceroy over all 

the lands discovered by 
him. AVith three small 
vessels he set Siiil from 
the port of Palos (pah'- 
los). Spain (Aug. 3, 149:2). 
AVe wonder at his temer- 
ity. AVith craft so snuill, 
not one of them larger 
than the ordinary river 
sloop of our day. and only 
one liaving a complete 
deck, he fearlessly put 
out upon the unknown 
ocean. Men t h o ug h t 
him cn\zy. So confident, 
however, was he of suc- 
cess, and just as he had 
planned it, that he took 
with him, from his royal 
patrons, letters for the 
potent ruler of the East. 

the Grand Khan of Tartary. The great objects before him 




^OLrXBl? WITH AX ASTROLABE IX HI:* HASP. 
(.PROM AX OLH EXGRAVIXO.^ 



17. ^yhat aeivement was made with Sjvain's king find qne^n * W'iih how inanv 
vessels did Oolunibus st.irt * Fn>ni what jwrl * AVheii * What did men think of him ? 
What evidence is given of his oonlidence * What were his three objects * 



Discoveries ctud Explorations. 



23 



wore glory and gold, but ho Avas zoalous to carry tho Gospel 
to tlio iioathon of distant lands. 

18. In six days the tliroo vessels reached the Canary Isl- 
ands, where, one of thoni needing a new rudder, they were de- 
tained a month. Again they put to sea. Soon a mutinous 
spirit broke out among the sailors. They fully believed 




cr.orcnEn at his feet HEtiuixG paudon.* (note nkxt page.) 

that they Avere sailing to destruction. " We must go back,'' 
they said. Not seeing any sign of compliance with their de- 
mand, they talked of throwing tho admiral into the sea. lie 
pacified them at times Avith gentle words and promises of re- 

18. Relate what ocL-iirred on board tlie ships. Where are the Canary Islands ? 



24 Discoren'es and Explorations. 

ward. At otlier times he was eonipelled to use the stern hiii- 
guage of aiitliority, 

19. At length liis perseverance was happily rewarded. 
As he looked out into the darkness of night, he saw a moving 
light. Xext morning at dawn. Friday. October l'2th. l-49'2, 
laiul was discovered.* It was an island, one of the group we 
now call the Bahamas. Its inhabitants were seen running 
about and Hocking to the sliore. The vessels were anchored, 
and Columbus, clad in a rich dress of scarlet cloth and hold- 
ing a royal standard in his hand, was ready to land. In 
small boats the admiral and most of his officers were rowed 
to the shore. Immediately all fell upon their knees, kissed 
the earth, and returned thanks to God. Rising, and drawing 
his sword, Columbus took formal possession of the island in 
the name of Ferdinand and Isabella, naming it San Salvador, 
which means Holy Saviour. 

20. The natives had fled in terror, and hid themselves in 
the woods. Xow, seeing that no attempt was made to pur- 
sue them, their terror abated. With awe they gradually ap- 
proached their strange visitors, believing that they had come 
from the sky in the ships, which, they thought, were great 
birds, the sails being wings. They touched t]u^ beards of the 
Spaniards, and examined their hands and faces. Columbus 
gave them glass beads, bells, and other trinkets, with which 
tliey were greatly pleased. The sound of the bells was a 
wonder to them. They had nothing to offer in return except 
balls of cotton yarn, and a kind of thin cake, or bread, made 
of roots. A few had ornaments of oohl hanofina: from their 



* •• The feelinsrs of the Spaniards burst forth in the most extravagant 
transports. They thronged around the admiral, some embracing him. others 
kissing his hands. Those who had been the most mutinous and turbulent 
during the voyasre now crouched at his feet, begging pardon for all the 
trouble they had caused him. and promising the blindest obedience for the 
future." — Iri'ing. 

19- When was America discovered by Colnmbns * Stare the events of that day. 

20- c;ive an account of the natives found on the island, aud what they did. 



Discoiwries and Explorations. 25 

noses. These they ghidly exclumged for beads und bells ; 
and pointing sonthward, indicated to the delighted gold- 
seekers that in that direction was tlie land from which the 
precions metal came. 

21. Leaving San Salvador, C'olnmbns discovered other 
islands, the largest being Cnba. Another large island he 
named llispaniola, meaning Little Spain. It is the same 
island afterward known as San Domingo. Its present name 
is Ilayti {lia-fe). Near it one of the vessels was wrecked, 
and from the broken parts a fort was bnilt. Many of the 
men desiring to renuiin on the island, abont forty w^ere left ; 
and early in Jannary, UOo. C'olnmbns departed for Spain. 
Great was the joy of Palos on the loth of March, as the ad- 
miral's well-known vessel was seen to enter its harbor. All 
bnsiness was suspended, and the church bells sent forth 
gladsome peals. 

22. Columbus did not tarry long at Palos. He was 
anxious to present himself before the king and queen. 
Everywhere, as he passed through the country, he was joy- 
fully greeted as a conqueror. At court he was received with 
distinguished honors. In the presence of a brilliant assem- 
blage of ladies and gentlemen, he related the story of his 
adventures, showed several of the copper-colored men whom 
he had brought with him, and, giving a glowing description 
of the lands he had visited, declared that they were rich in 
gold. 

23. Ferdinand at once laid claim to all the newly discov- 
ered lands, and this act was sanctioned by the 
Pope, Alexander VI. Columbus made three 
more vovasres, discovered other islands, and suc- 



Why the 

Indians were 

so called. 



ceeded in reaching the main land of South America ; but 

21. What otlier discoveries did Colainbus make ? State liow Cuba and Ilayti are 
situated. (See map of the West India Islands). 

22- How was Cohimbus treated on his return to Spain ? 

23. How many voyasjes did he afterward make, and how was he deceived ? How 
did the Uulians get their name ? What else is stated about names ? 



26 Discoveries and Explorations. 

never for a moment did lie have the least suspieiou that these 
lands belonged to a Xew World. He believed that they were 
isliuids of India, and, so believing, he called the natives Indi- 
ans. When, in after years, the mistake became known, these 
islands were CiUled the West Indies, and those of Asia were 
known as the East Indies.* 

24. It is not pleasiint to be told that Columbns was not 
always treated with the consideration dne to his rank and 

r7~r merit. His success created enemies, and these 

bjBstiee 

to while he was on his third voyage, influenced the 

CoiTu nbps. ^ king and queen to believe that he was treating 
the Spanish settlers in the new lands with great injustice. 
A person was consequently sent to inquire into the facts. 
This official, moved by bad motives, went beyond the in- 
structions given to him. He made a prisoner of Columbus, 
and sent his captive home in irons. When the adminU 
arrived in Spain, and the people Siiw him with iron chains 
fastened to his arms, they were filled with indignation. The 
queen was no less indignant. She ordered the chains to be 
removed, and to the ill-treated man who had done so much 
for Spain, she extended a generous reception. 

25. Isiibella. in fact, was Columbus's best friend. Her 
death, which occurred a few days after the completion of his 
fourth voyage, was a fatal blow to his fortunes. The selfish 
and ungrateful Ferdinand turned a detif ear to the appeals of 
the sick, needy, and aged man who had laid a new empire at 



* The first voyage around the southern Cape of Africa to India was made 
by Portugal's great sea-captain. Vasco da Gama {;fah'-iuah). in 149T-S. after 
his king had long urged many navigators to the task. "The mariners 
regarded the cape with terror. As they approachetl it," said fiction, •• a cloud 
rose, darkened the air. and then disclosed a monstrous giant. Vexed by 
the question. ' AVho art thou ? " the stupendous body harshly and moumfully 
replied: 'I am that great Stormy Cape hitherto hidden from mankind.' " — 
Helps' s Spanl^ Conquest. 

24. What indisTtity befell Colombas * Wliat is >aid of lobelia's condnct ? 
25- Give the further history of Colambas. Of the disposition of his body. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 27 



his feet. Thus neglected, Cohimbus died in a town of Spain 
(loOO). His body was phieed in a convent, whence, after 
seven years, it was removed to a monastery in another town. 
Twenty-tliree years Liter it was taken across the Athmtic to 
Hispaniohi. Here, surely, it will be permitted to rest for- 
ever I Xot so. In irOG, nearly three hundred years after 
his death, it was conveyed with imposing ceremonies to the 
island of C'ul)a ; and there, in the Cathedral of Havana, it 
still reposes. •• A world is his monument."* 

26. AVe see that great honors were paid to the memory of 
Columbus, but do we not realize that in one respect great 
injustice has been done to it ? Are we not ready to say that 
our continent should be called Columbus or Columbia ? 
Poets and song-writers echo our answer. Witness our 
national song with its opening words : *'Hail, Columbia I 
happy land I *' Another song says : '" Columbia, Columbia, 
to glory arise, the queen of the world, and chikl of the 
skies. " Still another says : 

"And ne'er shall the sons of Columbia be slaves, 
AVhile the earth bears a plant, or the sea rolls its waves." 

27. How then does it happen that tlie Xcw World is 
called America instead of Columbia ? After the deatli of 
Isabella, Columbus employed certain persons to aid him in 
recovering his rights as viceroy over the lands discovered by 
him. One of these persons was an Italian, Amerigo Yes- 
\)\\QQ\ [ali-md-re'-go ves poof -die). This man was among the 
manv, who, incited bv the oiowino- stories of the riches of 



* We do not know when Columbus was born. Irving thinks it was '• about 
the year 1435." The same uncertainty existed for a time respecting; the exact 
l)lace of his birth. He was born in Italy. Of so much we are certain ; but 
after his fame began to spread, as many as half a dozen places in the sunny 
peninsula claimed him as a native. A committee, appointed by an Italian 
" Academy of Science and Letters," reported in favor of Genoa. 

26. What injustice has been done to his memory ? 

27- State fully how thi:« contiueut came to be called America. 



28 Discoveries and Explorations. 

the New "World, liacl liastened across the ocean for a share 
of the treasure. More than once he went to the southern 
part of tlie continent : and uioro than once did he write of 
what he had seen and heard. One of liis letters misled a 
German geographer to believe that its writer was entitled to 
uiore credit than belonged to him. So thinking, the Ger- 
man published a book, in which he proposed that the new 
land should be called America.* Though printed books 
were in the hands of but few persons in those days, the sug- 
gestion soon met with general favor. The name America 
was used in conversation and letters, was put upon maps and 
into books, and so came to be the only one applied to the 
Xew World. 

28. Taken in connection with its far-reaching conse- 
quences, the lirst voyage of Columbus across the Atlantic 

Discoveries ' ^^"^^ ^^^^ uiost important in the history of the 
by world. AMiat an excitement the news of it did 

the Cabots. | pj.Q^|i^(;.p [^^ .jl parts of Europe I At once a 

spirit of adventure was aroused, f From England went John 
Cab'ot and his son Sebastian, who were fortunate in reaching 
the main land of Xorth America, in 1497. This was the 
year before Columbus 'set foot npon South America. The 
Cabots explored the shores of Labrador, thinking that they 



* ''The book was printed iu 1507. It appeared under an assumed name, 
but Humboldt proved that its author was Martin WaldseemuUer. The Span- 
iards earefull}- avoided the use of the name America in their liistorical and 
otlioial documents, in not one of which, anterior to tlie middle of tlie last cen- 
tury, can the word be found." — Chrenhow's Oregon and Californhi. 

t " The eagerness to explore the wonderful secrets of the new hemisphere 
became so active that the principal cities of Spain were, in a manner, depopu- 
lated, as emigrants tiironged to take their chances upon the deep. They lis- 
tened with attentive ears to tales of Amazons ; to stories of Patagonian giants ; 
to flaming pictures of the EI Dorado where the sands sparkled with gems, and 
golden pebbles, as large as birds' eggs, were dragged in nets out of the 
rivers." — PreseotVs Co/iqueat of I^ru. 

28. What is said of the first voyage of Columbus and its effects ? Of the two voy- 
ai,^es made by I lie Cabots ? Ilow were both deceived '? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 29 

were on the coast of China. IS^ext year Sebastian Cahot 
crossed tlie ocean again, and this time sailed ak)ng tlie coast 
from Newfoundhind to Chesapeake Bay.* 

29. From Spain Avent a valiant soldier named Ponce de 
Leon i^pdn-tlia da Id oan). Charmed with the beauty of 
Porto liico, particularly with the opportunities 
the place aiforded for gain, he asked to be ap- 
l)ointed governor of the island. Ferdinand 



De Leon 

and his 

Discoveries. 



granted the request. Soon De Leon was involved in trouble 
with the natives, many of whom he reduced to slavery, just 
as Columbus had done, and just as the Spaniards continued 
to do many years longer. At length the king, wishing to 
make a show of justice to the family of Columbus, removed 
De Leon from office (§17). 

30. Still the old soldier clung to his island home. (Jne 
day a romantic story was whispered into his ear. An Lidian 
told him that there was a remarkable land at the northwest, 
where gold could be found in great quantities, and where a 
wonderful fountain existed. Of the fountain, he said that 
every old person who bathed in it immediately became 
young again. This story was afterward told to De Leon by 
otlier Lidians, for the simple people, one and all, believed it 
to be true. It was told so often, and with so much sincerity, 
that De Leon at last had faith in it. We wonder how a sane 
man of ordinary intelligence could give credence to a story 
so silly. Our wonder is greatly increp^sed when we learn that 



* The Italians were very fond of boasting of the achievements of the 
Cabots, who, they claimed, were their countrymen, Italians like themselves. 
One of them being in England shortly after the return of the Cabots from 
America, wrote thus to his brother in Venice : '' John Cabot is now here Avith 
his sons and his wife, who is also a Venetian. lie is called the Great Admiral, 
(ireat honor is paid him. He dresses in silk, and these English run after him 
like insane people, so that he can enlist as many of them as he pleases, and a 
number of our own rogues beside."— .l^fr/us^ 23, 1497. 

29 What office was given to T)e Leon, and why was he deprived of it ? 
30. What romantic story did De Leon believe ? Who else believed it ? 



80 Discoveries and Explorations. 



it sped to Europe^ and there found hnndreds of believers 
among the learned as well as the ignorant. 

31. The story promised gold, youth, and glory to De 
Leon. He resolved to go in search of them. With three 
ships he left Porto Rico. This was about twenty years after 
Columbus had discovered that island. De Leon visited 
many islands, at every one inquiring for the fountain of 
youth. AVe can readily believe that he drank at many 
springs and bathed in many. One Sunday morning he came 
to an extensive country, which he thought was a large island 
(1513). Its trees were full of blossoms, and flowers of every 
hue covered the ground. As the grateful breeze wafted the 
fragrance of blossoms and flowers to the happy voyagers, 
they believed that they had surely found the fairy island. 

32. This discovery hapj)ening on the day known among 
Spaniards as Pascua Florida {pah'-scoo-ah fio-re'-dah), the 
new-found land Avas named Florida. Pascua Florida is our 
Easter Sunday. The word Florida means flowery : hence, it 
may be said, there were two reasons for giving the country 
its pretty name. De Leon made diligent search in every 
direction for the magic pool. He sailed along the coast and 
around the southern j^oint of the peninsula. At last, weary 
and disheartened, he returned to Porto Rico, an older if not 
a wiser man. There, in quietness, he lived until news came 
to him of Avhat had been done by his countryman, Hernando 
Cor'tes. That daring leader had marched into the heart of 
Mexico, fought and conquered its inhabitants, and, by ter- 
rible deeds of violence, had enriched himself with gold 
(1521). Montezuma, the heroic emperor of the conquered 
people, was among the slain. 

33. De Leon longed to be a second Cortes. Convinced 

31. Give an account of his eflEorts to find the fountain. 

32- His discovery and explorations of Florida. Florida's name. What was done 
by Cortes ? What is said of Montezuma ? 

33. How did the deeds of Cortes affect De Leon ? Give an account of De Leon's 
second expedition to Florida. His death and tomb. 



Discoveries and E.cplorations. 31 

by rej^orts of explorations that Florida was a part of the 
main land, he asked the 82)anish king for permission to con- 
quer and occupy it. The request was granted. Two ships 
were fitted out. Florida was reached, and a landing ef- 
fected ; hut the natives, not friendly as before, gathered in 
large numbers to oppose the invaders. A fierce battle was 
fought, and this time Indian arrows were more than a match 
for Spanish guns. De Leon, mortally Avounded, was taken 
to his ship. In Cuba he died. The epitaph on his tomb is a 
becoming tribute to the heroic qualities of his character. As 
translated it reads : ** Here rest the bones of a man who was 
a lion Ijy name and still more so by nature." 

34. We have been told that Columbus believed that the 
lands discovered by him were outlying islands of India. He 
fancied, as he steered his ship across the Carib- dIsm^^^t 
bean seas, that he was inhaling the rich odors of , of 
the Spice Islands in the Indian Ocean. All his L^^lZ*^': 
followers, for more than twenty years, were in like manner 
deceived. The person who first made known the truth was 
Balboa {hal-ho' -all) , governor of a Spanish colony at Darien.* 
One day, when he was weighing some gold, an Indian struck 
the scales with his fist, scattering the glittering pieces in 
every direction. •• If that is what you prize so much," said 
he, '• I can tell you of a land where there is plenty of it. On 
the other side of those mountains," 25<jiiiting to the south, ''^is 
a great sea. All the streams that flow down the mountains 
into that sea abound in gold. The kings of the country 
drink out of golden cuj^s, and gold is as common among the 
people there as iron is among the Spaniards here.'" 

35. This speech gave Balboa a fresh impulse. At once 
he made preparations to cross the mountains, though they 

34. What error siill prevailed, with wiiom. and how long ? Who first learned the 
truth ? Tell the story that influenced him. * On the laud formerly called the Isthmus 
of Darien. now the Isthmus of Panama. connectiDtr Xonh and Souih America. 

35. Give an account of Balboa's expedition to the mountain top. and the cere- 
monies there. When did ihat hajipen ': 



32 Discoveries and Explorations. 

were many miles away. At the head of a party of his coun- 
trymen and a few Indians, he set out. Difficulties beset him 
at every step. He fought Indians who were not willing to 
have him pass through their country ; and so hot was the 
weather that some of his men were prostrated and could go 
no further. Still he persevered. Through forests and u}) 
the mountain side he trudged, till, gaining the summit, he 
w^as rewarded with the sight of the promised water — the 
South Sea, as he called it, now called the Pacific Ocean, 
Falling upon his knees, he poured out his thanks to God. 
A large cross was constructed, and erected with solemn 
ceremony. This was to indicate that all that part of the 
world thenceforth belonged to Spain (1513). 

36. To descend the mountains and reach the ocean took 
several days. With a banner in one hand and a sword in 
the other, Balboa waded into the water until it reached 
above his knees. Then, waving the banner, he proclaimed 
in a loud voice, that he took possession of the sea aiul all 
that it contained for the king of Spain. After numerous 
perilous adventures, during which much gold and many 
pearls were procured, the gold-seekers returned to Darien. 
Their fearless leader had many enemies. These sent false 
reports concerning him to Spain. He was deprived of his 
office. Being accused of setting up a government of his 
own, he was unfairly tried, unjustly jironounced guilty, and 
cruelly beheaded. Thus perished, in the prime and vigor of 
his life, one of the most worthy of the Spanish discoverers. 

37. Ball)oa proved that the lands discovered by Columbus 
were no part of India. Further proof followed seven years 
later. Magellan, a Portuguese navigator, sailing in the ser- 
vice of Spain, crossed the Atlantic, sailed through the strait 
which ever since has borne his name, and entered the ocean 

36- What next did Balboa do ? Take your map of Central America and trace his 
wandering!? on it. 

37- When was the first voyage made around the world '? Give an account of it. 



Discoveries and E.r/ploratiuns. 83 

which Balboa was the first to discover. Finding the water 
calm, or, as he described it, pacific, he called it the Pacific 
Ocean. Steering boldly for India, he came to 
gronps of islands. AVhile on one of the islands, 
accompanied by about fifty of liis men, he was 



First Voyage 

around 

the World. 



attacked by the natives and killed. AVith difficulty the sur- 
vivors reached their ship. Its worthy captain, Caiio {Jcali- 
no), Magellan's successor, sailed away, and, continuing on the 
western course, passed around the southern end of Africa to 
the Atlantic, and thence to Spain. This was the first voyage 
around the world (152'2). 

38. The second was made by an Englishman named Fran- 
cis Drake. He reached the Pacific by the same route Magel- 
lan had taken more than fifty years before. Then I Drake and his 
he began a career of plunder which, for boldness Voyage around 
and success, has never been surpassed. Spanish *^® ^"^^" 



•hips and Spanish settlements on the west coast of America 
were pillaged in the most heartless manner. Then, fearing 
that a force of the enraged people whom he had robbed was 
waiting at the Strait of Magellan to capture him on his re- 
turn, Drake steered nortliward. He hoped to find an un- 
known passage to the Atlantic. 

39. After sailing several weeks, cold winds and violent 
rains so discouraged him that he put back ; and in San 
Francisco Bay, or near it, cast anchor.* Landing, he was 



* Spaniards had been in that vicinity before. In 154:2, Cabrillo {kab- 
rcd'-yo) explored a long stretch of the coast, but, dying, his pilot continued 
the exploration to the -iSd degree of latitude. Later, other Spaniards went 
still further north. Russian navigators explored the entire Alaska coast be- 
tween the years 1740 and 1770. 

38- Who made the second voj'age around the world ? Give an account of Drake's 
career of plunder. Take your map and trace his voyage on it. 

39. Wliere, on land now belonging to our country, did he land ? What ceremony 
took place there 'i "What name was given to the region ? What explorations had Span- 
iards made there before (note) ? Russians ? "Where is San Francisco Bay (Map 8) ? 
Describe the picture on page 34. How long had Drake been absent from England ? 
Ans. Nearly three years. 



u 



Discoveries and ExjAoratioiis. 



greeted with joy by the natives, who looked upon him as a 
god. AVith them he tarried five weeks, and when he was 
about to depart, they begged him to remain and be their 
king. They desired to crown him. Permitting the chiMish 
ceremony, he accepted the region, with its buried treasures, 
for her majesty, Queen Elizabeth, of England, bestowing on 
it the name Xew Albion. The ancient name of England, be 
it known, was Albion. Leaving his strange subjects, very 




W-f] 







PKAKK ClMWNKll 



mucli to their regret. Drake sailed across the Pacific, and 
thence througli the Indian seas and around Africa, getting 
back to Englaiul in Xovember. 1580. 

40. llis return was greeted with a "shout of admiration 
that rose over the whole country.'^ He was a hero. Eliza- 
beth welcomed him Avitli gracious attention, and did not hesi- 
tate to accept a generous share of the silver, gold, and 
precious pearls which he had stolen. She partook of a ban- 



40. Give ail account of Drake's reception in England. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 35 

quet on board his ship, using the occasion to confer upon 
him the honor of knighthood. Henceforth he was Sir Fran- 
cis Drake. His name does not come to us with pleasant 
memories ; but, it may be said, he Avas not much worse, 
though more daring and successful, than other sea-rovers of 
his time. 

41. Gold was the great object of the Spanish adventurers. 
For it they left their country, homes, wives, and children ; 
crossed oceans, penetrated forests, swam riv- 
ers, climbed mountains, and fought Indians. 
Amonar the most noted of these sfold hunters 



^& 



Fizarro 

in 
Peru. 



was Pizarro. He crossed the Isthmus of Darien, and reach- 
ing Peru, by means most cruel conquered its people, put to 
death its king, and gained possession of immense treasures of 
gold, silver, and 2:)earls. 

42. His most able co-worker was Ferdinand de Soto. 
With the large share of the ill-gotten gains that fell to his 



De Soto's 

Search for 

Gold. 



lot, De Soto returned to Spain, where, making a [ 
grand display of rich dresses, spirited horses, 
and numerous lackeys, he Avon the hand of a 
lady of rank, to Avhom he Avas soon married. He had gold 
in abundance, yet he craved more. His passion Avas fanned 
by a story told by a man Avho had been to Florida in the 
unfortunate XarAiiez expedition (§ -i). The story, though 
mostly a Avild romance, found ready belicA^ers. Its assertion 
that Florida Avas the richest country in the Avorld duped no- 
body more completely than De Soto.* 

* AVith three hundred men, Narvaez landed at Tampa Ba.v, Florida, his 
object being to explore the countr}^ and bring it imder Spanish rule, all for 
gold (1528). Hardships, fevers, and encounters with Indians made terrible 
havoc with the adventurers. In five rude boats they tried to reach Mexico. 
One night they anchored in an outlet of the Mississippi. Storms sank three 
of the boats, and drove the others upon sand banks. Only four men of the 
party, after years of wandering, reached a Spanish settlement in Mexico (1530). 

41. Given an account of Pizarro's expedition, conquest, and gain. 

42. Who was De Soto ? By what story was he deceived ? Give an account of the 
Narvaez expedition (note). Take your map and trace it. 



36 Discoveries and Explorations. 

43. This credulous Spaniard asked his king, Charles V._, 
for permission to conquer Florida. Coupled with the re- 
quest was the offer to bring the entire region under the rule 
of Spain without a dollar of help from the royal treasury. 
Charles Avas further tempted by the promise of one-fifth of 
all the gold procured. He readily consented ; and, to give 
his consent special force, he appointed* De Soto governor of 
Florida and Cuba. By Florida, he meant all the southern 
part of North America from the Atlantic to Mexico. His 
ideas about its northern limits were not clear. 

44. When it became known that the gay and rich cavalier, 
De Soto, was fitting out an expedition for conquest and gold, 
thousands of young men besought him to let them join it. 
These men were not from the ranks of the poor and the 
outcast : they were sons of noblemen, or were soldiers who 
had achieved renown in war. Six hundred were selected. 
These, with their servants and horses, were taken on board 
the fleet. On the largest ship Avent De Soto and his wife. 

45. The passage to Cuba was pleasant, and there a year 
was spent in feasting and rejoicing. Leaving his Avife to 
govern the island, De Soto departed, and in a few days 
dropped anchor in a bay on the west side of the Florida 
peninsula (1539). The Indians, remembering the wrong that 
had been done by the cruel Narvaez, opposed his landing, 
but what could arrows of Avood and stone avail against coats 
of brass and steel ? De Soto counted himself fortunate when 
a Spaniard of the unfortunate Xarvaez party, Avho had been 
held a captive by the Indians, succeeded in escaping to him. 
The man had learned the Indian language, and could conse- 
quently act as interjn'eter, but, to the disappointment of 

43. AVhat proposition did De Soto make to his king ? AA^hat response did the king 
make ? Uow large was Florida then ? 

44. AVhal preparations were made for De Soto's expedition? How was it enlarged? 
A7U. Abont four hundred volunteers joined it in Cuba. 

45. When and where did the Spaniards begin their march in Florida ? AVhat is 
said of the man who escaped to them from the Narvaez expedition ? 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



37 



De Soto, he knew nothing of any hind of gold. He had 
never seen nor heard of any. 

46. Lured by false stories, this roving expedition of free- 
booters marched several hundred miles in a northerly direc- 
tion. They had brought for their support about six hundred 
hogs, which were driven along with them. Everywhere the 
Indians were hostile. They wanted De Soto to leave their 
country, for his men ate their corn and beans, ill-treated 
their wives and daughters, and compelled their young men 
to carry heavy burdens. Those who would not do his bid- 
ding and tried to escape, he hunted down with fierce dogs. 




called blood-hounds, and either put them to death, or, what 
was worse, cut off their hands. 

47. The second winter was spent by the unlucky Span- 
iards in the upper part of what is now the State of Missis- 
sippi. One dark night they were suddenly aroused from 

46- How far and in what direction did they march ? How did they treat tlie In- 
dians ? What noted provision had the Spaniards made for their own support ? 

47. Where did the Spaniards spend the second winter? What befell them there? 
What discovery did they make ? How did they cross it ? Describe the picture. 



38 Discoven'f's and Explorations. 

their slumbers by yells and whoops. They rushed out, to 
find their homes on fire, and themselves surrounded by 
thousands of savage foes. They were victorious, as usual, 
but at a terrible cost. Forty of their number lay dead in the 
smoking ashes. AVhen the spring came, they resumed their 
march, and soon reached a great river. "The Father of 
Waters." the Mississippi, the Long River of the Indians 
(15-41). Its waters rushed along rapidly, carrying witli them 
immense trees. I low could the Spaniards get across ? The 
canoes of the Indians were large enough for men. but not for 
horses. Four barges were built, in which the entire party 
was conveyed to the west side of the river. 

48. All the third summer and winter the gold-lnmters 
continued their wanderings. Descending the Red River, 
they again came to the ^lississippi. But what a change had 
taken place in their condition and prospects ! Fevers and 
Indian arrows had been busy, and were still doing their 
deadly work. At lengtli, the great leader, De Soto himself, 
began to despair. Sickness prostrated him and he died. 
His followers, sorely grieved, were careful to keep tlie knowl- 
edge of their loss from the Indians, who. it was known, were 
in the habit of digging up the bodies of fallen enemies, and 
hanging them in pieces to tall trees. It was feared, too. that 
the Indians, who thought that De Soto's power came from 
the Great Spirit, might be tempted to make a concerted at- 
tack upon the weakened force. So, secretly and with hushed 
ceremony, tlie sorrowing Spaniards buried the body of their 
chief, destroying, as far as possible, all trace of the grave. 
In some way, however, the secret, it Avas thought, became 
known, for. "Mvlienever an Indian approached the spot, he 
would stop, look about on all sides, and make signs with liis 



48- Givo an acoonnt of their further wanderin^f!. Dej^cribe the Red River (map S). 
State what is said of De Soto's death and burial. What etfects did he leave, and what 
was done with them * Ans. He left two slaves, three horses, and a great many hogs, jUI 
of wliiih were sold to his men bv auetion. 



Discoveries and Explorations. 39 



chin and eyes/' It was therefore determined to give the 
body a more secure burial. Silently, and in the darkness of 
night, it was taken out of the ground, conveyed in a canoe to 
the deepest part of the Mississippi, and sunk to the bottom 
of the stream (1542). 

49. Now, all the Spaniards were anxious to get back to 
Spain. Thinking that Mexico was not far away, they re- 
solved to go to that country. They remembered that Cortes 
had conquered it about twenty years before (§ 32). They 
crossed rivers and prairies, lived upon herbs and roots, and 
fought Indians, until, getting in sight of high mountains, 
they lost courage, turned back, and were again on the banks 
of the Mississippi. They built large boats, and in these 
floated down the river to the Gulf of Mexico. By folloAving 
the coast westward, after many days they reached a Spanish 
settlement, where the poor wanderers at last found rest 
(154:5). 

50. De Soto, we have seen, did not find the El Dorado, 
meaning the land of gold, but he discovered the Mississippi, 
and thus gave to Spain the first claim to the 
country through which that river flows. To 
France, however, belongs the credit of explor- 



Marquette 

on the 
Mississippi. 



ing the river and planting settlements along its course. 
Frenchmen discovered the St. Lawrence, peopled Nova 
Scotia, and founded Quebec (§ 32, p. GO). With zeal, cour- 
age, and devotion that command our highest admiration, 
their missionaries pushed through the forests into regions 
never before entered by Europeans, and established mis- 
sions for the conversion of the Indians to the Catholic 
faith. 

49. Give an account of the final wanderings of the expedition. 

50. Wliat credit as explorers, settlers, and missionaries belongs to Frenchmen ? 
When and hy whom was the St. Lawrence discovered ? A71S. In 1.534, by James Cartier. 
When and where Avas Nova Scotia settled ? Ans. In 1605, at Port Royal. Port Royal 
is the oldest town settled by the French in all America. What is its present name 
(map 2) ? When and by whom was (Quebec founded ? Ans. In 1008, by Champlaiu. 



40 



Discoveries and Explorations. 



51. Amoug those devoted men, there was no one of a 
more loving- and heroic spirit than ^Marqnette {mar-l'ef). 
For live vears he hihored in the cold region near the ontlet 




MARQtETTE DE^CENniNG THE MISSISSIPPI. 

of Lake ^Michioan. during which tune he learned to speak 



51. Who was Marquette * What did he say of himself and Joliet ? Give an ac- 
count of his expedition as far as the Mississippi. 



Discoveries a»d Explorations. 



41 



witli ease five ludiaii languages.* Then, accompanied by a 
few Frenchmen and Indians, the most noted of his country- 
men being Joliet, he departed on a long expedition. Said 
]ie : '•My companion, Joliet, 
is an envoy of France to dis- 
cover new countries, and I am 
an embassador from God to 
enligliten tliem witli the Gos- 
pel.'' In two canoes the 
party paddled out of the 
Straits of Mackinaw, along 
the northern and western 
shores of Lake Michigan, and 
up a river to an Indian vil- 
lage. Then they dragged 



1^ 




their canoes up rapids, car- 
ried them over prairie and la salle. 
marsh, and launched them on 

the Wisconsin. Down that tranquil stream they glided till 
they entered the Great River, the Mississippi, •* witli a joy," 
wrote Marquette, " tliat could not be expressed" (KITo). 

52. AVith sails raised, they floated down tlie Great River 
into which De Soto's body had been sunk a hundred and 
thirty years before. At various places they stopped long 
enougli to confer with Indian tribes. After sailing about 
seven hundred miles, and satisfying themselves that '' The 
Father of Rivers " went not to the ocean on tlie east nor to 
the ocean on the west, they turned about to seek tlieir start- 



* " >[ackinaw, where they now rested, was indeed a bleak spot. It was a 
point of land almost encompassed hy wind-tossed lakes, icy as Siberian 
waters. Father Marquette's first care was to raise a chapel. Rude and un- 
shapely was this tirst sylvan shrine raised by Catholicity. Its sides of los:s, 
its roof of bark, had nothings to win by a dazzlins: exterior the wayward child 
of the forest. All was as simple as the faith the devoted father taught."— 
Shnfs Discover II and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley. 



52- Give an account of the rest of his expedition, liis death and burial. 



42 



Discoveries mid Explorations. 



ing place. Only a few months more remained to Mar(|uette. 

AVorn out by disease and care, he gently passed away, and, 

on the bank of the little stream that bears liis name, the 

canoe men dug his grave. 

53. A worthy successor of Marquette, also a Frenchman, 

though not ii missionary, was the Cavalier de la Salle [sal). 
He was a man of many projects, by whicli he 
hoped to gain fame and fortune. He wanted 
France to occupy the lands of Xorth America 

before Spain or any other power could do so. With a party 

of about fifty persons. Frenchmen and Indians, he descended 



LaSaUe 

and 

what he did. 




L.V SALLE TAKINT, POSSESSION' OP LOI'ISIAXA. 

tlio ^[ississippi. and, on a spot of dry ground near its mouth, 
erected a cross and a column. Then, amid joyous shouts and 
musket vollevs, he claimed for France all the vallev of the 



53. Who was La Salle? What explorations did he make « How did Louisiana gret 
its name? When was that * Into what water dtx»s the Mississippi tlow * 
54- <^'ive an account of La S.ille's further efforts, and his death. 



Discoveries^ and Exjdovatious. 43 

Great River, bestowing upon it the name of Louisiana, in 
luuuu- of his king, Louis XIV. (1082). 

54. Returning to France, he was welcomed with high 
honors. To the king lie submitted a project for a fort and 
colony near the mouth of the Mississippi, which met with 
hearty favor. In a fleet of four ships, about three hundred 
persons departed. La Salle being of the number. The com- 
mander, conceited and obstinate, would not do as La Salle 
advised. By mistake he passed the mouth of the ^lississippi, 
and refusing to go back, compelled his passengers to land in 
I'exas. The resolute La Salle undertook to lind the river 
by going through the wilderness, but, while engaged in this 
heroic task, was treacherously shot by the individual in his 
party to whoui he had shown the most favors (1087). 



HEVTEW (^UTLIXH. 

55. The (liseovorv of America l)y Colunilms slarlod all wostern Eu- 
rope into a blaze of exoitenient. The new lands, it was believed, were 
outlying islands of the rich region of India. Men and governments cov- 
eted the vast treasures of gold that were supposed to be hidden in tlieir 
soil. Everybody wanted to go to the mystic region. In expeditions to 
dis(.'()vi'r. explore, and conquer the new lands, Spain took the lead, 
though English ships, commanded by the Cabots, were quick to follow 
Columbus, and to be the first to reach the main land of Xcn-th Amei'ica, 
and to explore a long stretch of its eastern coast (1407-8). 

56. The first European to reach South America was Columbus (14!)S): 
the second was Amerigo Vespucci (1499), from whom the continent de- 
rives its name. The fountain-seeker, Dc Leon, was the first after the 
Cabots to reach North America (1513), the same year in which the gold- 
seeker. Balboa, looked upon the Pacific Ocean, ami seven years before the 
first Euro})ean ship sailed upon those waters. Spain and Portugal were 
meanwhile taking possession of the eastern part of South America and of 
Central Anun-ica. Pizarro. Spain's most cruel conqueror, who could 
neither read nor write, made his way to the western part of South Anun-- 
ica. and there, in Peru, rc)bbed the natives of their country and their gold 
(Io24-o8). Also, meanwhile. Spain's one-eyed compieror. Cortes, reduced 



44 



Discoveries and Explorations, 



tlie Mexicans to submission, compelled them to give up their gold, and 
made Ids king the richest monarch in Europe (1521-35). 

57. From Mexico, Cortes sent expeditions by sea and by land. In an 
expedition led by himself, the peninsula of California was reached (1535). 
Other Spaniards, Coronado and C^abrillo among them, penetrated the 
region as far north as Kansas, and explored the Pacific coast to Oregon 
(1537-43). While these explorations were in progress, De Soto and his 
band of Spaniards were performing their celebrated march in search of 
gold. Tlie region through which they wandered, north of the Gulf of 
IMexico, was then known as Florida. Before Drake started on his plun- 
dering expedition (1577), Spanish ships had been along the coast to the 
northern limits of Oregon. 

58. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1003). Englisli sliij)s, 
known as freebooters, plundered Spanisli ships and Spanish towns. The 
first of tliese lawless rovers to sail to the Pacific was commanded by that 
greatest naval captain of the age. Francis Drake (1578). England and 
Spain were then at peace with each other, but that fact did not have a 
feather's weight of influence with Drake. In 1579 he landed on the 
California shore, and called the country Xew Albion. 

59. IMeanwlule the Huguenots were trying to get a foothold in Caro 
Una and Florida, and other Frenchmen were tuking possession of the 
Nova Scotia and St. Lawrence regions. England was tardy about send- 
ing colonies to the Xew World. The French displayed more activity in 
their inland explorations than in their ocean ventures. Their distin- 
guislied missionary. Maripiette, sailed many miles on the Mississippi 
(1073) : and their heroic La Salle made an extensive exploration of the 
river, and near its mouth planted the standard of France (1082). 







Engiish Kings. 


French Einrj.^. 


1492. 


America was discovered bv Columbus. 


Henrv YII. 


Charles VII I. 


1497. 


The Cabofs. for England, discovered 
North America, and. next year, Se- 
bastian Cabot explored a large part 
of its eastern coast. 






1513. 


De Leon, for Spain, discovered Florida. 


Henrv VIII. 


Louis XII. 


1513. 


Balboa, for Spain, discovered the Pa- 
cific Ocean. 


.; 


,. 


1541 


De Sofo. for Spain, discovered the IMis- 








sissippi Kiver. 




Francis I. 


1609 


Hudson, for the Dutch, discovered the 








Hudson River (see page 00). 


James I. 


Henry IV. 



^For Tabulated Keview see end of the Hisiory.) 



KEYOLUTIOX 







SECTION II. 

COLON^IAL PERIOD. 

1. Now let US go back a little and see how the people 
from Europe began to make homes for themselves in our 
part of the New World. 

The discoveries of the Cabots^ as we have 
seen, gave to England a title, as land titles were 



First 
Settlements. 



acquired l)y European powers in those days, to a large part of 
North America ; but, during the most of the century that 
followed, she seemed to be blind to the imj^ortance of this 
title.* "Before the British flag floated over so much as a 
log fort on the continent, Spain Avas in 2)ossession of all Cen- 
tral America,^' and of the adjacent regions on both sides. 

2. Many Protestants of France, known by the name of 
Huguenots, desired to remove their homes to the New World. 
Their first step toward that end was taken in 
1502, when they began a settlement at Port 
Koyal entrance. South Carolina. They built a 



French Efforts 

at 

Settlement. 



fort, which, in honor of their king, Charles IX., they called 



* " It was held among the Christian states of Eurojje, and is still received 
as a principle of the law of nations, that newly-discovered countries belong 
to the discoverers. This title by discovery might be liable, indeed, to some 
exception in favor of the native inhabitants ; but, in case those inhabitants 
were not Christians, they Avere looked upon as fair subjects for plunder and 
conquest."— 7/<7(//W7i'i' United States. 



1. How did England get her first title to territory in North America ? 

2. Who were the Huguenots? Who was their leader in France? Ans. Gaspard 
dc Coligny, by whom attempts were made to plant Hnguenot colonies in America. 
When and where did they begin a settlement at the south ? Who was .it the head of 
that attempt ? Ans. John Ribanlt (re-bo'). What its said of the name Carolina ? 



■iG 



Colonial Period. 



Fort Ciirolus, or, as we would say. Fort Charles. Carolus is 
the Latin for Charles. The country came to be known by 
this name, Carolus, and, a hundred years later, in honor of 
King Charles of England, as Carolina. 

3. Tlie Carolus settlers numbered less than thirty. Be- 
ing soldiers and sailors who had not the knack of cultivating 
the soil, want soon stared them in the face. Homesickness 
followed. "With such aid as the Indians could giye. they built 
a brigantine "worthy of Robinson Crusoe,''^ and in it put to 




POKT SAN MARCO. Nt>W FOKT ^1 



It; I -TINE (.note next p;igc). 



sea. Many days on the ocean brought famine. In their suf- 
ferings they cast lot to decide wliich one by his death should 
give the others a chance to live. Tlunr choice was nuide, the 
unfortunate man submitted, and his llesh was portioned out. 
At last, an English vessel hove in sight. The most feeble of 
the rescued sufferers were landed on the coast of France : the 
rest were taken prisoners to England. 



3. (.'ivo an aoooum of the setUeaioiit and fate of the Carolus settlor!?. 



Florida. 47 



4. The Huguenots tried again. On the banks of the 
river May, now the St. John^s, Florida, they constructed a 
fort, and, under its protection, built homes (15G4). KSpain 
said that these settlers were intruders. Consequently a force 
was sent against them. The angry Spaniards entered a har- 
bor of Florida, laid the foundation of the town of St. Augus- 
tine, and then proceeding against the feeble Huguenot settle- 
ment, cruelly destroyed it (15G5). The growth of the new 
town, St. Augustine, was slow and uncertain. Attacks from 
French, Indian, and English foes were outlived, and now 
it enjoys the distinction of being the oldest town in the 
United States (§ 88).* Santa Fe, New Mexico, claims to be 
older. When visited by Coronado in 1540, it was a populous 
Indian pueblo (§ 4, p. 14). 

5. Twenty years more must pass before England^s spell 
of inactivity can be broken. Then tlie enter- 
2)rising Sir Humphrey Gilbert appears. Aided 
by his step-brother, AValter Kaleigh {raw'-le), 



Gilbert's Attempt 

at 

Settlement. 



and encouraged by Queen Elizabeth, he crossed the Atlantic 



* Its principal object of interest at the present time is its old Spanish fort 
with ditch, drawbridge, glacis, tower, and rampart, like the Old World fort 
of feudal times. It is a large mass of conglomerate sea shells, called coquina 
(ko-ke'-na), which was procured from quarries in a neighboring island. Its 
construction covered a period of a hundred years, during which time not less 
than a thousand Indian slaves were employed upon it. In a letter from St. 
Augustine, April, 1843, the author of Tltanatojjsis wrote : " The old fort of 
San Marco, now called Fort Marion, a foolish change of name, is a noble 
work. The shell rock of which it is built is dark with time. We saw where 
it had been struck with cannon balls, which, instead of splitting the rock, 
became imbedded an 1 clogged among the shells." — Wm. C. Bryant. 

4. When aiid where did the Huguenots try again ? Who led them in this second 
attempt ? Ans. Laudonniere {lo-duh-mjair). W^hat was the fate of the settlement ? 
Who commanded the Spaniards ? Ans. Melendez. What act of revenge followed ? 
Ans. Two years after, a French leader named De Gourgues {rjoor(j) surprised St. Augus- 
tine and hung two liundred of its captives upon the trees. What distinction does St. 
Augustine enjoy ? How is it located (map) ? What is said of its fort (note) ? What else 
can you state of the fort ? Ans. It was captured hy Sir Francis Drake in 1586 (§ 8). 

5. Who was Sir Humphrey Gilbert ? State what you can of him and his project. 
Where is Newfoundland ? 



•iS 



Colonial Period. 



to plant a colony in the Xew World. On Xewfoundland 
he began to build, but ill-fortune attending his efforts, he 
determined to return to England. Of the live vessels with 
Avhicli he left England, only two remained to him. lie 
went on board the smaller. The Squirrel, of only ten tons 
burden, lie was advised to go by the larger vessel, but re- 
fusing, replied : ** Be of good cheer, my friends ; it is as near 
to heaven by sea as by land." Oik^ night. The Squirrel's 
lights disappeared, and nothing was ever again seen of her or 
her crew (1583). 

6. Though Gilbert's sad fate was lamented by Kaleigh. it 

did not discourage him. lie thought that it would be easy 

„ , . . , I to plant a colonv in the warm latitude far soutli 

Raleigh s ^ 

Attempt at ! of Xcwfouudlaud. With authority from the 
Settiemeni i queen, lie sent out two ships. The voyagers 

reached the coast of Xorth Caiolina. and sailed among the 

islands, on one of which, Ro- 
anoke, they were generously 
feasted by the natives, who 
were found to be '* gentle, lov- 
ing, and faithful, void of all 
guile and treason, and such 
as lived after tiie manner of 
the golden age " (1584:). So 
glowing were the accounts 
which the returned English- 
men gave of the country 
visited by them, that Eliza- 
beth said it was the ••A'irgin 

Land," and, as a nuMuorial of her unmarried state, she 

named it Viririnia. 




VLTKU UALEIGU. 



6. Oive an account of the first expedition !?cnt by Raleifrh. Of what did it consist ? 
An^. Two vosjjoIs connnanded by Aniidas and Barlow. What report was taken back to 
Enarland of the Indians > What report was made of the country r What did the queen 
say and do * 



North Carolina. 49 



7. Some of the authors of Raleigh's time, in admiration 
of the '* Great Englishman." wrote of him as the *' JShepherd 
of the Oeean." Tlie queen bestowed upon him another title, 
wlien, as a reward for his valor, she made a knight of him. 
We remember that she had previously conferred the like 
honor upon Francis Drake (§ -iO, p. 35). Our new hero, 
be it understood, is now Sir Walter Raleigh. 

8. Raleigh was now ready to carry out his })lau of coloni- 
zation, lie sent a huiulred persons to Roanoke Island 
(1585). These, after a year of distress, were taken back to 
England by Drake, avIio, fresh from another expedition of 
pillage, had made the island a stopjung jdace. Raleigh's 
second attempt, two years later, ended in great misfortune. 
A large colony, with John White as its governor, was planted 
on Roanoke, and hopeful plans for its future were formed. 
White went to England for supplies. It was at this time that 
Spain's hundred and fifty ships, known in history as the 
*• Invincible Arnuida," were getting ready to make an attack 
upon the British isle. Every uuin in England was expected 
to aid in some way to defend his country from the threatened 
danger. Three years passed, and then, when White returned 
to Roanoke, not one of the persons he had left there could be 
found. What had become of them !■* Xobody knoMS. The 
mystery is as much a mystery to-day as it was then. 

9. We have seen tluit when Queen Isabella died, Colum- 
bus lost his best friend. When Queen Elizabeth died, Raleigh 
lost his best friend. A false charge of treason was brought 
against this "warrior, courtier, and seaman," and an unjust 
verdict left him to languish for years in prison. Being re- 
leased to liud a s:old mine in South America, and failing to 



7. By what names was Rjileish known ? WMiat title diil the queen cDnfer upon 
him :- What is said of Sir Francis Drake ? 

8. Give an account of Raleigh's first attempt to plant a colony in Anu'doa. llis 
second attempt. Where is the Island of Roanoke unap 1) ? 

9. W^ien did Queen Elizabeth die ? Ans. In l(i03. How did her death alTect 
Rnieitrh ? CJive his furilier history, and an account of liis death. 



60 Colonial Period. 



do so^ lie returned to England. The unjust sentence that 
had slumbered so man}- years was revived, and King James, 
influenced by the demands of Spain, whose ships and colonies 
had suffered from Raleigh's warfare, ordered him to be be- 
headed. As the doomed man was about to lay his head ujion 
the block, he felt the edge of the axe, and said with a smile 
upon his face, that it was "a sharp medicine, but would cure 
the worst disease." So died the last of Elizabeth's heroes 
(1618). In memory of his name and fame, we have Xorth 
Carolina's capital, the city of Ealeigh (§ 141). 

10. During the hundred years preceding this sad event, 
the waters about ^Newfoundland were found to be the best in 
the world for fishing. In them abound cod, 
mackerel, and herring. The French were the first 
to derive benefit from the discovery, but the 



The 
Fisheries. 



English Government passed laws having for their object the 
driving away of all French fishing vessels from American 
waters. Then began the contest between the two nations for 
the ownership of the "fishing grounds. '' So active Avere the 
French, that in a few years their fishing fleet numbered not 
far from six hundred vessels (§ 145). 

11. It is a little curious that while this contest was going 
on. a brave sea captain, Bartholomew Gosnold by name, made 

Discovery ''^ direct voyagc from England across the Atlantic, 
of discovered the large peninsula that puts out from 
^^^ Massachusetts, and, because of the great num- 
ber of cod-fish which he caught otf its shores, he named " the 
mightly headland '*' Cape Cod (100-2). He was the first Eng- 
lishman to tread the soil of Xew England (§ IT). 

12. '• The wisest fool in Christendom," as a distinguished 

10. State what j-ou can of the fishing value of the waters about Newfoundland, of 
the struggle for the possession of those waters. 

11. Who was Bartholomew Gosnold ? State what you can of his vojage to Massa- 
chusetts. In what direction from Boston is Cape Cod (map, p. 60) ? 

12. Who succeeded Queen Elizabeth on the English throne ? Describe James's 
character. What was his motive for granting la?)d ? 



Acadia. 51 



Frenchman aptly described James I., of England, was the 
successor of Elizabeth, the Queen Bess of History. • No king 
of the time was more vain than James. He be- 
lieved himself to be a master of all learning. He 
also believed that he was the real owner of all 



King James 
the 
First. 



London and 
Plymouth 
Companies. 



North America. Consequently, when a number of rich men 
asked him for permission to plant colonies in it, he readily 
gave his consent. Why ? He thought he saw in the move- 
ment that he would make his ownership in the distant lands 
more secure, hence he reckoned upon large gains of money 
from trade with them. 

13. Two companies were formed, the London and the 
Plymouth (lOOG.) The former, it was decided, might occupy 
the four degrees of land on the south of lati- 
tude thirt3'-eiglit. The latter, the four degrees 
on the north of latitude forty-one. The north- 
ern limit was near Halifax, the soutliern at Cape Fear. We 
observe that a belt of three degrees was left between these two 
grants. This was done that the rival companies might not 
quarrel with each other, but it gave the Dutch a chance to 
slip in between the two possessions (§ 3G). It cannot be said 
that the king had been generous, for experience proved that 
the companies had few rights beyond the one of sending peo- 
ple to the new lands. 

14. The French were already in possession of Nova Scotia. 
There, to a collection of rude huts they had given the name 
of Port Royal (1605;, and, in the safe harbor of 
the young town, their fishing vessels found shelter 
(§ 102). Port Royal, which grew to be the 
capital of the French province of Acadia, was a year old be- 

13. What grants did he make, to whom, and when ? 

14. What can you say of Port Royal, its situation, age, importance, and first settlers ? 
When was Port Royal settled? Am. In 1(505. What is its present name ? Ans. An- 
napolis. What lands did Acadia embrace ? Ans. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and 
adjacent islands. Wliat was called New France ? Aii.^. Canada, and so much of New 
York and New England as was claimed by llie French. 



The French 

in 
Nova Scotia. 



52 Colonial Period. 



First EflFort 

to 

Settle Maine. 



fore James's two companies were ready to begin the work of 
colonization. 

16. The London Company was the first to move^ but its 
competitor was only three months behind. Selecting a site 
on the Kennebec Eiver, Maine, the settlers of the 
Plymouth Company went to work (1G07). AVin- 
ter overtook them while they were letting up 
their dwellings, church, and fort. They suffered from the 
cold, a fire destroyed their store-house with all its contents of 
food, and their president died. Utterly discouraged, they 
returned to England, and neither tliey nor others of their 
com])any made another attempt to people their domain. 

VlllGIXIA. 

16. The accounts given by Kaleigh's voyagers of the 
beauty and fertility of Koanoke decided the London Company 
to establish their first colony on that island, but 
a furious storm drove their ships into Chesapeake 
Bay. A river was entered whose "shores were 



Settlement 

of 
Jamestown. 



covered with flowers of divers colors." To this stream 
the delighted party gave the name of their king. A Ioav 
peninsula was chosen as a site for the colony, the emigrants 
landed, and the king Avas again honored. T'he place was 
called Jamestown (1G07). The l)eginniiig was unfortunate. 
At every liigli tide the Avater covered half the peninsula. 

17. The colonists numbered about one hundred, all men; 
and they Avere as unfit to lay the foundation of a new State 
as could be imagined. More than half called themselves 
'' gentlemen," a gentleman in those days being an individual 
Avho could not do any Avork Avith his hands. The first duty 



15. What is said of the effort and fjiihuo of tlic Plymouth Company ? 

16. Where is Jamestown (map p. 53) ? AVhy was ir so named ? By wliom and 
when was the first settlement made there ? 

17- Descrihe the characters of its first settlers. AVhat two notahle exceptions were 
there ? AA'liat had (iosnolil already done ? 



Virginia. 



63 



of these hundred men was to build houses, iind yet, strange 
to say, there were oidy four carpenters of their number. 
Some were jewelers, others were gold refiners, one was a 
^^ perfumer/^ Why had they come? Many had visions of 
gold before their eyes, a few desired to extend the domain of 
their king, fewer hoped to convert the Indians to Chris- 
tianity. To nuike matters worse, their leaders were incom- 
petent, the only 
exce})tions Ix^ing 
the Captain (ios- 
nold who h a d 
discovered Cape 
Cod (§11), 
and a J o li n 
Smith, who 
was to become 
famous. G s - 
nold's death, 
wliich soon oc- 
u r r e d , 1 e f t 
S m i t h as the 
only man aide 
to cope with the 
difficulties of 
the situatioii. 

18. Smith, 
however, was 




not permitted to take the lead. The king had appointed 
two councils to carry out his instructions for the government 
of the colony. One of these had its head-quarters in Eng- 
land. The other, the subordinate one, consisting of seven 
men, held its meetings at Jamestown. The foolish king had 
put the names of the seven men into a tin box. Then hand- 
ing the box to Captain Newport, the commander of the 



18- Of what foolish measure was the king the doer ? 



54 



Colonial Peri oil 



company's ships, ho said : ** This must not bo oponod till 
aftor your arrival in Virginia." 

19. Tho folly boro its fruit. Whon tho box was oponod. 
it was disoovorod that Smith was a mombor of tho oounoil. 
Tho othor mombors. oxoitod by foolings of joalousy. triod to 
koop him out. Thoy chargod him witii an intontion of kill- 
ing thom and making himsolf 
king of A'irginia. IIo was 
triod, but as no ovidenco oould 
bo produced against him. ho 
was allowed to tako his scat at 
tho council board. 

20. While tho *• gontlomon " 
colonists wore searching for 
gold or spending their time in 
idleness, tho others wore felling 
trees, planting corn, and build- 
ing houses. A fort and church, 
both rude atfairs. wore built. 
Fevers began to prostrate the 
colonists, tho provisions ran out. 
tho Indians wore hostile. ]>eforo tho end of the summer. 
more than half the men who had landed from Newport's 
ships wore in their graves. The president of the council, a 
dishonest man. ilid nothing for those under his care. He 
was deprived of his office, and another man was chosen in his 
place. This second president proving to be no better than 
the first. Smith, supported by the demands of the settlors, 
assumeil control of atfairs. and soon was regularly oloctoil 
president. 

21. Tho scene of miserv was soon chanirod. Order was 




JOHN- SMITH. 



19. What fruit did the kin«r"s follr bear « State the seqael. 

20. Oive nu aiH.HMiui of the doiusr? and mistloings of the colonists dnring their first 

>nmmor in Jamestown. 

21 KojH^ai the story that i< lold of tho saving of Smith's life by Pocohoutas. 



Virginia. 56 



esttiblishod, the Iiuliaus woiv mwimI, ami supplies of com were 
procured. 8uiith nuide boat excursions up bays and rivers, 
sometimes for corn, at other times for exploration. \ '' 77 

^ [ Smith 

lie hoped to find a passage to the Pacitic. In and 

a book written by him, he tells a very interesting i ^"i^^l^^^^^^ 
story of liis capture hy tlie Indians w hile he was on one of 
his expeditions. 4'he savages took him to their chief, Pow- 
ha-tan', who ordered him to be killed. His head Avas placed 
upon a stone, and an Indian raised a club to strike it, when 
Po-ca-hon'-tas, a daughter of the chief, not more than thir- 
teen years of age, rushed to the prostrate man, put her arms 
about his nei'k. and by tears ami entreaties so softened the 
heart of her father as to induce him to set his captive free. 

22, Wliether this story is true or not, it is certain that 
Pocahontas was friendly to the colonists. She more than 
once carried baskets of corn to them when they were sorely in 
lu^ed of food : and once, stealing through the woods at 
night, she warned them of an attack which her people had 
})laniUHl against them. The colonists called her "The iK'ar 
and blessed Pocahontas." 

23. In the spring of the next year (1008) N^ewport arrived 
with more settlers; but these brought no joy to Virginia, for 
they were "chiefly vagabond gentlemen and 



The 
Gold Fever. 



goldsmiths." Near Jamestown they found a yel- 
low sand, which, they said, was gold. At once 
a gold fever broke out, and attacked every man except Smith. 
He reasoned and remonstrated, but in vain. ^' There was no 
talk, no hope, no work, but to dig gold, wash gold, load 
gold." The ckduded Newport carried to London a full cargo 
of the gilded sand, which, to his mortification, he was in- 
formed was nothing but worthless dirt. 

24. The Lomlon Company were disappointed. They had 

22. What other service did Pocahontas render to the colonists ? 

23. ('ive an account of tlie gold fever in Jamestown. 

24. What change of charter and ruler was made in 1609 Y 



56 Colonial Period. 



spent much money, but had received notliing of vahie in re- 
turn. The king gave them another charter, which extended 
the limits of their territory, "northward and 
southward and from sea to sea," meaning from 
the Athmtic to the Pacific. It empowered them 



Virginia 

and the 
Second Charter. 



to appoint a governor for tlieir colony, and Lord DehiAvare 
was accordingly chosen (1G09). 

25. Before Delaware reached Virginia a serious accident 
occurred to Smith. AVhile sailing down the James Kiver. a 
bag of gunpowder exploded in his boat, "tearing the flesh 
from his body in a most pitiful manner." As there was no 
one in the colony skilful enough to treat his wounds, he 
decided to return to England for treatment. He was carried 
on board a ship, and. though he never saw Virginia again, his 
enterprising spirit was not quenched (1010). Four years 
later he crossed the ocean to the reoion belons^ino; to the 
Plymouth Company, examined its shores, and made a map of 
his explorations (§ 49). To him we are indebted for the 
name, New England, by which the region is known. One 
of his admirers exclaims : 

•• I never knew a wjirrior like thee 
From wine, debts, and oaths so free." * 



* The story of Smith's life, as tokl by himself, seems like a romance. He 
fonirht ao:ainst Spaniards and Turks, slew three champions in single combat, 
was taken prisoner, sold as a "beast in a market place," and sent to Con- 
stantinople. There he trained the affection of his mistress, who, to secure his 
safety, sent him to her brother. This man, a proiid pasha, snspecting^ his 
sister's feelings and intentions, determined to baffle her. lie put Smith to 
work among half-savage serfs, and treated him cruelly in other ways. ^Mad- 
dened by the treatment. Smith turned upon his master, beat out his brains 
with a flail, put on the dead man's clothes, mounted the dead man's horse, and 
fled from the country. After his adventures in Virginia and his explorations 
of the New England coast, he was captured at sea by a French war ship, but 

25. Give the further history of Smith while he was in the colony. Who save to New 
England its name ? How was that brought about ? Tell the story ol Smith's life as you 
find it in the note. 



Virginia. 57 



26r Under Virginia's first governor, from whom Dehiwiire 
Bay takes its name, tlie colony prospered. The people worked 
in common, that is, wliatever was done was for the benefit of 
all. There were no small farms or little plots of cnltivated 
land. There was one large farm, and all the corn and other 
things raised on it were carried to a warehonse, from which 
each settler drew his share. The plan was a poor one as 
events proved, still the governor's good management made it 
at first a snccess. Knles were laid (h)wn for each day, and 
these were carefully observed. 

27. At the ringing of the church l)cll in the eai'ly morn- 
ing of each work day, the people assembled in the little 
church. The governor, attended by the members of his 
council, and by a guard of fifty men in red cloaks, set an ex- 
ample of i)unctuality. After the service, the congregation 
went to the store-house, where each person received his day's 
allowance of food. Breakfast over, all were ready for work. 
The church service was after the manner established bv law 
in England. King James was an Episcopalian, and he 
tried to compel his subjects in Virginia to be of the same 
faith. 

28. Unfortunately for the colony. Lord Delaware did not 
remain long in it. A lingering sickness so discouraged him 
that he returned to England (1011). Fresh arrivals having in- 
creased the i)opulation of Jamestown to seven hundred men, 
women, and children, it was decided that some should settle 
elsewhere. Two ** cities " were accordingly founded, one of 
which, savs its historian, ■'■had three streets, a church, and 



made his escape. In Ensiland he spent tlie last years of liis life Avriting a His- 
tory of Virginia, and a narrative of his travels and adventures. He died in 

Km. 



26- What system of work did Lord Delaware phin for the colonists ? 

27- Rt'Iate how the system, with the church observance, was carried out. 

28- What further can you state of Lord Delaware ? Of increase in tlie colony's 
population •; Of change in the system of work ? 



bs 



Colonial Period. 



watoli houses." They liad only a brief existence. At this 
time a great change was effected, for which the new gov- 
ernor. Sir Thomas Dale, deserved thanks. Under the oUl 
system of hibor, the industrious settkn-s practically supported 
the idlers. Xow the working bees no longer fed the drones. 
Every num was put in possession of a })lot of ground to culti- 
vate for his own nse. The result was seen when the next 




1\ 



POCAHONTAS PRESiKNTKD TO «}VKKN ANNS, "WIFE OF JAMES I. 

crops were gathered. Instead of a "Starving Time " which 
had nearly destroyed the colony (UUO). there was now plenty 
and to spare. 

29. In one direction there was prosperity, in another 
there was trouble. The Indians were not friendly. Captain 



KeK'Ue the story of ArpiU's captiiiv of l\K'ahonta<. 



Virginia. 59 



Ai'gall, "half pirate, half sailor/' hit upon a plan to bring 
them to terms. This was to get Pocahontas on board his 
sloop, and take her to Jamestown as a prisoner. 
His idea was, that her father so loved her that 



Pocahontas. 



he woidd not injure the settlers while she was in their cus- 
tody. To an Indian chief and Ids wife Argall offered a cop- 
per kettle if they would bring the little maid to him. They 
consented. The unsuspecting girl, curious to see the inside 
of a great ship, went willingly. She no sooner reached the 
cabin than she was informed of her captivity, ller tears 
were of no avail. She was taken to Jamestown. 

30. How often the unexpected happens I The pious 
minister in the colony at once saw his golden opportuiuty, 
and soon had the joy of receiving the Indian girl iido his 
church. She was baptized, and a new name, Rebecca, given 
to her. Meanwhile, John Kolfe (rolf), who. we are told, was 
an "honest and discreet young Englishuuin," winning the 
love of the Indian captive, desired her in marriage. The gov- 
ernor's consent was given, and in the little church, surrounded 
l)y colonists, and the bride's dusky relatives, the lovers were 
married (1G14). Rolfe and his wife lived in contentment on 
his plantation, and there was peace between her peo]de ami 
the colonists. 

31. In a few months, the governor. Sir Thomas Dale, 
resolved to return to his native land, and it was decided that 
the young couple should go with him. In England the 
Indian wife was welcomed as the daughter of a king. She 
was presented at court and styled the Lady Rebecca. 'Her 
old friend, John Smith, Avas among the happy greeters. But 
her days were not many. She was getting ready to return to 
the land of her fathers, Avhen she suddenly died (1G17). She 
left one child, a son, who was educated in England. In 
Virginia he married and became a person of note. 

30. Ciive an account of the niMrria^e of Pocahontas to John Rolfc. 

31- Kelate the further history of Pocahontas. Describe the pi(;ture on page 58. 



60 Colonial Period. 



New Netiierland. 

(Ketv York, JS'ew Jersey, and Delaioare.) 

32. The voyage from England to India, aronnd the 
soutliern cape of Africa, was long. It took more than a year 
to go and retnrn. The way around the south- 
ern end of South America was even longer 
(§ 37, p. 3'2). Was there not a shorter way ? 



Henry Hudson 

and 
his Discoveries. 



Attempts were made to find a passage through the northern 
part of North America, one of the most persevering seekers 
being Henry Hudson. Commanding a Dutch ship, the Half- 
Moon, and in the employ of a Dutch company, he made his 
third attempt. Reaching the American coast, he entered 
the harbor of New York, and ascended the beautiful river 
(the Hudson) that flows into it (1609). This was about 
three months after the Frenchman, Samuel Cliamplain, had 
sailed up the St. Lawrence, and in an expedition southward, 
found the lake which bears his name (note to § 110). 

33. The natives in canoes crowded about the Ilalf-Moon, 
bringing oysters, beans, graj)es, tobacco, and beaver-skins, 
which they disposed of in trade for beads, knives, and 
hatchets. Some of the natives smoked tobacco through 
copper pipes. Some wore ornaments of cop23er around their 
necks. All were clad in garments made of feathers or fur. 
At a point about a hundred miles from the mouth of the 
river, Hudson went ashore, and was conducted by the Indi- 
ans to a large house covered with oak bark, in which was 
stored their last harvest of corn and beans. . A mat was 
spread for him to sit upon, and he was invited to partake of 
food from a wooden bowl. A fat dog Avas also killed and 
cooked for his repast. 

32- What is said of the two water routes from England to India ? What is said 
about a shorter route ? Who made three attempts to find a shorter route ? What dis- 
covery did he make the third time? When was that ? Give the particuhirs. What is 
said of Champlain ? (See also p. 30.) 

33 Relate the incidents of Uudson's intercourse with the Indians. 



New Nethi'vliotd. 



61 



34. FnrtJior ascending tlie river, the Ilalf-Moon was 
brouiiht ti) a stop by the shallow eliannel. Still lioping that 
he had found the passage to India's seas, Hudson sent a 
pai-ty HI a small boat to continue the search. The report 
))rought back left the disappointed navigator no choice. 



liililiii 




TllK IIAI.F-.MIUIN .\S( KNDING TllK IHDSON. 

Turning about, he descended the " Silent l\iver of the Moun- 
tains," and steered for Europe. lEo stopped at England. 
It was a mistake. King Jauies detained both him and his 
vessel, saying that the lands he had visited belonged to the 
English crown. Hudson contrived to send a report of his 
discoveries to his eui})loyers, but the Half-Moon was not 
peruiitted to leave England for several months.* 

•^- It has been stated that Verrazzaui (also Verrazano), an Italian navi- 
uator, while eonunandinii- a Freneh ship in 1524, entered the harbor of New 
Vorlv, thus antieipating Hudson more than ei,i»iity years. The statement 
is now believed to be untrue. Baneroft, in tlie last edition of his History 
of the United States does not allude to Verrazzani in any way. 



34. How far did ho explore the river? Why did he go so far y What befell him 
and liis vessel in England y 



62 Colonial Period. 



35. AVould we know more of Henry Hudson ? In the 
employ of English merchants, once more lie sailed to find a 
northern passage to India (1610). He jxissed through the 
strait, and into the bay that now hears his name. A 
mutiny broke out among his crew, and he, with liis son and 
seven others who had remained faithful to him, was put 
into a boat and abandoned. Those of the mutineers who 
lived to get back to England were hanged, or punished ac- 
cording to their deserts. The king sent ships to find Hud- 
son. All efforts were fruitless. AVas not the great bav the 
tomb of its discoverer ? 

36. Hudson, in the Half-Moon, had sailed along the coast 
from Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. On the river discovered 

by him, near the present city of Albany, the 
Dutch built a small house, protecting it with two 
big guns (§ 38). At the mouth of the river, on 



First Settlement 

in 
New Netherland. 



the island which the Indians called Manluittan, they put up 
huts to shelter the crew of one of their ships that had been 
destroyed by fire ; and, building another vessel, a yacht of 
sixteen tons burden, launched her in the spring of 1014 
(§ 137). They explored the shores along which Hudson had 
sailed, extending their excursions to many bays and rivers. 
They said that the country belonged to them, and that its 
name should be New Netherland. 

37. Most of the early settlers from Holland came in fami- 
lies, ^lany were AValloons, Protestants who had escaped to 
Holland from the Spanish rule in Flanders, now Belgium. 
On Manhattan (New York) Island a log fort was built, and 
around this center, called Fort Amsterdam, were erected 
huts of bark with straw roofs and wooden chimneys (10'-^3). 

35. Tell all you know of the further history of Hudson. 

36. "What steps did the Dutch take to get and hold possession of the country that 
Hudson liad discovered for them ? What is said of tlieir ship-building? What name 
did they give to their country ? Can you tell why they so named it ? 

37- Who wore the Walloons ? What can you .<ay of their movements ? Of the first 
attempt to occupy Manhattan Island ? How did the Dutch get to own the island y 



New Nether land. 63 



For a time this settlement was little more than a station for 
collecting hides and furs. Wishing to live in peace with 
their neighbors^ the Indians, the settlers bought the island, 
giving for it a few glittering trinkets valued at less than 
twenty-live dollars. The Indians were perfectly satisfied. 
They had sold twenty thousand acres of land, now the most 
valuable in all America, for a few beads, buttons, and other 
trifles. 

38. A number of families went up the Hudson, and built 
a fort and homes, calling the former Fort Orange, in honor of 
the Prince of Orange, the President of Holland. This was 
the beginning of the city of Albany (1G23). As early as 1625 
a ship sailed from this fort, carying to Holland many hun- 
dred beaver and other skins. Several families, under the 
guidance of Captain May, who had left his name on the 
southern cape of New Jersey, made homes for themselves in 
the Avestern part of N^ew Jersey. There, also, on a creek that 
flows into the Delaware River, they built a fort (16:^3). 

39. West of Delaware Bay a colony of Swedes found a good 
place for a settlement. Their first comers had been favored 
by their child-queen of Sweden, the little Christina {kris-te'- 
nah). They bought land of the Indians, and, on a promon- 
tory within the present city of A\''ilmington, built dwellings 
and a fort (1638). This was their town of Christina. At 
the end of seventeen years, the town, with its surrounding 
plantations, contained six hundred industrious Swedes and 
Finns. The country was called Ncav Sweden. In time, 
after it 2:)assed into other hands, it came to be known as 
Delaware (§ 85, 92). 

38. How did Albany have its beginning ? Where did it get its name ? How is it 
situated (map 2) ? What took place in 1625 ? What did Captain May accomplish ? 
Where is Cape May (map 2) ? 

39. State all you can of the Swedish settlement. In what year was it begun ? 
Wlicre is Wilmington ? Where was New Sweden ? Why was it so named ? Who was 
the father of Christina ? Ans. Gustavus Adolphus. Who were the Finns ? Ans. Peo- 
l)le who came from Finland, a country in the western part of Kussia, then under the 
rule of Sweden. 



64 



Colonial Period. 



Governor 
Stuyvesant. 



40. A governor was appointed for New Netherlands and lib- 
eral oilers were held out in Holland to induce persons to emi- 
grate to the colony. To every man who formed 
a settlement of as many as fifty persons a large 
tract of land was given. These great land own- 
ers were called Patroons. Still the growth of the colony was 
slow, and not until the arrival of its fourth governor, Peter 

Stuyvesant {sti'-ve-sant), " i\\Q 
governor w4tli the silver leg/' 
did a change begin. lie Avas a 
soldier, had lost a leg in battle, 
and was now wearing a wooden 
leg bound with silver bands. He 
came when the Indians were 
hostile, when the English were 
accusing the Dutch of intrud- 
ing upon territory belonging to 
the British crown, when a com- 
23any of Swedes, without the 
consent of Holland, were occupy- 
ing lands within the limits of 
New Netherland (1047). 
41. He treated the Indians with kindness, and they were 
turned into friends. He met the English in the disputed 
territory of Connecticut, and they consented to a boundary 
line. He went against the Swedes on the Delaware (1055), 
and brought them under the rule of the Dutch (§ 84).* 

* " With a squadron of seven armed ships, Stuyvesant set sail from New 
Amsterdam. The vessels arrived in Delaware Ba}^, sailed to a Swedish fort, 
and anchored for the night. The fort had been abandoned two or three years 
before, and now presented no object of hostility. The next day Stuyvesant 
sailed to another fort, landed, and began to throw up a breastwork. The 
Swedish commander, knowing his inability to maintain the post against the 
powerful force before it, agreed to capitulate."— i'>rHs's Delaware Settlements. 

40. Who, in succession, were the governors of New Netherland ? Ans. Peter 
Mimiits, Wouter Van Tvviller, Sir William Kieft. and Peter Stnyvosant. 

41. What is said of Stuyvesant and what he did for the colony ? 




•KTEK STUYVESANT. 



New England. 65 



Churcli 
Liberty. 



Xew Exglaxd. 

42. In our country, the United States, there are many 
churches. If a person desires to be a Methodist, or a Baptist, 
or a CathoHc, or an Episcopalian, or a member 
of any other church, he is at liberty to do so. 
Indeed, he may go to any church or may keep 
away from all churches, just as he pleases. This we call re- 
ligious toleration. But toleration like this was not the state 
of things in England during the reign of James I. He be- 
longed to what was, and is still, the Churcli of England. 
The laws of England were largely based upon the assumption 
that every Englishman belonged to the one Church in which 
it was declared ''was the only true worship.^'' Unlike the 
churches of our day and country, the Churcli of England was 
supported by taxes, very much as the army was supported. 
Xo other church received any such aid. In fact, no other 
church had any legal existence. If any body of persons 
wanted to build a church of another denomination, the laws 
said they must not. ^ 

43. At that time there was a large number of i:)ersons in 
England who were called Puritans. They were very strict in 
their religious notions and mode of living. The 
most of them attended church as King James 
and the law commanded, but they were in favor 
of a more simple form of worshij), such a form as by its very 
simplicity would purify the church from, what they re- 
garded, its follies and abuses. Hence their name, Puritans. 

44. Some Puritans went farther. Believing that it was 
impossible to effect any change in the church, supported as 
it was by law, king, and a multitude of interests, they sepa- 
rated themselves entirely from it and set up another church. 



The 
Puritans. 



42. What wa« England's? condition as to church affairs in the reign of Jamee 
What ig i^aid of EnglandV church lawf^ ? 

43. "Who were the Puritan.'- ': What did the}- desire ? 

44. WTio were the Separatist'; * WTiat move did thej' resolve to make ': 



66 



Colonial Period. 



an independent church. Hence they called themselves Sepa- 
ratists or Independents. Unfortunately, they lived at a time 
when church persecutions were common. They could not 
meet, except in secret. They were looked upon as rebels. 
One of their congregations, consisting of about three hundred 
persons, having been cruelly driven from place to place, re- 




PILGRIMS E»r.\l*lN(; FKu.n IvNiil.ANlJ. t^FUOM LKUTZK'.s I'll TUKE.) 

solved to go to Holhind, where, tliey lieard, ''was freedom of 

religion for all men.'' 

45. But resolutions are sometimes more easily made than 
executed. When the resolvers began to leave, 
they were seized and cast into prison. Even wo- 
men and children were arrested as if they were 



The 
Pilgrim 
Fathers. 



thieves. Two years passed. What years of misery ! At last, 



45. What is said of the persecutions to which the Separatists were subjected ? Of 
their movement to und in Uolland t Describe the picture. 



New England. 67 



having escaped in small parties, these poor exiles were united 
at Amsterdam, Holland, from which city they went to Leyden 
{U'-den). Were they not Pilgrims? At Leyden, under the 
devoted care of their pastor, John Robinson, they lived ten 
years ^'in peace, love, and holiness/^ 

46. Though they were kindly treated by their neighbors, 
they became convinced that they ought not to remain longer 
in Holland. They believed that elsewhere they could " act 
a higher part.'' They were English, and they w^anted their 
children to be English. They looked toward the New^ 
AVorld. There, on English soil and under the English flag, 
they proposed to establish a home in which they would be 
just as free as in Holland to worship God as they desired. 
They asked King James for a tract of his domain in America. 
He refused. He would not even give them permission to go 
to any part of it. He w^as, however, finally brought to say, 
they were told, that, if they went, he WTjuld not molest them. 
On this slender promise they resolved to go. 

47. A ship was purchased, the Speedwell, and anchored 
in Delft Haven. As she was not large enough to take all the 
congregation, it was decided that the pastor should abide 
with those that remained. The parting took place on the 
deck of the Speedwell. *• Robinson knelt down, and with 
him knelt his friends and companions. He stretched out his 
hands and cried to the Lord, and his words moved all hearts." 
He then returned to the shore, whence he and the many with 
him '' w^atched the departing bark with streaming eyes " ^July, 
1620}. 

48. A favorable wind wafted the Speedwell to an English 
port, where the Mayflower, a hired ship, was waiting to join 
her. The two. ships then sailed, but the Speedwell belied her 



46. W'hy did the Pilgrims wi«h to leave Holland ? What steps did they take to 
leave ? What was the king'« attitude toward them ? 

47. Give an account of their departure from Holland. 
48- Of their experience iu England and departure thence. 



68 



Colonial Period. 



name. She began to leak, and both vessels put back. Again 
they sailed, and again, for the same reason, put back, this time 
to Plymouth, England. Finally, the Mayflower, crowded 
with about a hundred passengers, sailed alone ; and, after a 

tedious passage 
of more than 
two months, 
dropped anchor 
in Cape Cod 
Bay (November, 
1G20). 

49. xV month 
was spent in 
finding a good 
spot for their 
settlement. The 
ground was cov- 
ered with snow. 
One day a war- 
w h o o ^ a n d a 
fliglit of arrows 
gave notice that 
the Indians were 
near. Before 
the landing of 
the Pilgrims, 
they adopted a 
form of govern- 
ment. They agreed to obey the will of the majority. In 
the cabin of the Mayflower the paper was spread upon the 
table, and every man signed it. John Carv^^r was elected 
governor for one year. From the boat which conveyed them 




THE MAYFLOWER. (FROM THE MODEL IN PILGRIM 
UALL, PLYMOUTH, MASS.) 



49. What is said of the arrival of the Pilgrims in America and their compact in the 
cabin of the Mayflower ? Their landing and the name given to their new home ? 
Wliere is Oape Cod (map 1) ? Plymouth ? What is stated in the two notes on page m ? 



New England. 



69 



from the ship, they stej^ped upon a rock,* and all landed 
(December, 1620). Remembering the kind treatment which 
they had received at Plymouth, their last resting place in 
England, they called their new home Plymouth.! For 
many years the landing of the Pilgrims was celebrated on 




•le 22d of December : now the 21st is regarded as the true 
Forefathers' Day. 

50. Each head of a familv Vjuilt his own house, and as the 



* '• Here is a stone which the feet of a few oatcaists pressed for an instant, 
and it became famous. It is treasured by a nation. Its very dust is shared as 
a relic." — Ik: T^f^quevUle. 

+ Six rears before, as we hare seen, John Smith examined the shores of 
New England (i; 25). Three veaj^ later he published a map showing the ex- 
tent of his explorations, but it Ls not known that the Pilgrims ever saw the 
map. It is a curious fact that on this map. on the very spot chosen by the 
PiUnims for their settlement, is found the name Pl^-mouth. 



50. Belate the Samoeet epiBode. What treaty wan made i 



70 Colonial Period. 



Indians were seen hovering near, a military body was formed 
with Miles Standish as its leader. Bnt the Indians made no 
attack. On the contrary, one of them, in the early spring, 
walked boldly into the village,, and to the surprise and delight 
of its inhabitants exclaimed, ^' Welcome, Englishmen ! " He 
was a petty chief, Samoset by name, who had been among 
the English fishermen of Maine. He soon brought other 
friendly Indians, and these were not long in inducing Mas-sa- 
soit, the great chief of the Wam-pa-no'-ags, to visit the Pil- 
grims. Presents were exchanged, and, what was of vast im- 
portance, a treaty of friendship was ^^^ concluded in a day, 
and sacredly kept for more than half a century'' (1G21). 

51. The frequent showers of sleet, snow, and rain, to 
which the colonists were exposed before their houses could be 
occupied, c^iused much sickness. Before the Mayflower, in 
April, left for England, there were not more than fifty whom 
death had spared. Among the fallen was Carver. His place 
as governor was filled by AVilliam Bradford. In the autumn 
other members of the Leyden congregation arrived, but Rob- 
inson was not among them. He died before arrangements 
were completed for conveying him and the rest of his flock to 
Plymouth. The Indians continued friendly. Once, Canon- 
icus, chief of the tribe on the west of Narragansett Bay, 
showed hostility. He sent some arrows in the skin of a 
rattlesnake. It was a message of war. Bradford sent back 
the skin, filled, in place of the arrows, with powder and shot. 
The chief's courage failed. He repented, and promised 
frendship. 

52. King James's grants of land were made with looseness 
and lavishness. What he did one day he undid the next. 

51. What is said of the sufferings of the Pilgrims ? What is said of Canonicus ? 
Of Carver and Bradford ? What further can you state of Bradford ? Ans. Every year, 
for thirty-one years, except five when he refused to serve, he was elected governor. Ue 
wrote a history of the colony called the History of the Plymouth Plantation. 

52. What is said of Virginia's charters issued by King James ? Of Virginia's 
popular legislature (note) V When and why was it abolished ? 



Neic Emjlmid. 



71 



Virginia's 
Charters. 



Wlitit lio gjivc Olio (lay to one party lie g;ivo to anotlicr party 
juiotlior (hiy. JLo looked upon his vast doiiiaiii in Aiiioricti 
as the s})Cculator nowadays looks \\\\()\\ liis town 
lots. '^Fo the Virginians^ in tlio course of time, 
he gave no less than thiHUi charters, the setu)nd 
widening the land limits of the llrst, and the third of the 
second. In favoi' of the last (diarter was its libei'al pi'ovision 
j)crniitting the freeinen of the colony to elect re[)resenta,t ives 
to an assembly. This body, which madc^ hiws, was the lli'st 
])e()ple's legislatui'e in America (1(511)).* Hut this great I'ight 
enjoyed by the Virginians was not enjoyed long. ^V\w. king, 
])retending that they discussed aifairs with too nuudi fi-iHulom, 
in other words, that they were too democratic, revoked all 
his gifts to them (1G24). Virginia thus again became the 
soh^ ])ro])erty of the Crown (i^ <S()). 

53. In another case the king gave with a riglit royal 
generosity. To a body of forty men, called the Council of 
Plymouth, he granted a, belt of territory north 
of Vii'ginia., six hundred miles wide, fi'om the 
Atlantic; to the Pa(;iti(;. By a stroke of the pen, 
a million scpian; miles wore presented to forty rich and 
})()wei"ful noblemen (NovemlxM', !(>',}()). No conditions were 
attached to the gift. Was there ever in the history of the 
woi-ld a present of such magnitude ! Men called it the 
*M»reat Patent," meaning that it was a gi'eat monopoly, and 
that they did not like it. Withont the consent of the (coun- 
cil, no man could lawfully build a house or buy a bit of fur 
anywhere on their vast domain. No man could cat(di a lish 
in any of its waters. While men said that the king had done 



The Council 

of 
Plymouth. 



* "A perpelujil interest attaches to this first elective body that ever assem- 
bled in the western world, representing; the people of Viri>:inia, and inakin<>: 
laws for their u;overnnient, a year before the Mayflower, with the Pil<i,Tiins, left 
Kn{i;land, and while Viryinia was still the only British colony on the continent 
of America." — JiducrofV n Iflstorii of l/ic Uiiitcd /States. 



53. State what you cnii of llic kiny's grunt to the Council of Plymouth. 



72 



Colonial Period. 



New 
Hampshire. 



wrong, the Pilgrims came, as we have seen, and at Plymouth, 
on the land just ceded to the forty men, planted their colony. 
The monopolists complained, but the Pilgrims remained, 
and, without license from the Council, fished in forbidden 
waters. 

54. In spite of popular opposition the Council sold great 
tracts of their domain. In IG'-il, John Mason obtained a 
tract south of the Merrimac. Next year, he and 
►Sir Ferdinando Gorges {gor'-jez) obtained jointly 
all the territory between the Merrimac and the 
Kennebec, to which they gave the name Laconia. At Ports- 
mouth and Dover fishermen built huts (1023). Mason and 

Gorges made a partition of their 

province ; and a new and separate 
grant was given to Mason of the por- 
tion between the Merrimac and the 
Piscat'aqua (1G29). This he called 
New Hampshire, as an expression of 
his good will toward Hampshire, 
England, where he was living.* 

55. In 1G25 King James died 
and was succeeded by his son, the 




* " Straggling settlers were planting themselves along the coast. A party 
of some thirty, under Captain Wollaston, set up a i)lantation at a place which 
they called Mount Wollaston, now Quincy. This plantation presently fell 
under the control of one Morton, who changed its name to Merry Mount, sold 
powder and shot to the Indians, gave refuge to runaway servants, aiul set up 
a May Pole, upon which occasion he broached a cask of wine and a hogshead 
of ale, and held high revel and carousal." The people of Plymouth were 
requested by the other settlers to put the scandal down ; "and Morton was 
seized by the redoubtable Miles Standish, and sent prisoner to England." — 
HildretJi' s History of the United States. 



54. How, when, and wliere was New ITampshirc first settled ? What is said of John 
Mason and his part in the early history of New Hampshire? Where is Portsmouth (map 
2) ? Dover ? (Sec map on this page.) 

55. Where is Salem (m.ip 2) ? Give its early history. What charter did the king 
give to Massachusetts ? Why and wlien did he give it ? 



New England. 73 



imfortuiiate Charles I. Charles was always in want of money, 
consequently, in all his dealings with the colonies, his aim was 
to get it. Soon after the beginning of his reign, T 
parties of Puritans— not Separatists— settled in \ ""s^^^^^setts 
the eastern part of Massacliu setts, some of them . 



at 8alem. Others joined them in 1G;^8, when the town fairly 
began its existence. AVord came to the king that the Dutch 
of New Xetherland were buying furs of the Indians in New 
England. Though he did not like the Puritans any more 
than his father had liked them, he was quite willing to have 
them oppose the Dutch. For this and other reasons he 
readily gave them a charter, meaning a deed or grant, in the 
name of the ''Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay 
in New England" (1029). It included Salem, but not 
Plymouth. 

56. This charter was regarded by the Puritans as a ''pre- 
cious boon." True, it said nothing about religion, but did it 
not, by its silence on that point, leave the colonists to set up 
the very church they desired ? They were not long in enter- 
ing the open doorway. More Puritans came to Salem, and the 
"tenants of its huts and cabins," desiring, as they said, "not 
to separate themselves from the Church of England, but 
from its corruptions," took their first step toward planting a 
church in the wilderness, by electing a pastor, elder, and 
deacon. The choice was by ballot. 

57. The charter seemed to the Puritans in England " like 
a summons from Heaven inviting them to America." One 
thousand went in the year 1030. John Winthrop was their 
governor. lie was of "grave and benevolent as2)ect, dressed 
in a black velvet suit with a broad ruff around his neck." 
With him went " ministers of the Gospel whom the English 
bishops had forbidden to preacli, but who knew that they 
should liave liberty both to preach and pray in the forests 

56. Wliat can yon say of the charter ? Of the first Salem church ? 
57- State what yoii can of Winthrop. Of the Boston f^ettlernent. 



74 



Colonial Period. 



of America.'^ A little peninsula ^^ marked by three hills and 
blessed with sweet springs," pleased the governor and others, 
and there they built a town '• wliich was to grow famous 

throughout the world." They 
called it Boston, after the Eng- 
lish town of that name, where 
many of them had lived. 

58. Every year there was an 
election for governor, and for 
such other officers as composed 
a court in which the affairs of 
the colony Avere settled. The 
electors were called freemen. 
They assembled in "town meet- 
ing," and in the first years 
voted on all questions by a show 
of hands. Only members of the 
town church were alloAved to 
vote. '' The rock on which the State rested was religion. 
Religion was the life of the Puritans." They were reproved 
because of their intolerance. They replied : '*^We left Eng- 
land because we were persecuted. Why should we Avelcome 
our persecutors, and give them a chance to persecute us 
again ? We came here to enjoy religious liberty for our- 
selves. Let others go elscAvhere 
enouofh." 




JOHN AVINTHROP. 



The continent is large 



69. The skins of beavers, and of other animals common to 
America, were in great demand in Europe. Fur garments 
were all the rage. A lady who wore one was the envy of her 
neighbors. Was it strange that many of the 
colonists were fur dealers ? The Indians, skilled 



Connecticut. 



58. Where is Boston ? Give an account of the town meetings. What is said of the 
religion of the Puritans ? Of what were they accused ? What reply did they make ? 

59. Where, in Connecticut, did the Puritans begin settlements ? State how those 
places are situated (map next page). What was the cause of the contest between the 
Dutch and English in the Connecticut region ? What is said of fur and its nee ? 



Nev) England. 



75 



in trapping, disposed of the skins to traders. The Plymouth 
settlers and the Dutch of New Xetherland were specially ac- 
tive in contending for the trade. '^ Keep on crowding the 
Dutch/^ wrote an English statesman to his friends in Plym- 
outh. Both parties built trading houses on the Connecticut 
(1033). These were soon followed by settlements of Puri- 
tans at Windsor, Hartford, and "Wethersfield, forming the 




Connecticut Colony ; and by a fort at the mouth of the river, 
built by young Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor 
(1635). Around tliis fort grew the Saybrook Colony. Xow 
there were two colonies in Connecticut (§ G8). 

60. The most interesting emigration to the Connecticut 
vallev was conducted bv the Rev. Thomas Hooker, often 



60. Give an account of the Hooker emigration. 



76 Colonial Period. 



styled the ^^Liglit of the AVestern Churclies." It consisted 
of about a liuiidred persons, men of rank and fortune, with 
their wives and children. "In the first warm montli of the 
New England year," they left tlie vicinity of Boston, and, 
driving- their herds of cattle before tliem, made slow progress, 
hardly ten miles a day. Their course lay tlirough a pathless 
forest, and they had no other guide than a little compass. 
At the end of about two weeks they reached the delightful 
banks of the Connecticut (1C36). 

61. They had come to a country pleasant to look upon, and 
of fertile soil, but troubles were before them. The Dutch 
called them intruders, and threatened to drive 
them away. Governor Stuyvesant was not yet 
in New Netherland. Tlie Indians were still 



The 
Pequod War. 



moi-e to be feared. These were the Pequods, or Pequots, the 
most powerful tribe in New England. They could muster a 
thousand warriors. The first settlers found the Pequods 
friendly, but, in the strife for furs, small bands of Indians 
committed hostile acts. A force sent against them burned 
their wigwams, and destroyed their corri and canoes. 

62. Smarting under the belief that their punishment was 
not deserved, the Pequods resolved upon revenge. They 
tried to get tlie Narragansetts to join them, but the good 
Roger Williams, who had fled to Rhode Island from Puritan 
persecution, at great risk to his life prevented the alliance. 
The infant towns on the Connecticut united for protection, 
but not before thirty of their inhabitants had fallen under 
the tomaliawk. About a hundred colonists, with some 
friendly Indians, went against the Pequods, surprised them 
in the early morning, and set fire to their fort.* Muskets, 
swords, and fire never before made destruction more com- 
plete. The bodies of six hundred men, women, and child i-en 
were in the smoking ruins (1G37). 

61. Of the Peqnods, and how the war with tliem was begun. 

62- (»ive an account of the Pc(iuod War * Near (irotou (see map p. 75). 



New England. 77 



63. The surviving Pequods hid in swamps. Being pur- 
sued and captured, the men were 2)ut to death or sent to the 
West Indies to be sold into slavery. The women and children 
not sent away were given to friendly Indians, or disposed of 
as slaves to the colonists. Sas'-sa-cus, the chief of the tribe, 
escaped, and put himself under the protection of the Mo- 
hawks, in New York ; but, influenced by the Narragansetts, 
the Mohawks basely killed him, and sent his scalp to Boston. 
The Pequod tribe was no more. 

•• No more for them the wild deer bounds, 
The plough is on their hunting grounds ; 
The pale man's axe rings through their wo(xls, 
The pale man's sail skims o'er their floods," 

64. Many years of peace followed, broken, after the 
death of Massasoit, by his son, called King Philip. The 
contest was longer, for the Indians had made r ~_ 
progress in the art of war. Instead of bows, ^°war' ^^ 

they had guns ; instead of tomahawks of stone, [ 

they had hatchets of veiiw. Philip was defeated, aiul hunted 
from place to place. His last battle was at Mount Hope, 
lihode Lshmd. Attempting to flee, he was shot by a rene- 
gade Indian of his own tribe (1G70). His head was sent to 
Plymoutli, and tliere exposed on a gibbet for twenty years 
(note to § 135).* 

* " The Indians were very anxious to find out how to make guni)owder. 
A white trader who sold some to an Indian told him to sow it in the ground, 
and it would grow like com. The Indian was greatly elated. He went home 
and sowed the powder. Month after mouth he watched for it to sprout. 
Winter came before he fouud out the cheat that had been put upon him. 
Some time after, when the trader had forgotten all about his practical joke, 
the Indian bought a lot of goods of him on credit. When the time for pay- 
ment came, the trader went to the Indian for his money. The Indian, look- 
mg him in the eye. said: 'Me pay you when my powder grow.'" — i>mfe'« 
Mo.kiiifj of Xein England. 

63. What became of the surviving Pequods and their chief ? 

64. Oive an account of King Philip, and the war with liim. (See Mount Hope, 
map p. f/J.) 



78 Colonial Period. 



Rhode Island. 



65. W.e liiive lieiinl soniethiiig of Roger Willijinis. Wluit 
more of him interests us ? lie was a ruritcin minister in 

Massachusetts, but, as he diifcred in o])inion in 
certain church matters from his Puritan asso- 
ciates, he did not meet with favor in tlieir eyes. The Plym- 
outh folks found no fault with him, but the people of the 
other towns were not so well disposed, for they believed that 
the country could not be safe unless all its inhabitants 
thought and felt alike. The town and the church, they con- 
tended, should be governed by the same rulers, and no man 
should vote who was not a member of tlieir church. 
Though Williams was pastor of the Salem church, he was 
bold to say that there ought to be no such connection be- 
tween church and state. " Men," he said, *' ought to be i)un- 
ished for their crimes, not for their o[)inions." The ])ower 
of the civil magistrates, lie asserted, *' rightly extends only 
to the bodies, goods, and outward state of nian.^^ Nor was 
he silent when he saw the '" wliite men helping themselves 
freely to the lands of the red men, on 2)retense of certain 
titles derived from a white king on the other side of the 
Atlantic, lie could not see how even so great a monarch as 
the king of England could give away what did not belong to 
him.'^ 

66. These sayings of the fearless pastor produced a great 
commotion. Representatives from the towns of Massachusetts 
Bay met in General Court, ])ronounccd them full of errors, 
and therefore injurious to the colony. The offender, it was 
solemnly resolved, must be sent to England. Men Avere ac- 
cordingly hurried off to arrest him, but they were too late. 
Warned by friends, he had escajied to find refuge in the coun- 
try of his friend Massasoit, whom he had often met among 

65. Who was Roger Williams ? What opinions (lid he have ? llow did his opin- 
ions differ from those of the Pnritans ? 

66. What were the conseqnences to him ? (Jive an account of his flisjht. Where 
and when at last did he find a place of secnrity ? What did ho call it ? Where is Provi- 
dence situated (map 2) ? 



New England. 



79 



tho Pilgrims of Plymouth. ^^ Fourteen weeks," wrote he in 
after years, ^^ I was sorely tossed in a bitter season, not know- 
ing what bread or bed did mean/' Massasoit received the 
fugitive with open arms, and gave him of his best. At the 
opening of summer, Williams, joined by friends from Salem, 
crossed Narragansett Bay to find a good place for a settle- 




-UJJ-. ',OI.ONI-T- MKK7I-.'^ v.l I.J.I.-, M - 7 O <,\:y. HIM .••. :': i.\.< < ,>\¥. < ''>7). 

(From OranVs Painting va Uie Wall oj tfvt (J(Mrt-fi//iihc,, ViwvJUirurA.) 

ment. Selecting a spot near a spring of cold water, he called 
it JVovidence, in token of God's merciful }>rovideiice to him 
in his distress (1030^. 

67. The land belonged to the Xarragansetts, but they 
were glad to have Williams occupy it, showing their willing- 

67- How did Williamn get to own the land '' WTiat did he t-ay ? How were the 
affaire of the colony attended to 't What ie Haid of WillianaH's mission \m England '< 



80 Colonial Period. 



ness by giving him a deed of an extensive tract. " Now the 
soil is my own/' said he, ''just as truly as the coat on my 
back is my own/' It was not his object, however, to hold it 
for himself. Men came from other colonies and from Europe, 
and " to those most in want, he gave until he gave all away." 
The settlers came together every month ; no one asked to 
what, if any, Cliurch they belonged, and at tliese '* town 
meetings " the affairs of the colony were freely discussed and 
fully cared for. Other settlements having been made m 
Rhode Island, AVilliams went to England to have them united 
with his own under one charter.* He was successful (IGi-I). 
On his return, the people went across the bay in a fleet of 
canoes to give him a hearty welcome and escort him home. 

68. The Pequod War being over, some Puritans of Massa- 
chusetts, not liking certain new opinions that were agitated 
among the brethren, thought it safer to build a 
church and home for themselves in the Connecti- 



New Haven. 



cut region. A spot was accordingly selected, and under a 
wide-spreading oak, with the Rev. John Davenport as their 
pastor, they held their first service. Ten good coats induced 
the Indians to sell the tract of land, which its new owners 
began to lay out in squares for a city, their New Haven 
(1G38). God's word, as found in the Bible, they declared 
should be their only rule. '* They feared God and kept 
their powder dry." Theophilus Eaton, a wealthy merchant. 



* Like Williams, Anne Hutchinson, William Coddington, and others were 
forced to leave Massachusetts because their opinions and teachings were at 
variance with the doctrines of the Massachusetts church. "Williams welcomed 
them to Rhode Island. Coddington bought the island of Aquidneck, after- 
ward called Rhode Island, from the Indians, and on it made a settlement, 
from which sprung the towns of Newport and Portsmouth. Another settle- 
ment was made at AVarwick, about ten miles from Providence. After the 
death of her husband, Mrs. Hutchinson removed to New Netherland. The 
Dutch and Indians being then at war, her house was burned by the savages, 
and she met death in the flames or from a tomahawk. 



68- fiive an account of the New Haven settlement. Where is New Haven (map, 
]). 75) ? Who was Theopliilus Eaton ? 



Maryland. 



81 



was elected governor, and annually, for twenty years, till his 
death, he was honored in like manner (§ 77). Now there 
were three colonies in Connecticut (§ 98). 

Marylaxd. 
69. The Puritans were not the only persons in England 
who were not allowed to have churclies of their own 
Roman Catholics were no better treated. AVe won- 
der that while there was so much intolerance in 
Eno-land the same intolerance was not extended to 



The 



Maryland's 
Charter. 



all England^s colonies. Our wonder is not abated when we learn 
that King Charles agreed to transfer a large domain north of 
the Potomac River to the keeping of Sir George Calvert, the 
first Lord Baltimore, who was a 
distinguished Catholic. The 
deed, written in Latin, was 
ready for the king^s signature, 
when Lord Baltimore died. It 
was, however, issued to his son, 
Cecil (ses'-il), who, by iaw and 
custom, inherited the property 
as well as the title of his father 
(1G32). By a clause in the deed 
he was bound to deliver two 
Lidian arrows every year to the 
king, and a fifth of all the gold 
and silver mined in the colony. 
70. Xothing was said in the 
deed, or charter, by which the people of one religion were 
to be favored more than those of another. " Christianity, as 
professed by the Church of England, was protected, but be- 
yond this, silence left room for equality in religious rights 
not less than in civil freedom.'' The proprietor, it was well 

69. Who was Sir George Calvert? What did King James agree to do for him? 
What was hin object ? Why did he not receive the grant ? Who did receive it ? 

70. What is said of the charter ? What name was given to the province, and why ? 

6 




LORD BALTIMORE (2d). 



82 Colonial Period, 



kiiowii;, was a zealous Catholic, and it was not to be supposed 
that persons of the same faith would not find a welcome in 
the new colony. The province was called Maryland, in honor 
of Queen Mary, as the j^eoj^le called Henrietta Maria, the 
king's wife. 

71. The young Lord Baltimore faithfully carried out the 
plans of his father. In two ships, the Ark and the Dove, 
the first party of emigrants embarked. Among 
them were two brothers of the proprietor, one of 
whom, Leonard Calvert, was to be the governor 



Maryland's 

First 
Settlement. 



of the colony. There were several Catholic missionaries, 
^''twenty gentlemen of good fashion, and two or three hun- 
dred laborers. ''' 1\\ February, 1634, they arrived in Chesa- 
peake Bay. Ascending the Potomac, they came to an Indian 
village, nearly opposite to what was, more than a hundred 
years later, the home of George Washington, Mount Vernon. 
There they found an English trader, who was living with the 
Indians and could speak their language. 

72. On the banks of a small stream they came to another 
Indian village which its inhabitants were about to abandon 
because of the hostility of a licighboring tribe. This favora- 
ble state of things made it easy ^^by presents of cloth and 
axes, of hoes and knives, to purchase the Indian right to 
the soil.'' The new-comers at once occupied the village, to 
which, with jnous ceremony, they gave the name St. Mary's. 
A large wigwam was assigned to the ijiissionaries, who conse- 
crated it as a church. Thus we see that the first chapel in 
Maryland was built by Indians. No person was molested on 
account of his religion, and all were equally jirotected. " The 
Indian women taught the wives of the new-comers to make 
bread of maize ; and the warriors of the tribe joined the 
huntsmen in the chase." The deserted fields of the Indians 
were planted with corn, and of the abundant crop in the 

71. Oivu an account of the first emigration to jVIaryland (map 7). 

72. Of the settlement of St. Mary's. Its church. Its location. 



Maryland. 83 



autumn^ a cargo was sent to Massachusetts to be exclianged 
for fish. 

73. Were the settlers happy ? Their beautiful country, 
with its mild climate and fertile soil, and the friendly dis- 
position of the Indians, gave them much cause 
for contentment ; but at their very door, it may 
be said, was an enemy that vexed and annoyed 



Troubles 

with 
Clayborne. 



them terribly. On one of their islands in Chesapeake Bay 
was a man named Clayborne {kid' -hum) , " a rebel " they 
called him, who was carrying on a brisk trade with the 
Indians. He would not acknowledge the authority of Mary- 
land's governor, for he had come first, and in his pocket he 
carried a license from the king, addressed to '^our truly and 
well-beloved William Clayborne, '' which made him the owner 
of land in Maryland and gave him permission to trade. 

74. The claims of Clayborne, it was evident, conflicted 
with the rights of Lord Baltimore, and the rebel was ordered 
to leave. He refused. One of his boats being seized, a 
skirmish followed in which two of his men were killed. He 
made his escape to England, but returning at the head of ^'a 
band of rebels,'"' he drove Governor Calvert out of Maryland. 
Aided by Virginia's governor, Calvert expelled the mischief- 
maker, and j)eace was restored. 

75. It was a ^^eace of short duration. The liberal offers 
of Lord Baltimore drew many Puritans to the colony. In- 
stead of showing gratitude, these, incited by 
Clayborne, turned against their host, gained con- 



Civil War. 



trol of public affairs, and deprived the Catholics of their 
rights. Not a single Catholic could vote or hold an office. 
A civil war ensued (1654). What would it profit us to con- 
tinue the unhappy story ? Do we ask why the king did not 
put a stop to the trouble ? He, unfortunately, had trouble 

73- What ri<:;ht!i had Clayborne. How were they procured ? 

74. Give ail account of the war that followed. 

75. Give an account of the civil war. What was the fate of Charles I. ? What fol- 
lowed in England ? 



84 Colonial Period, 



enough of his own at home. Believing that the wishes of 
kings are above all law, he quarrelled with his Parliaments. 
He was driven from his throne by the Puritans, captured, 
tried on a charge of treason, pronounced guilty, and beheaded 
(10-1:9). The Puritans, being now masters, would not let the 
dead king^s son, the second Charles, occupy the throne. 
Oliver Cromwell, with the title of Lord Protector, became 
the head of the government. He was not a king in name, 
but he had all the authority of a king. 

76. This revolution in England had its effect in the 
colonies. Large numbers of Episcopalians flocked to Vir- 
ginia, wdiere the people, with few exceptions, were " Church- 
men," like themselves, or, as they were often called. Cavaliers. 
The Puritans were as often called Eoundheads, a name given 
to them in derision because of their custom of wearing their 
hair cropped short. The Cavaliers were true royalists. They 
were ever faithful alike to king and Church. Cromwell, in 
their eyes, as well as in the eyes of the Catholics, was a rank 
rebel. That sturdy ruler was wise enough to keep his hands 
olf Virginia, but not from Maryland.* 

New Exglajs^d (See § G8). 

77. Upon the Puritans of New England Cromwell smiled. 
Union of I They were his devoted friends, believing that 

New England 1 "' liis battles Were the battles of the Lord.''' 
In many ways did he favor them ; and, while he 



Colonies. 



ruled, they were, except in name, a free and indei^endent 

* With the exceptions of brief intervals of quietness, the civil Avar in Mary- 
land lasted about seven years, when the authority of Lord Baltimore was 
fully restored. In 1691 King AVilliam made Sir Lionel Copley governor. 
Maryland was then said to be a "crown colony." Finally, in 1715, King 
George I. returned to the fifth Lord Baltimore all the rights which had been 
granted by Charles 1. to the head of his line eighty-three years before. 

76. now did the revolution affect Virginia and Maryland ? 

77- How did New England fare at Uie hands of Cromwell ? What is said of the 
union of New England colonies ? Why was not Khode Island included ? Ans. Be- 
cause her settlers differed in religious opinions from those of the other colonies. 



Npm England. 



85 



people. Four of their coloriien, MaHKacliuHettH, Plymoutlj, 
Connecticut, and Xe\v^ Jlaven, had formed a union for pro- 
tection against their Dutch 
neigliljors on the went, the 
i-'rencli on the east, and the 
Indians in their midst (104.'i). 
What now could tlierc be 
to njar their ]>eace an<l liaji- 
jjincHH ? 

78. Alas I a tj'ouble ap- 
peared, lasting five years, in 
whi^'h they were greatly to 
hJarue. Jt makes a doleful 
page in the history of the 
Massac h u s e 1 1 s colony. 
'' 'J'welve converts of George 
l-'ox, tlie first Quaker in the 
world, came to the colony 
from England." 'i'hey were 
not wise and. moderate, like 
the good Quaker, William 
Penn, of whom we shall pre- 
sently h ear. They did 
things which neither he nor 
the great body of Quakers 
could approve. '^ Left to 
themselves," says Bancroft, 
" they appeared like a motley 
tribe of persons, half frantic, 
half insane." Xo doubt they 

were '^ impelled by an earnest love for the souls of men, and 
by the pure desire to make known what they ] ~Per»eeution 
considered a revelation from Heaven. They de- , of the 
clared that they were to be governed by God's 




THE Pi;iUTA... i ;. /..I WARD'S HTATUK 
I.V CENTKAL I'AI'.K, NEW VOIIK.J 



dnaken. 



78- Oive an account of the p<;r«ecution of the Qiiakere. 



86 Colonial Period. 



law, not by mane's. But the Puritan rulers looked upon them 
as i^lotting the downfall of all government and religion. 
They were thrown into prison ; they were beaten with many 
stripes, women as well as men ; they were driven into the 
wilderness^ and left to the tender mercies of wild beasts and 
Indians/' Four of their number, including a woman, were 
hanged. In Virginia the Quakers Avere denounced as '^ liars 
and enemies of society."' In Maryland they were treated as 
^''vagabonds." 

79. Meanwhile important events were passing in Eng- 
land. In 1660, Charles II. was proclaimed king amid great 
rejoicings, the event being known in English history as the 
Eestoration. " Charles had many vices, but he would not 
permit blood to be shed under pretence of religion in any 
part of his dominions ; and so ended the Quaker persecution, 
a mournful passage in the historv of our forefathers" 

(§ 98).* 

YiRoixiA (See § 52). 

80. In one respect at least the new king resembled his 
grandfather, James I. All the territory in America that had 

been discovered or explored by Englishmen he 
considered just as much his own property as his 
house or dog. This gives us the key to his policy 



Two Men 

own 
Virginia. 



in disj^osing of it. One of his worst acts Avas the granting to 

* The judges on whose verdict Charles I. was beheaded were called regi- 
cides. Three of them, to escape the vengeance of his son, Charles II., fled to 
America. The following is the story that was told of one of them, AVilliam 
Goffe, but recent investigations prove that it is not true. "The town of 
Hadle}', Massachusetts, was alarmed by Indians in 1675, in the time of public 
worship. The people were in the utmost confusion. Suddenly an elderly 
person appeared in the midst of them. In his mien and dress he differed from 
the rest of the people. He not only encouraged them to defend themselves, 
but he put himself at their head, led them on to encounter the enemy, who 
by this means were repulsed. As suddenly, the deliverer of Hadley disap- 
peared." — Hutchinsoii' s Hist, of Jfassachnsetts. 

79- What change took place, and how was it brought abont ? 
80. What grant did Charles II. make of A^irginia ? 



Virginia. 87 



two of his favorites '^^all the hiiid and water'' known as Vir- 
ginia, to be held hy them for thirty-one years, at a yearly 
rent of forty shillings. By a scratch of the royal pen, Vir- 
ginia, w^icli had been faithful to Charles while he was a wan- 
derer in Europe, was conveyed by him to tw^o great lords 
(1673). 

81. AVhat an outcry this wrong did raise among the forty 
thousand inhabitants of the colony ! Just then they were not 
in a humor to let it ^^ass, for other wrongs were 
weighing upon them. They were not allowed to 
send their tobacco to the best markets of Europe. 



Bacon's 
Rebellion. 



The right to vote was taken from all except the few property 
holders. Their governor, Berkeley, would make no defence 
against threatened attacks from Indians. This last act, the 
lavish grant of the profligate king, produced great excite- 
ment in the colony. 

82. The people rebelled. Twice in former years the 
Indians had surprised the colonists, and with tomahawk and 
fire had laid waste the outlying plantations (1G22, 1G44). 
The 2^eople said they would not be so caught again. The 
central fiigure of the uprising was a young man named 
Nathaniel Bacon. He was brave and eloquent, and soon 
became so popular that he was called the ^^ Darling of the 
people's hopes and desires." At the head of a body of the 
people, he went against the Indians and defeated them with 
dreadful slaughter. His work was not yet done. Virginia's 
unjust laws, he said, must be repealed. Berkeley pro- 
claimed him to be a rebel, and set about to collect a force to 
destroy him. With a rabble, consisting of servants, slaves, 
and sailors, Berkeley fortified himself at Jamestown, but on 
the approach of Bacon, his cowardly crew deserted him, and, 
in the darkness of night, he effected his escape. Next morn- 

81. What troubles at that time were upon Virginians ? 

82. Give an account of the Bacon Rebellion, What is there now of the old James- 
town settlement (note, next page) ? 



88 Colonial Period. 



ing the capital of Virginia was in the hands of the rebels. It 
was resolved to burn it, that it might not afford shelter to the 
^^ rogues/" as Berkeley and his adherents were called. Not 
a house was sj^ared, not even the little church at whose font 
Pocahontas had received the name Rebecca (1676).* 

83. Word came to Bacon that a force was on its way to 
attack him. Leaving the smoking ruins, he hastened to 
meet it. But there was no fighting. The loyalists deserted 
their commander and joined the rebels. In the midst of his 
success, Bacon was taken sick, and died. His followers lost 
heart, and many were captured and hanged. " Gibbets rose 
and made the wayfarer shudder."' When the king heard of 
these vengeful doings of Berkeley, he exclaimed : " That old 
fool has taken away more lives in that naked country than I 
have for the murder of my father ! " Hated in Virginia, 
Berkeley, by command of his royal master, returned to Eng- 
land. There, rebuked by people and king, he mourned, and 
died. Bacon's Rebellion, as history names it, had its begin- 
ning and end within about four months of 1676, just a hun- 
dred years before a greater rebellion was proclaimed in the 
city of Philadelphia (p. 161). 

New York axd New Jersey (See §41). 

84. Another of the king's wrong-doings was his gift of New 
Netherland to his brother, the Duke of York. 
The Dutch were in rightful possession of the 
country, and Holland was then at peace with 



Conquest 

of 

New Netherland 



England. These facts, however, had no weight with the king. 

* " Nothing remains of tliis famous settlement but ttie ruins of the church 
tower covered with ivy, and some old tombstones. The tower is crumbling 
5'ear by year, and the roots of trees have cracked the slabs, making great rifts 
across the names on them. The place is desolate, with its washing waves and 
flitting sea-foam. The river encroaches year by year, and the ground occupied 
by the original huts is already submerged." — Cookers Hist, of the Virginia People. 

83. How was the rebellion ended ? What is said of Berkeley ? 

84. Of what wrong was the king guilty respecting New Netherland ? 



Neiv York and Neiv Jersey. 



89 



He sent a fleet to take possession of the territory for his 
brother. The vessels arrived in the harbor of New Amster- 
dam ; and Nicolls, the duke's agent, sent a letter to Gov- 
ernor Stuyvesant, demanding the surrender of all the country 
under his rule. 

85. The brave old soldier, faithful to his trust, would 
not yield. He would stand a siege. The Dutch settlers, 
however, were not willing to have their houses destroyed by 




NKW AM^TE1U)A,H IN IWh 



the ships' 
were many 



The English residents, of whom there 



forgetting past favors, said that tliey would 
help the invaders. The sturdy governor, in his anger, tore 
Nicolls's letter to pieces, and threw the fragments on the 
floor, but he was powerless. In spite of his protest, the sur- 
render was made. With this change of masters, New Am- 
sterdam, in compliment to the Duke of York, was called New 
York ; and Fort Orange was called Albany, from one of the 
duke's titles (1664). New York had then a population of 



85. State how the wrong was carried out. What clianges of names were made ? 
When was that ? 



90 



Colonial Period. 



fifteen hundred persons, wlio spoke eighteen different Lan- 
guages. A few of the Dutch colonists returned to Holland. 
86. In the part of the surrendered territory now New Jer- 
sey, there were few inhabitants. Less than a dozen Swedish 
farmers, and a small number of Dutch and Quaker 
families, were all. By permission of Nicolls, a 
Ijody of Puritans, who had first made their home 
in Massachusetts and then on Long Island, began the settle- 
ment of Elizabethtown, now the city of Elizabeth (1GG4). 
New Jersey, in its colonial short clothes, often changed its 
2:ujirdians. A deed from 



New Jersey's 
Ownerships. 



to 

the Duke of York 
Lord Berkeley and Sir 
George Carteret its owners 
(16G4). Its name. New 
Jersey, was then bestowed 
upon it in honor of the 
latter, who, as Governor 
of the little island of Jer- 
sey in the En- 
glish Chan- 
nel, had de- 
fended it val- 
iantly for the 
king's father, 
Charles I., 
after t h a t 
monarch had 
been driven 

from his throne. Next, Berkeley sold his interest to two 
Quakers (1673). Again, but only for a few months, while 
England and Holland w^ere at war, the Dutch were in posses- 
sion of New York and New Jersey (1673-4). 

86. State how, when, and where New Jersey was settled. Give the history of the 
several New Jersey ownerships. Where is the city of Elizabeth (map 2) ? 




North and South Carolina. 91 

87. English proprietors divided the Jersey region into 
East Jersey and West Jersey. By pnrchase, in 1G82^ William 
Penn and eleven other Qnakers became the owners of the two 
Jerseys. Experience proved that there were too many mas- 
ters. Difficulties arose, twenty years passed, when, there 
being no prospect that the trouble would cease, the proprie- 
tors surrendered their rights to the crown (1702). During 
the next thirty-six years the province had the same governors 
as New York, though it had its own assemblies. Its last 
governor under kingly authority was William Franklin, son 
of the patriot and philosopher, Benjamin Franklin (§ 101).* 

XoRTH AXD South Carolixa. 

88. King Charles's grant of New York to his brother was 
not the last of his wrong acts. To eight men, dukes, earls, 
and lords, he gave a vast belt of territory five 
hundred miles wide, its eastern end being 
washed by the Atlantic, its western by the Pa- 



Grants to 

Clarendon 
and Others. 



cific (1CG3-5). Within^ the belt was the land now belonging 
to North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Virginia 
complained that a large strip of her domain by this gift was 
taken from her. A greater wrong was done to Spain, inas- 

* "In 1690, Captain Kidd, commanding an armed ship, sailed from New- 
York in search of piratical vessels in the Indian seas. Not succeeding in tak- 
ing pirate ships, he himself became a pirate, and his captures soon made his 
name a terror to honest merchantmen. A decoy letter induced him to visit 
Boston, where he was arrested." — Schuyler'' s Colonial New York. 

On the narrative of Kidd's exploits are founded Poe's ingenious story of the 
Gold Bufj, and the once popular song, " M}' name was Captain Kidd, when I 
sailed, when I sailed." Kidd was taken to England, and illegally tried. He 
declared that his men forced him to commit piracy. The verdict was against 
him, and he, with nine of his crew, was hanged. The wonderful tales of his 
treasures, hidden on the American coast, have gone from lip to lip from that 
day to this. 

87- What division was made of New Jersey ? What did William Penn have to do 
with New Jersey ? Give the further history of the province. 

88. What grant was made to Clarendon and others ? What territory was within the 
grant ? 'V\Tiat complaint was made ? Wliat wrong was done to Spain ? 



92 



Colonial Period. 



much as the grant covered half of Florida^ including the 

town of St. Augustine. A crop of trouble with Spain was 

the consequence (§ 4). 

89. Great expectations were formed for the new province. 

Its proprietors^ one of whom was the historian Clarendon, 
believed that they could avoid the rocks on 
which most of the governments of the past had 
been wrecked. To one of their number, Lord 



The 
Grand Model. 



Ashley Cooper, afterward celebrated as Earl of Shaftesbury, 
the task of framing a plan of 
government was assigned. He 
called to his aid his friend, 
John Locke, then a young man 




unknown to the world, but who before long became the most 
eminent philosopher of his time. 

90. The plan called the '^ Grand Model " was completed, 
and, though prepared by two wise men, it proved to be a 



89. What did Ashley Cooper have to do with the early government for Carolina ? 
Who was John Locke ? 

90. Give the history of the Grand Model. W^ho went to Carolina ? 



Pennsylvania and Delaware, 93 

very unwise scheme. It was full of grand intentions, but 
sadly at fault in its aim to meet the wants of an infant 
colony. Three colonies were planted in the Carolinas. One, 
on the Chowan Eiver, was the Albemarle County Colony 
(1G63). One, near the present city of Wilmington, was the 
Clarendon County Colony (1G65). The third, on the Ashley 
River, was the Carteret County Colony (1670). These were 
the work of Protestants from Virginia who would not obey 
the Church-of-England rule there (§ 27), of Presbyterians 
from Scotland, of Quakers from England, and of Huguenots 
from France. In a few years the colony on the Ashley was 
removed to a better place. It was the beginning of the busy 
city of Charleston, the metropolis of South Carolina (1680). 
There the first Church of the Huguenots in the province was 
built. " On every Lord^s day, its worshippers gathered from 
their plantations, and, taking advantage of the ebb and flow 
of the tide, the parents with their children might be seen 
making their way in light skiffs to the flourishing village."'' 
Though at no time Avas it possible to put the ^' Grand 
Model'" f^^lly ^'ii^d fairly into effect, it continued to be the 
law of the land nearly a quarter of a century. Korth 
Carolina and South Carolina did not begin their sepa- 
rate existence before 1729. Then King George II. bought 
the ^proprietors" rights, and placed a governor over each 
colony. 

Pe:^ksylvan^ia axd Delawake. 

91. There was one act of the king from which, tliough 
little to his credit, much good resulted. He conveyed to 
William Penn, whose name has already been in- 
troduced into this history, a large tract of land 
lying west of the Delaware River (1681). Penn"s 



Orant 

to 

William Penn. 



father had spent the most of his life on war ships, had fairly 



91. What extensive grant was made to William Penn ? Give tiie particulars 



94 



Colonial Period, 




WILLIAM PENN. 



earned the rank of admiral^ and in battle had won Jamaica 
for his king. So, we see, he was not a Quaker. Quakers do 

not fight. At his death he 
left a claim against his gov- 
ernment of about $80,000. 
This w^as for services for 
which he had not been paid. 
The amount we would not con- 
sider large for a great king to 
pay, but it was more than the 
profligate Charles, ever need- 
ing money, could spare. He 
could pay the debt in land 
easier tlian in money, and, 
fortunately for him as well as 
America, Penn preferred the 
laiul. We now see how the great Quaker acquired the tract 
to which we have alluded. As a token of his devotion to the 
king, Penn agreed to pay two beaver skins every year to his 
majesty. 

92. Penn^s domain being covered with forests, he decided 
that it should be called Sylvania. The king, wishing to 
honor the memory of his late friend, the admiral, wrote Penn 
before the word. The Quaker tried to have the name 
changed, even oifering twenty guineas to the king's secretary 
to influence his master to agree to the request. He was 
afraid that people would think he was vain, so he said, but 
Charles could not be moved. About this time, as we have 
seen, Penn became one of the owners of New Jersey (§ 87). 
By conveyance from the Duke of York, he also became the 
owner of Delaware (1682). This latter, we remember, was 
a part of the king's gift to the Duke nearly twenty years 
before (§84). 



92. What is said of the name given to the province ? lu what other territory was 
Penn interested as owner ? 



Pennsylvania, 

first 

Settlement. 



Pennsylvania and Delaware. 95 

93. Besides Swedes and Dutch, there were a few English 
families already in Pennsylvania. To all Penn sent word 
that they should '' live free under laws of their 
own making. ^^ In the summer of 1681 three 
ships with emigrants from England were sent to 
begin the colony.* Next year twenty-three ships were sent ; 
and when Penn landed at New Castle, Delaware, there were 
already more than two thousand inhabitants, other than In- 
dians, in Pennsylvania and Delaware (1G82). 

94. Penn loved to do good. The Quakers were oppressed 
in England, and he, like Fox and others, had been fined and 
imprisoned. They were not treated with quite so much 
harshness as formerly, yet they did not have the liberty to 
Avhich all men are entitled. Now, here in America, there 
was room, not for the Quakers only, for Penn said, "Here 
will I build a free colony for all mankind.'^ 

95. On the west bank of the Delaware a stone monument 
marks the spot where, according to tradition, a famous 
treaty was made. Beneath the wide-spreading 
branches of a large elm, " with the sun, the river, 
and the forest for witnesses,'^ Penn met the 



Treaty 
with the 
Indians. 



Indians. His message to them was of " peace and love. We 
meet," said he, "on the broad pathway of good faith and 
good will. I will not call you children, for parents some- 
times chide their children too severely ; nor brothers only, for 
brothers differ. The friendship between you and me I will 
not compare to a chain, for that the rain might rust, or 



* " The lodgings of some of these settlers were at first in the woods. A 
chosen tree was frequently all the shelter they had against the inclemency of 
the weather. Their next coverings were either caves in the earth, or such 
huts as could be most expeditiously put up till better houses were built."— 
ProucVs Hist, of Pennsylvania. 

93. Who were in his domain before Penn went there ? What word did he send to 
them ? At what place and when did he land ? How is Wilmington located (map 2) ? 

94. What was Penn's object in planting this colony ? 

96. Repeat the speech that, it is said, Penn made to the Indians. 



96 



Colonial Period. 



the falling tree might break. We are the same as if one 

man's body were to be divided into two parts. We are all 

one flesh and blood.'' 

96. To this speech, translated into their language, the 

Indians listened, so says the tradition, in unbroken silence. 

Then, after consulting 
among themselves, they 
handed to Penn a belt 
of wampum, saying : 
'-'We will live in love 
with William Penn and 
his children as long as 
the moon and the sun 
shall endure." Thus, 
it is recorded, this won- 
derful treaty of peace 
a n d friendship w a s 
made. It was Avritten 
only on the heart. It 
was never sworn to and 
never broken. ^MVhile 
blood was shed by an 




I'KEATY MONUMENT. 



Founding 

of 

Philadelphia. 



Penn lived not a drop of Quaker 
Indian.'' 

97. xV little to the south of this cherished spot, a city Avas 
laid out, Avhicli, said Penn, " shall be called Philadelphia, a 
name that means brotherly love " (1G82). It was 
the birthplace of American Independence. Emi- 
grants flocked to it from Holland and Germany, 
as well as from England and Wales. Those from England 
being mostly Quakers, or, as they called themselves, Friends, 
their city of refuge became widely and happily known as the 
Quaker City. The first band of Germans came from the 

96. Relate how the speech was received. What were ihc consequences of Penu's 
just treatment of the Indians ? 

97. Where is Philadelphia (map 2) ? State what you can of its early history. Of 
Germantowu. What is Germantown now ? 



New Englarid. 97 



valley of the Rhine. They established themselves on the 
fertile hillsides and in the valleys not far away, and thus 
gave birth to Germantown, now a part of Penn's great city, 
Philadelphia. Though Penn held a grant of the land from 
the king, he believed that the Indians were its true owners, 
and not an acre should he call his own till he had made a 
fair purchase of it from the natives. 

New England (See § 79). 

98. We have seen how New Netherland was taken from 
the Dutch and given to the Duke of York (§ 84). The gift 
included more than half of the present State of 
Connecticut. The king, unmindful of what he 
had then done, united all the towns of Connecti- 



New Charters for 
Connecticut 

and 
Rhode Island. 



cut under one charter (1662). This-, to be sure, was what 
some good men had asked for, and it proved a blessing for 
which the people long after had reason to rejoice. To Ehode 
Island, also, was given a new charter, liberal like Connecti- 
cut's (1663). These two gifts must be recorded to the credit 
of the king, though unworthy motives were attributed to him. 
99. In 1685, Charles II. died. It cannot be said that his 
death Avas mourned, except by his court associates, who were as 
immoral as himself. We get an idea of his character 
from the remark made by a distinguished French- 
man, that "he never said a foolish thing nor ever 



Andros, 

Governor of 

New England. 



did a wise one.^'' He was succeeded by his brother, that Duke 
of York on whom he had bestowed so many favors. The reign 
of this new king, James II., was short, but it was long enough 
to send consternation into all the English colonies. His 
favorite, Edmund Andros, he knighted, and sent across the 
ocean to be governor of all New England (1686). Glittering 

98. When and how were the Connecticut colonies united ? How many colonies 
were there in Connecticut § 59, 68) ? Name the three colonies. What is said of the 
Rhode Island charter ? 

99. Who succeeded Charles II. on the throne ? What favors were extended to 
Andros ? What was done respecting the colony charter ? 

7 



98 Colonial Period. 



in scarlet and lace, Sir Edmiiud arrived at Boston. " Tlie 
king had given such powers to him that there was now no 
liberty nor law in the colonies over which he ruled. '^ Their 
charters he declared void, and the people had no voice 
whatever in the government.* "Deeds from Indians/^ 
said he, ''are of no more value than the scratch of a bear's 
paw.'' 

100. " This sort of government was no better than an 
absolute despotism. While these things were going on in 
America, James had so misgoverned the people of England 
that they sent over to Holland for the Prince of Orange, who 
had married James's daughter, and was therefore considered 
to have a claim to tlie throne. On his arrival in England, 
the prince was proclaimed king Avitli the title of William III. 
(1G80). Poor King James made his escape to France." 

101. Andros, not content with ruling New England, 
reached out to govern Xew York and New Jerse}', as the 

king had decreed. All the country from the St. 
Croix (kroi) to the Delaware, with Boston as the 
capital, was under his rule ; but when the news 



King William's 
War. 



of the revolution in England was received in Boston, his 
sway Avas brought to a sudden end. "The people rose in 
their strength, overthrew his government, and cast him into 

* 111 Hartford, up to 1856, stood a i2:raud old tree known as the Charter 
Oak. How did it get that name ? In 1687, Andros appeared before the Con- 
nectieut Assembly in that city, and demanded the colony's charter. And 
now t^ain we invoke tradition : "The charter was brought in and laid upon 
the table. In an instant the lights were extinguished, and the room was 
wrapped in total darkness. Not a word was si)oken. The caudles were re- 
lighted, but, strange to say, the charter had disappeared. Sir Edmund looked 
in every nook and corner for it, but the search was in vain. Captain AVads- 
worth had seized the precious charter. Secretly he flew with it to the friendly 
tree, afterward known as the Charter Oak, and deposited it in the hollow of 
its trunk. " — IToUister's History of Counecticut. 

100. How was King James's rule iu England brought to an end ? By \\ honi was lie 
succeeded ? When was that ? 

101. What further can you say of Andros ? Wliat mistake did the French king 
make ? 



New England. 99 



prison." A great commotion followed in New York, * and 
a greater one in Europe, for the French king, Louis XIV., 
bent upon aiding James to recover his lost throne, made war 
upon England (1G89). 

102. The contest extended to North America, where it 
was waged for territory and the fisheries. The northern set- 
tlements of New York and New England were sufferers. 
Terrible blows Avere inflicted upon them by bands of French 
and Indians from Canada. Schenectady {she-nek' -ta-de), a 
Dutch village on the Mohawk, was one of the victims. Its 
cluster of homes was surrounded l)y a palisade, Ijut when the 
attack was made, the gates were open and unguarded, and 
the inhabitants were in deep sleep. The invaders entered, 
raised the terriljle war-whoop, broke open doors, set fire to 
houses, and as the dazed inhabitants rushed from tlieir beds, 
cut them down with the merciless tomahaAvk. Of the vil- 
lagers, sixty were massacred, some were taken prisoners, the 
rest, half -naked, fled through a driving snow-storm to Albany, 
seventeen miles away (IGOO). Nine years later, a band of 
Indians appeared before Haverhill (hav'-er-iV), about thirty 
miles from Boston. " The savages raised a shout near the 
house of Hannah Dustin. Her husband hurried home from 
the field, but too late to provide for her rescue. They burned 
his house, and dashed his infant against a tree. After days 
of weary marching, Mrs. Dustin and her nurse, with a boy 
from Worcester {ivoos'-ter), find themselves on an island in 

* Jacob Leisler (Uce'-lcr), supported by all the inhabitants of the town, ex- 
cept the aristocratic class, took possession of the fort, and held it in the name 
of the new king, William, till the arrival of Sloughter {<slow'-ter), with a com- 
mission as governor, to whom he at once surrendered his authority. This, 
however, would not satisfy Leisler's enemies. He was tried on a charge of 
treason, and condemned to be hanged. The profligate Sloughter, while drunk 
at a feast, was induced to sign the death-warrant, and next day the unjust 
sentence was carried out (1691). 

102. What were the objects of the war in Nortli America ? Give an acconnt of the 
attack upon Schenectady. Of Mrs. Dustin''s escape. Of the expedition against Nova 
Scotia. Result of the war. 



100 Colonial Period. 



the Merrimac^ iu a wigwam occupied bj two Indian fami- 
lies. The mother plans escape. At night, while the house- 
hold slumbers, the captives, two women and a boy, each 
with a tomahawk, strike vigorously and fleetly ; and, of the 
twelve sleepers, ten lie dead. Of one squaw, the wound Avas 
not mortal. One child was spared. In a canoe, the three 
strikers for freedom descend the river to Haverhill, aston- 
ishing their friends by their escape, and filling the land with 
wonder at their daring deed.'' Massachusetts, in hearty 
sympathy with King William, fitted out an expedition 
against the French province of Acadia (§ 1-i). Port Royal 
was captured, but, at the end of the Avar, was returned to 
France (1697, § lOG). 

103. It was during the reign of this king that the Avitch- 

craft delusion had its craze in Massachusetts. The belief in 

~"' Avitchcraft is older than the Bible. Thousands 

Witchcraft* ^^ supposcd Avitclics Avcrc put to death in the old 

world before Columbus discoA'ered America. One 



of the most learned judges of England condemned tAvo poor 
Avomen as Avitches, and they Avere hanged. The laAV of Massa- 
chusetts against Avitchcraft was Avord for Avord like the Eng- 
lish laAv. Under it, several persons Avere executed before 
1092. That year gave to history the Siilem Witchcraft. 
'''The frenzy," said IlaAvthorne, ^^ originated in the Avicked 
acts of tAvo children, a daughter and niece of a clergyman. 
They comj^lained of being pinched, and pricked Avitli pins, 
and otherAvise tormented by the shapes of uien and Avomen 
Avho Avere supposed to have poAver to haunt them invisibly. 
Often, in the midst of friends, they Avould pretend to be 
seized Avith strange convulsions, when they Avould cry out 
that the Avitches Avere afflicting them.'' 

104. " It had been the custom of the inhabitants in all 



103. What craze broke out in Massachusetts during King William's reign ? How 
did it begin ? What can you state of the delusion in previous times ? 

104. Give the full historv of the Salem AVitchcraft delusion. 



Ne^o England. 101 



matters of doubt and difficulty to look to their ministers for 
counsel. 80 they did now. But, unfortunately, the minis- 
ters and wise men were more deluded than the illiterate peo- 
ple." Cotton Math'er, a very learned clergyman, was among 
the deceived. A number of persons were accused of the 
crime of witchcraft, and, to escape torture, confessed their 
guilt. More than fifty were in this way compelled to make 
such a confession ; and twenty persons were put to death, 
many otliers being sent to prison. This dreadful delusion 
lasted more than six months ; and it was not until some of 
the magistrates themselves, and even the governor's wife, 
were accused, that the people began to see how much they 
had been deceived. All the accused were then set at liberty, 
and some of the most active in bringing them to punisli- 
ment confessed that they had been imposed upon or had 
sworn falsely.* 

105. King William was never popular with the people of 



* The other colonies had laws assjainst witchcraft, but not much attention 
was f^iven to them. In Virginia there was one notable case which had rather 
a ludicrous ending. "A judge directed that the proper tests should be 
applied to a certain woman to ascertain whether she was a witch or not. So 
the tests were duly applied by a jury of old women, and these hags, having 
found the ambiguous verdict that she ivas not like them, the poor woman was 
put into water to drown, but she disapi)ointed them by swimming. Thereat 
the judge shook his wise head, and ordered her to be sent to jail." — Cookers 
People of Vinj'mia. 

"It is well known that no exclusive reproach can with justice be cast 
upon any part of New England on account of a delusion which equally pre- 
vailed in the most enlightened countries of Europe, and received the counte- 
nance of the most learned and intelligent men and upright magistrates. In 
contemplating this sorrowful page in the history of our ancestors, we must 
bear in mind that, as I have already intimated, no peculiar reproach attaches 
to them. They acted upon principles which all professed, and in which 
the sincere in all parts of Christendom reposed an undoubting faith." — Haw- 
thorne. 



105. What is said of Queen Anne ? Queen Anne's War ? Its benefit to England 
Changes in names ? 



102 Colonial Period, 



England. His manner was cold and unsympathetic. lie 
said little and liad no fondness for pleasure. Nobody, how- 
over, denied him great qualities, both as a leader 
in war and ruler in peace. His death occurred 
in 1702. As his wife was already dead, her sister 



Queen Anne's 
War. 



Anne {an), popularly known as Good Queen Anne, was raised 
to the throne. The reign of this queen was almost wholly oc- 
cupied with what is known in history as the War of the Span- 
ish Succession. The colonists called it Queen Anne's War. 
It was a contest in Avhich England, Germany, and Holland 
united to prevent the French king, Louis XIV., from gaining 
control in Spain. At its close (1713), England Avas in posses- 
sion of Gibraltar and Acadia (§ 123). 

106. We see that some of the fighting was in America. 
The Iroquois, at peace with the French and the English, 
protected New York. New England, as in King William's 
AVar, suffered. The snow lay four feet deep when a war 
party of French and Indians, from Canada, attacked Deer- 
field, Massachusetts (1701). The village was set on fire, 
and all but the church and one dwelling was consumed. 
Of the inhabitants, but few escaped. Forty-seven were 
killed. One hundred and twelve, including the minis- 
ter, Mr. AVilliams, and his family, were made captives. 
In the early morning tlie war party began its return to 
Canada. If a young child wept from fatigue, or a Avoman 
tottered from anguish, the tomahawk stilled complaint. 
The strength of Mrs. AVilliams failed. One blow ended her 
sorrows. In Canada, no entreaties, no ofi^ers of ransom could 
rescue lier youngest daughter, then seven years old. She be- 
came the wife of an Indian chief. When, after long years, 
she visited her friends at Deerfield, she appeared in an Indian 
dress. A whole village assembled to pray for her deliverance, 
but she would make only a short sojourn. '* She returned 

106. Kolato llio Doerfield trajxedy. What the note says of King George's War, p. 103. 



Georgia. 103 



to tlie fires of her wigwam, and to the love of her chil- 
dren. '" * 

Georgia. 

107. On the death of Queen Aime, the crown was jilaced 
upon the head of George I., whose mother was a grand- 
daughter of James I. (1714). This king was 
horn in Germany, was fifty-four years of age 
when he hegan to reign, and was so ignorant 



Queen Anne's 
Successor. 



of the English language that he could not make known 
liis simplest wants in it. At his death, his brother, a dull 
and conceited little despot, became king as George II. 

(ir-^r). 

108. The laws of England in tliose days were very severe 
against debtors. If a man was not able to pay his debts, he 
could be thrown into prison, and kept there till 
they were paid or till death set him free. Those 
of us who have read Dickens's touching story of 
Little Dorrit get a glimpse of the miseries' which the un- 
fortunate debtor suffered in the old London prison. An 
English writer, in alluding to the subject, said: '^^A more 
horrible system of oppression and cruelty never existed in 
any civilized country. ^^ 

109. There was one man in England, whose name, James 
Oglethorpe, ought to be spoken with gratitude by every hater 
of oppression. He dragged to the light the terrible abuses to 



Debtor Laws 

of 

England. 



" For about thirty yfiars after Queen Anne's War the colonists were not 
disturbed by any war of European Origin. In 1744, France and England 
went to war again, and the colonists were drawn into it. As the conflict 
broke out during the reign of George II., it is called King George's War. 
Louisburg was captured by New England troops aided by an English fleet, 
])ut was returned to the French at the close of the war (1748). 

107. Who came to the throne next after Queen Anne ? What is said of him ? 
Who was his successor on the throne ? 

108. "^Tiat was then England's condition respecting debtor laws ? 

109. ^Vho was General Oglethorpe ? What was hia great work ? 



104 



Colonial Period. 



which the debtor laws were put ; and. aided by other good 
I men, provided a home in America where those 
wliose only crime was poverty could be placed 



James 
Oglethorpe. 



J upon their feet, and given a chance to take care 



of themselves. 

110. In 1T3'|, the blessed year that gave George Washing- 
ton, of Virginia, to the world. Oglethorpe and others, twenty- 

Settiement ^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ''^^^' V^^^*^^^^'^^ froui tlic king a grant of the 

of unoccupied lands south of South Carolina. The 

^^°^^^*' I grant, as stated, was in '"trust for the poor." In 

that sunny region, grapes for Avine could be grown with little 

care, and silk enough could be produced to clothe all the 

high-born English ladies in rich 
dresses, so it was believed. 
Parliament voted £10,000 to 
start the good work, and men 
gave of their wealth. Ogle- 
thorpe, it uuiy be said, gave 
himself. With more than a 
hundred emigrants, he led the 
way. On the blutf of a large 
river the streets for a city were 
carefully laid out. numerous 
places being left for public 
parks. To this refuge spot was 
given the name Savannah. 
Upon the province was be- 
stowed the name Georgia, in honor of the king (1733). 

111. The colony increased rapidly by volunteer emigrants. 
Tliere came a body of Protestants from beyond the distant 
Alps, and a congregation, with their pastor, from the High- 




AMES E. OGLETHORPE. 



110. What grant did Oglethorpe and others receive ? When was Washington born ? 
What glowing expectations of Georgia were formed « Give the early history of Savan- 
nah. How is Savannah sitnated (.map 0^ * Why was Georgia so called * 

111. What emigrants came to Cteorgia * What clergymen? State all you can of 
Whitefield. Of John and Charles Wesley. 



Georgia. 106 



lands of Scotlaiid. Those, and others like them, enterprising 
and indnstrions, formed villages ; but no such good report 
could be told of those who had been taken by the hand out 
of the London prisons. They were lazy, and continued to 
depend upon Oglethorpe and his associate trustees for then- 
daily bread. Two young clergymen, John and Charles Wes- 
ley, famous afterward as founders of the sect of Methodists, 
tarried two years in the colony. Soon after their departure, 
their friend, George Whitefield (Jnuit' -feeld) , hardly less 
famous in the Methodist Church, made his first of seven 
visits to- America. In 1730 he came to found a home for 
orphans near Savannah. JEe had collected money for it in 
Europe, and Avas now about to collect more for it in the 
colonies. During his seven visits, he made seven tours, ex- 
tending his labors from Georgia to Maine. Fifty men on 
horses escorted him into Philadelphia, lie preached in the 
open air, ^\\i\\ nothing but the trees to shelter him. His 
friend, Benjamin Franklin, then past thirty, listened to him 
with admiration, for his eloquence was wonderful. Hearers 
flocked around him in great crowds wherever he went. One 
gathering on Boston Common consisted of not less than 
twenty thousand persons. His grave is in Massachusetts, but 
his monument, is it not the Orphan Asylum of Georgia ? 

112. It was not to be expected that the Spaniards would 
quietly allow the territory claimed by them to be occupied by 
others. Georgia, they said, was theirs. It was part of their 
Florida. They had driven the Huguenots away (§ 4), and 
now they undertook to drive Oglethorpe away, but, being a 
good soldier, he defeated and foiled them (1743). For twenty 
years the trustees of Georgia were faithful to their trust. 
Were their labors properly rewarded ? Were the poor who 
had found refuge in the colony industrious and contented ? 
It is sad to know they were not. They constantly mur- 
mured, saying they were '^'in exile. ^' Weary and discour- 

112. Give the further history of Oglethorpe's experiment till its close. 



106 Colonial Period. 



aged, the trusteos surreiulered their trust to the king, and 
Georgia beeame a royal province (lT5'-2). 

Claims to Tekritoky. 

113. Wo see tliat Spain, France, and England were striv- 
ing to occupy Xorth America. Spain, pointing to what had 
1 been achieved bv Columbus. De Leon, Balboa, 



Spa 

_ Cortes. De Soto, and others who liad spied out 



the new lands, claimed all the soutliern part as well as most 
of the region along the Pacitic slope. France claimed the 
vuUevs of the St. Lawrence and Mississippi, together with 
the country about the Gulf of St. Lawrence, her title resting 
not only on the discoveries and explorations of 
Champlain, Marquette, La Salle, and others, but 



Fieneh. 



English. 



also on the mo^-e important fact that site was in actual pos- 
session of what she claimed. ** Not a fountain bubbled on the 
west of the Alleghanies but was claimed as being within the 
French empire. Every brook that llowed to the Ohio was 
French water." England's claim, based upon the discov- 
eries and explorations of the Cabots, Gosnold, Smith, and 
others, included all the heart of Xorth America 
from ocean to ocean. Her title to the Pacitic 
region had little else to back it than the king-crowning farce 
in wliich Francis Drake was the central figure (p. ;U). She 
had wijHHl out the DutL-h claim to Xew X^etherland. and was 
now in ilie undisputed possession of the region east of the 
Alleghany Mountains. 

TuK Fkknch axd Ixptax War. 

114. While England was planting colonies on the east side 
of Xorth America. P'rance was strengthening her hold upon 

113. State fully what claims to territory were made and on what grounds. Explain 
how one claim overlapped another. What changes in n:une were made * Ann. The 
part of Acadia in possession of the English was calletl Nova Scotia, and Port Royal wa.s 
changed to Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne unap 'i^. 

114. Describe the effort* of the bYeuch to occupy Uie n>gions claimed by tlu-m 



The Ercncli and Indian War. 107 

the interior. " Neither hi^at nor cohl, neither ice nor snow, 
neither liunger nor thirst, nor the attacks of savage foes 
couhl deter tlie French. Tliey penetrated for- 
(ists into which the savage had never (hired to go. 
They explored rivers down which no Indian 



Enterprise 
of the 
French. 



The Ohio 

Company. 



had ever paddled. '^^L'hey fonnded missionary stations, they 
hnilt chnrches, they laid ont towns, they pnt up forts." 
They connected the two great liighways, the 8t. Lawrence 
and the Mississippi, hy a cliain of military posts. 

115. Where, between the claims of France and Fngland, 
did the line of separation run ? Where did Englaiurs terri- 
tory end and France's begin ? A war took i)lace 
to decide the question, but it decided mucdi moi-e, 

as we shall see. Said an old Indian: '"The 

French claim all the laud on one side of tlie Oliio, the Eng- 
lish claim all on the other side. Now, where is the Indian's 
land ?" Traders from Virginia, who had ventured beyond 
the Alleghany Mountains, brought back favorable accounts 
of tlie country they had seen. These reports stirred a num- 
Wn- of fur dealers and land speculators to form a partnership, 
called the Ohio Company, for the puri)ose of trading with 
the Indians and forming settlements in the new region. A 
grant of land was easily obtained from the king. 

116. The French complained. The land, they said, be- 
longed to them. In reply, the English asserted that the Six 
Nations of Indians, the Iroquois, were the real 
owners (§ 5, p. 14). These fierce tribes had united 
under one confederacy, and, to keep their lands 
from the French, had jdaced them under the protection of 
the English.* At first there were only five tribes. A sixth, 
the Tuscaroras, Avas added in 1715. The Iroquois roamed 

* This f^ave the English an excuse for laying claim as protectors to " every 
mount ain, forest, or prairi(! wiiere an Iroquois liad taken a scalp." 

115. What is said of the rival claims ? IIow did tho Indians state the case ? Who 
made np the Ohio Company ? What was their ohject ? 

116. Who were the Iroquois ? State all you can of them. Name the six tribes or 

nations (map 1). 



The 
Iroquois. 



108 Colonial Period. 



as conquerors from Massacliusetts Bay to the Mississippi, 
from the great lakes to Georgia. The English were not so 
particular at other times to say that the Indians owned the 
land. Just now, however, it suited their purpose to say so.* 

117. Benjamin Franklin, living in Philadelphia, learned 

that French soldiers had captured English traders, and were 

, building forts on the lands of the Ohio Company. 

Mission.'^ ^ ^^^ ^'^^^^ ^^^^ information to Governor Dinwiddle, 

I of Virginia. Like report reaching the governor 

from other sources, he resolved to send a letter to the nearest 
French post, ordering the invaders to leave the country. As 
bearer of this important message, he selected a young man, 
twenty-one years of age, a major in the militia, and a land 
surveyor. His name was George Washington. After a weary 
journey of five hundred miles, the youthful envoy reached a 
fort, situated a few miles south of Lake Erie. He met with 
a cordial reception, but, on one pretext or another, was de- 
tained several days. At length, with the French comman- 
der's letter of reply in his pack, he set out on his return home- 
ward. His progress was slow. Snow covered the ground 
and the cold was intense. He determined to go faster. 
Leaving his tired horses in good care to follow after him, he 



* In this French and Indian War and in the war of the colonists for inde- 
pendence, the Iroquois were the willing allies of the English. See from what 
a small beginning this alliance was brought about. " It was an evil hour for 
the French when Champlain, impelled by his own adventurous spirit, de- 
parted from the hamlet of Quebec to follow a war partj- of Algonquins against 
their hated enemy, the Iroquois (§ 32). . . . Day dawned and the fight be- 
gan (1609). When Champlain stood full in sight before the Iroquois, with his 
strange attire, his shining breastplate and features unlike their own, when 
they saw the flash of his gun, and beheld two of their chiefs fall dead, they 
could not contain their terror, but fled for shelter in the depths of the wood. 
They recovered fi-om their terror, but they never forgave the injury,"— Pa ^^•- 
man^s Conspimey of Fbtitiac. 

117. What information did Franklin send to Virginia's governor? Wliat did it 
prompt the governor to do ? Whom did the governor send ? Relate the particulars of 
Washington's journey. 



The French and Indian War. 



109 



made a new start. His 2^iick^ containing liis papers and 2)ro- 
visions, was strapped to his shoulders, a gww was in his hand, 
and one companion was at his side. At an Indian town a 
guide was engaged, avIio, instead of ])ow and arrows, carried a 
French gnn. His intention was to kill both travelers. An 
opportunity, as he thought, occurring, the treacherous Indian 




"HINGTON AS A I.ANU SUUVEYOIl. (St'C § 117.) 



fired, ])ut neither Washington nor his companion was hurt. 
They seized their wily foe, took the gun from him, and 
humanely dismissed him. 



110 Colonial Period. 



118. The Alleghany Eiver being reached, it was found 
full of floating ice. How could the two men cross ? AVith 
difficulty they constructed a raft, their only tool being a 
hatchet. On this frail structure they shoved out into the 
stream. A large cake of ice coming suddenly against the 
pole in Washington's hand, he was jerked into the water. 
AVith the help of his companion, he succeeded in getting to 
an island. Here, exposed to a bitter cold, the two men spent 
the long night on a bed of snow. AVhen morning dawned, 
the river was so frozen as to enable them to get to the desired 
shore, and to continue their journey homeward. 

119. The reply of the French commander was evasive, 
evidently with the intention of gaining time for hostile 

preparations. To thwart the French, workmen 
were sent to build a fort at the junction of the 
Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, where the 



Washington's 

First Military 

Expedition. 



flourisliing city of Pittsburgh now stands. Washington, 
commanding a small body of soldiers, was dispatched some 
days after to protect the works, but on his march was met 
by the workmen. They were returning from the unfinished 
fort, having been driven from it by French soldiers. 8oon 
Washington was advised that a body of thirty men or more 
was advancing against him. He halted at a place called the 
Great Meadows. An Indian brought word that the hostile 
force was near, concealed among rocks. "' ]^y the rules 
of wilderness warfare, a party that skulks and hides is an 
enemy." It was plain to Washington that if he did not 
attack at once, he would himself be attacked. At the head 
of about forty men, including some Indians, he sallied forth. 
The contest was sharp and brief. Ten of the enemy were 
killed ; the rest, except one man who escaped, Avere made 



118. Relate Washington's experience in getting across the Alleghany River. 

119. What reply did the French commander make ? What opposing measure was 
resolved npon ? What part was assigned to Washington ? Why did he not perform it? 
Tell all you can of Washington's first battle (see map 2), 



The French and Indian War. Ill 

prisoners (May 28th^ 1754). ^' This obscure skirmish/' says 
Parkman, '^ began the war that set the world on fire/' 

120. The French, having gained 2:)ossession of the fort 
Avhich the Ohio Company had begun, enhirged and com- 
pleted it. In honor of their governor of Canada, the Mar- 
quis Duquesne {dnlcain), they named it Fort Duquesne. Its 
couimander, fired with feelings of revenge, sent a large force 
against Washington. That youthful and fearless com- 
mander had thrown up a log defence, which, because of his 
great need of food during its construction, he called Fort 
Necessity. Here he was attacked by seven hundred French 
and Indians, and, during ten hours, while a fierce rain-storm 
prevailed, he made a brave defence. After midnight, he 
agreed to terms of capitulation, which allowed him to return 
to Virginia Avitli his men and rifles (July 4, 1754). 

121. England sent General Braddock to America. France 
sent tlie Baron Dieskau {de-es-lco'). Braddock was a routine 
soldier. He believed that well-dressed troo23S, 
Avho could go through all the drill-movements 
laid down in books, were more than a match for 



Braddock's 
Expedition. 



ten times as many ''irregulars." He had a poor opinion of 
the courage and ability of the Virginians ; nevertheless he 
invited Washington to join his staff, and the invitation was 
accepted. 

122. With twelve liundred chosen men, in full uniform 
and perfect order, Braddock marched against Fort Duquesne. 
In a valley, the woods on one side, and the Monongahela on 
the other, his troops were suddenly fired upon by French aiul 
Indians, and thrown into confusion. He tried to rally them, 
but as the Indians, behind trees and bushes, were an invis- 

120- What was clone as to the building of a fort ? Where was it located (map 2) ? 
What name was given to it ? What city stands there now ? What fort had Washing- 
ton l)uilt ? Where was it (map S) ? Give an account of Washington's second battle. 

121- Wlio was Braddock ? What is stated of his opinions, and his invitation to 
Washington ? Wlio sent liim to America ? Whom did France send ? 

122. Describe Braddock's march, fight, and defeat. What is said of Washington in 
this, his third battle ? By what name is that battle known :•- A)is. The Monongahela. 



112 



Colonial Feriod. 



ible foe, the luon in whom he had so mueh eoiifidence broke 
ranks and ran. and he, brave and resohite to the last, was 
mortally wounded. •• Nothing but the superintending eare 
of Providenee saved Washington." Four bullets passed 
through his eoat. Two horses were shot under him. An 
Indian ehief, expert in the use of the rille, tired at him sev- 
eral times, but, to his astonishment, not one of the balls 
touched his body. "The Great Spirit guards his life." de- 
clared the savage (July 9. IToo). 

123. While the English were being driven from the val- 
ley of the Ohio, the French were being expelled from Xova 
^p^^^g Scotia, their Acadia. This latter proceeding has 
Driven from ; ever sincc Seemed so cruel as to be condemned 
Nov* Scotia. |^^. ^^^^^^^ .^j^^:^ women wherever the sad story has 

been told. At the close of Queen Anne's War. as we have 
stated, the English were in possession of Acadia, the name of 
which they changed to Xova Scotia (§ 105). The land was 

t h e n occupied 
by many French 
families, a n d 
during the next 
forty years the 
population i n - 
creased to sev- 
e r a 1 thousand 
persons. They 
were a jHH^ple of 
simple habits. 
From the soil 
they drew abun- 
dant crops, and 
t h e i r pastures 
Euizlish wanttHl 




we 



re covered with cattle and sheep. The 



123. When? is No>-a Scotia (map 2) ? What wa:? it formerly called * Who gave it 
that name ? Describe the Acadians. What did the English want them to do « 



The French and Indian War. 113 



them to tciko the ojitli of iiUegiiiuce to the British crown, hut 
this they were not willing to do. Their heiirt wiis with 
France. 

124. 'riiey said that tliey would he neutral in the wiir he- 
tween France and Fnghmd, hut this did not satisfy the Kng- 
lish ; consequently a plan i'or ki(lnai)[)in«^ the peaceful 
Acadians, and sendini;- them in shi})s out of the country, 
was secretly dec'ided upon. " By proclanuith)n the nnsus- 
pecting victims w^ere ordered to assemhle on a certiiin day in 
their principal villages. More than four hundred men, put- 
ting their trust in Hritish honor, met in the church of Grand 
Pre {pra)." A hody of soldiers surrounded the church and 
made them prisoners. The women and children were then 
collected from the houses. All were driven to the river, a 
mile away. "The men were put upon this vessel and that; 
the women and children were stowed away in other vessels.^' 

125. \\\ the other parts of Acadia the inhahitants were 
torn from their homes in like manner. Their dwellings ami 
churches were hurned, their cattle were seized as spoils, and 
their country was so laid waste that not a single Acadian 
could ever again find shelter in it. The ships, freighted with 
seven thousaiul unwilling exiles, set sail ; and, at various 
l)laces from New Hampshire to Cfcorgia, discharged their liv- 
ing cargoes (I?-")')). These unfortunate heings were now 
without food, and witliout money to buy it, and they spoke 
in a strange language. 

" Friendless, liomeless, lu)[)eless, Ihey wandered from eity to city, 
From the cold lakes of the North to sultry Southern savannas, — 
From the bleak shores of tlie sea to the lands where the Father of Waters 
Seizes the hills in his hands, and drags them down to the ocean."* 

Longfelloiv's Ei'angeline. 

* Francis Parknian, in his Montcalm and Wolfe, says that families were not 
intentionally divided, and that even the inhabitants of a village were kept 

124. Wliat inhuman plan was carried our against the Acadians? 
125- Give the further history of the Acadians. To what place on the Mississippi 
did many go V Ans. New Orleans. Recite the lines from Longfellow's poem. 
8 



114 Colonial Period. 



126. In the first years of the war the English met with 
many disasters. They were defeated near Lake George by 
Dieskau^ losing their brave Colonel Williams, of 
Massachnsetts.* But on that very day, at the 
sonth end of the lake, where Fort William Henry 



French 
Snccesses. 



was afterward bnilt, they stopped Dieskati's further move- 
ment, so badly hurting him that he could never fight again. 
Wounded, and leanins: as^ainst the stump of a tree, Dieskati 
was approached by a British soldier. He felt for his watch, 
to insure kind treatment by delivering it np. The soldier, 
thinking he was drawing forth a pistol, shot him through the 
hips (^September, IToo). His successor, the famous Marqnis 
of Montcalm {mont-l'am), captured Fort Oswego (1T56) and 
Fort "William Henry (1T5T). and, from the ramparts of Fort 
Ticonderoga, repulsed an assault conducted by General Aber- 
cromby (1T58). In a skirmish just before this last confiict, 
Lord Howe, "the soul of the enterprise,'^ was slain. 

127. We must not get the idea that England and France 

were meanwhile doing no fighting elsewhere. For more than 

^^g \ a year before the formal declaration of war Eng- 

Warin [ land had turned loose her armed ships to prey 

jEurope^^ upon her rival's commerce. Then followed the 

most terrible strife of the eighteenth century. History calls 

it the Seven Years' War. This flame, which was kindled in 



together. He thinks that the English were not much to blame for what they 
did. The Aeadiaus, he asserts, were a constant menace to the English, and 
their promises or oaths were worthless, as Ava* proved by repeated acts of 
treachery on their part. 

* Colonel Ephraim Williams left a will by which he gave a large part of 
his property for the support of a free school, now Williams College, Massa- 
chusetts. 



126. State what took place under Dieskan's command. What further can you j=ay 
of Dieskau ? Who was his successor ? What three successes marked Monrcjilm's 
efforts ? Where was Fort Oswesro (map '2> ? F rt William Henry ? F.»rt Ticonderoga ? 
Who built Fort Ticonderoga ? Ans. The French. What can you state of its further 
history ? Ans. It was captured by the English in 17.5'.). 

127- What lighting meanwhile was going on in Europe ? 



The French and Indian War. 115 



the American forests (§ 119), soon raged in full blaze among 
the kingdoms of Europe. On England's side was Prussia. 
On tlie side of France were Austria, liussia, and other pow- 
ers. England's colonies in America made a half-hearted 
effort to unite for protection against French and Indian 
invasions, but nothing came of it (see Appendix, p. 6). 

128. The celebrated William Pitt, afterward Earl of 
Cliatham, being called to the head of the British ministry, a 
plan was arranged for driving the French from all 
their possessions in North America. Their great 
fortress at Louisburg, on the Island of Cape 



English 
Successes. 



Breton, regarded, because of its wonderful strength, as the 
" (Hbraltar of America," was captured after a siege of more 
than forty days (1758). Of the men who distinguished them- 
selves in pressing the siege, none did more effective service 
than the brave General Wolfe, who, next year, fell before 
Quebec in the hour of victory ; and the equally brave General 
Montgomery, who, fifteen years later, fell near the same spot 
while contending for American liberties (§ 30, p. 159). Suc- 
cess continued with the English. Fort Duquesne, on their 
approach, was abandoned by its garrison of French and 
Indians. Its name was changed to Fort Pitt, in honor of the 
British statesman ; and there in after years grew " The Iron 
City of Pittsburgh.'" The French were driven from the 
Niagara River and from the two lakes, Ontario and Cham- 
plain. New France was thus cut into two parts, but the 
great event of the war was Wolfe^s splendid success in Canada. 
At first he was repulsed with heavy loss. Not disheartened, 
he tried again. 

129. "' In the darkness of night he led his soldiers up 

128. Who was William Pitt ? Where was the fortress of Louisburg (map 2) ? 
What waters surround Cape Breton Island ? W^hat is said of the strength of its fort ? 
The capture of the fort ? Of \Volfe and Montgomery ? Of Fort Duquesne ? Other 
successes of the English ? Where is Pittsburgh (map 2) ? 

129. Where is (Quebec ? Describe Wdlfu's success before it. By what name is the 
battle often known ? Aus. Plains of Al)raham. Describe Wolfe's death. 



11(5 



Colonial Period. 



tlie ruogod procipioo that rises from tlie shore of the St. 
Luwrcnee to the phiin on whieli Quebec stands. At day- 
break tidings were carried to Montcalm that the English 
were waiting to give him battle on the Plains of Abraham. 
He immediately marched to the encounter. He marched to 
his own death. The battle was the most tierce and terrible 
that had ever been fought in America. Wolfe received a 
mortal wound. He reclined against a stone in the agonies 

1 of death, but it seemed 
as if his spirit could not 
]niss away while the tight 
r a g e d s o doubtfully. 
Suddenly a shout came 
pealing across the battle- 
field, ' They run I They 
run ! ' For a moment 
the hero lifted his lan- 
guid head and asked, 
' \\ h o run?' * T h e 
French,' rep lied an 
otllcer. • Xow, God be 
}>raised. I die happy,' 
said Wolfe, and died in 
the arms of victor y " 
(September lo, IToO). 

130. The death of 
^lontcalm was also glori- 
ous, if a warrior's death 
in battle may be so re- 
garded. Struck down, 
he was placed upon a 
litter and borne to the 
How long shall I live ?" he asked. " Ten 

So 




SCALIXi; THK HKIGIITS HF ABli.\HAM. 



city's hospital. 

or twelve hours, perhaps less," replied the surgeon. 



130. Describe the death of Montcalm. What i? said of his burial ? 



The French and Indian Wa7\ 117 

mucli the better," he replied. "1 am hjippy thiit I shall not 
see the surrender of Quebec/' He died before midnight, 
and was buried, as he had desired, in a cavity of the earth 
formed by the bursting of a bombshell. 

131. '^The victorious army encamped before the city, and 
pushed their preparations for a siege, but before a single gun 
was brought to bear, the white flag was hung 
out, and the rock-built citadel passed forever 
from the hands of its ancient masters " (Septem- 



End 
of the War. 



her 18). There was another battle, brought on by the efforts 
of the French to recover Quebec, but Wolfe's victory may be 
considered not only as ending the war in America, but, adds 
an eminent writer, '^'as beginning tiie history of the United 
States. Measured by the numbers engaged in it, the battle 
on the Plains of Abraham was Init a heavy skirmish ; meas- 
ured by results, it was one of the great battles of the world." 
While the last scenes of the war in America were drawing to 
a close, the contest in Europe continued with terrible earnest- 
ness. Not till 1763 did it end. Then, by the treaty of 
Paris, all Canada and all Acadia, in short, all the territories 
that France and England had been fighting about, were sur- 
rendered to the English. Did not this result determine 
much more than we are in the habit of seeing ? If France 
had not lost her American possessions, would the language, 
habits, customs, government, and religion of the people here 
have been as they are now ? 

132. The Indians of Canada, and most of the tribes in 
the valley of the Ohio and along the Mississippi, had been on 
the side of the French in the recent war. When 
the forts, to which they had so long found ready 
entrance, Avere closed against them, and quietly 



Pontiac's 
War. 



131. When did Quebec surrender? What is said of the importance of the battle 
near it ? What i:< said of Ihe closin<? events of the war ? Of the treaty, and what it 
gave to Enjrland ? What speculation is indulged in ? 

132. Who was Pontiac? What did he do against the English? What motive 
prompted him ? 



118 



Colonial Period. 



surrendered to their late foes, they were amazed. Soon they 
were told by French traders that their father, the king of 
France, had been asleep, but was now awake and was making 
preparations to recover the forts. Xo Indian chief at that 
time had more influence among his people than the bold and 




••THI< WAS NO CHANCE ST 



artful Pontine. His words tired tlie spirit of the different 
tribes, and his war belt of wampum was eagerly accepted. 



* •' The mornini;: was warm and sultry. The gate of the fort (on the Strait 
of Mackinaw) was wide open; and soldiers, Canadians, and Indian squaws 
wrapped in blankets, were gathered in groups outside, watching the Indians 
playing a game of ball. Suddenly the ball soared into the air, and, descend- 
ing in a wide curve, fell near the pickets of the fort. This was no chance 
stroke. As if in pursuit of the ball, the players came rushing, a maddened 
and tumultuous throng, toward the gate. The amazed English had no time 
to think or act. The shrill cries of the ball players were changed to the 
ferocious war-whoop. The warriors snatched from the squaws the hatchets, 
which the latter, with this design, had hid beneath their blankets. Some of 
the Indians assailed the spectators without, while others rushed into the fort. 
All was carnage and confusion. Men were slaughtered without mercy." — 
jRirAvHrt«'s Conspiracy of Rmtiac. 



The Colofiists, and What They Said and Did, 119 



A plot was formed by the Iiidijins to attaek all the forts on 
the Siiiiie day, kill their occupants, and hold the places for 
the Fren(di. The secret was well kept, and all the forts, 
except three, were taken (1703). 

133. Detroit, "a bit of sunny France that had been hid 
away in the heart of the western wilderness more than sixty 
years," withstood a siege of six months. At last, the Indians, 
baffled and discouraged, sued for peace. Pontiac, without 
influence and without friends, became a wanderer, and finally 
fell from the blow of a hatchet. This dark deed was the act 
of an Indian who had been incited to it by a white man's 
promise. Tlie reward was a barrel of rum. 

The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 

134. Now let us take a nearer view of the people, and see 
how they are gaining in population and knowledge, how they 
live and what they are doing (17^5). We con- 
fine our observations to the thirteen colonies, the 



Slavery. 



roots of the thirteen States that are on the eve of cutting loose 
from the rule of the ^'mother country" aiul setting nj) a 
government of their own. How many inhabitants are now 
here we do not know. If we say upward of two millions, we 
are supposed to be near the truth. Of these, not fewer than 
four hundred thousaiul are negro slaves, all Africans or de- 
vscendants of Africans. The negroes did not come here of 
their own accord. They were kidnapped, and brought by 
force. At first they were brought in Dutch ships, one of 
these beginning the cruel business by landing twenty negroes 
at Jamestown in 1010. 

135. A few years later Englisli ships were engaged in this 



133. (rive an account of the siege of Detroit. Pontiac's fate. Where is Detroit 
(map .5) ? Des-cribe tlie picture on page 118. 

134. What was the population of the tliirteen colonies in 17()5 ? When, where, and 
by whom were the first negro slaves brought to this country 'i 

135. What is said of the iriowth of slavery here ? IIow was it forced upon the 
colonies •- (iive an account of the Indian shivery (note page 120). 



120 Colonial Period. 



monstrous traftic. Though the Quakers of Peiinsylvaniii and 
New Jersey, as well as most of the other colonists, were de- 
cidedly opposed to slavery, there did not seem to be sufficient 
power, if there had been sufficient will, to stop the importa- 
tion. Said Oglethorpe : " Slavery is opposed to the Gospel,'' 
and yet seven years after his first coming to Georgia, slave- 
ships were discharging their cargoes at Savannah. Xegro 
slaver}', law or no law, found its way into every one of the 
thirteen colonies. It was forced upon them by English 
kings, queens, dukes, and lords. These dictated laws which 
gave to them the monopoly of the slave-trade with British 
provinces, and thus tilled their pockets with the ill-gotten 
gain. In twenty years they took from Africa about three 
hundred thousand negroes. Six thousand were taken to 
South Carolina in one year. Says Bancroft : "The sovereigns 
of England and Spain were the greatest slave-merchants in 
Uie world.'' * 

136. In New England most of the slaves were house ser- 
vants. In New York they were employed on the farms as 
well as in the house. In Pennsylvania there were not many 
slaves, owing to the large supply of "indented servants." 
These were white persons, mostly from England and Ireland, 
who, not being able to pay their passage money, were sold, 
with their consent, to land owners for a term of years. Such 
persons were also numerous in the colonies south of Pennsyl- 

* Nea:roes were not tlie only slaves. De Soto, we have seen, rednced 
Indians to slavery, as did all the early Spanish explorers, even Colnnibus him- 
self. Captain Hunt, in eharge of one of Smith's ships in 161-t (^ 2,5), "kid- 
napi)ed a party of Indians and sold the poor innocents into slavery to the 
Spaniards." De Ayllon {ile-yone), with two ships, went from St. Domingo to 
Carolina for slaves to Mork plantations and mines (1520). The cheerful 
Indians, lured by the promise of a feast, crowded on board the vessels, when 
the treacherous Spaniard sailed away with his captives. Some Indians, sur- 
vivors of the Pequods, were held as slaves in Xew England (^ 63). The son 
of the famous King Philip was sold as a slave in Bermuda (^ W). 

136. What is said of " iudeuted servants "' ': Where did negro slavery thrive most, 
and whv there ? 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 121 



vaniii. " Like negroes, tlicy were purcluised on shipboard as 
men buy horses at a fair."' If one i-an away, he was pur- 
sued. If captured, he was whipped. In 1(570, there were as 
many as six thousand indented servants in Virginia alone. 




)NIAI. TIMES. IKIIO^I MAlilvllAM 
MONUMENT AT f^AKATOGA.) 



lnl)is()-iiiieVOS ON THE 



In Maryland, after five years' service, the servant, according 
to custom, became a free man. His former master then gave 
him two suits of clothing, a gun, some tools, and a hog or 



122 Colonial Period. 



two. Where tobacco was cultivated, in Maryland, Virginia, 
and North Carolina, negro slaves were numerous. In South 
Carolina, where large crops of rice were raised, there were 
more slaves than free persons. 

137. England's laws, made more for England's benefit 
than for the good of the colonies, had much to do with shap- 

1 inor the occupations of the colonists. Agricul- 

Occupations. , . . , , j. t xi 

I ture was the principal employment. in the 

northern and middle colonies, while the men were hunting 
or fishing, or raising wheat, corn, and flax, or caring for 
sheep and cattle, the mothers and daughters were spinning 
flax or wool, or making garments for the family. " Do not 
put tlie seed into the ground," said the Indian to the Puri- 
tan, ''before the leaves of the trees are of the size of a 
mouse's ears." With many families, the dog, the gun, the 
trap, and the fishing-line Avere the main dependence.* The 
breeding of silk- worms in Georgia, begun in the first years of 
the colony, was carried on with so much success that in one 
season the Germans there produced ten thousand pounds of 
raw silk. When Charles II. was crowned he wore a robe of 
Virginia silk (16G0). Indigo in small quantities was pro- 
duced, both in South Carolina and Georgia ; and tar, pitch, 
and rosin, from the immense pine forests in those regions, 
were then, as now, sent away in ships. 

138. A great staple of South Carolina nowadays is rice. 
A vessel from Madagascar in distress put into Charleston 

* " The woods were a source of wealth. Boards, shingles, staves and 
hoops for barrels, and masts, all of which cost nothing but labor, were shaped 
and laid out in the winter season for the basis of trade in the coming summer. 
The pine forests olTered a supply of turpentine, pitch, and tar. The fishery 
was counted upon as an important means of support and gain. Fishing led 
to ship-building. The year after AVinthrop arrived (§ 57\ he built a bark of 
thirty tons' burden, which lie named the Blessing of the Bay."— i^t^/rcy's 
History of New England. 

137. How did England's laws affect the employnieiit of the colonists ? 
138- Give the beginning of the rice cultivation in tlie South. 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 123 

harbor (1G95). Tlie captain, in return for kindness shown 
him, left a bag of seed rice. A few grains were sown in a 
garden, and from these came the seed for future 
phmting. Gangs of shives were set to work, and 
in a few years the marshes of South Carolina and 



Cultivation 
of Rice. 



Georgia were covered with rice plantations. As yet, in 17G5, 
cotton was growing only in gardens among the rose bushes. 
139. Virginia and Maryland were the great tobacco-grow- 
ing colonies. All ethei- products of the soil were neglected. 
Every 2:»ound of tobacco not consumed at home 
was sent to England as England's laws demanded, 



Tobacco. 



where it was often called the American Silver Weed. The 
letters of Washington show us how the business was managed. 
They give us a picture of him as one of the great tobacco 
planters. AVe see him at his dock on the Potomac, watching 
his crops as they Avere put into ships for the English market. 
140. In Virginia tobacco was used as money. It bought 
lumber, bacon, and molasses. It clothed the planter as well 
as his wife and children. The salaries of the clergy were 
fixed at so many pounds of tobacco. Patrick Henry, Vir- 
ginia's greatest orator, came into popular notice by a speech 
which he made in a case involving the question whether 
ministers should be 23aid in tobacco or in money. Tobacco 
procured wives for one hundred and fifty industrious settlers 
in Virginia. As wards of the London Company, that num- 
ber of young women, ^^ maids" they were called, went from 
England to be married to men who could support them. 
Ninety went in one ship, sixty in another. On the arrival of 
the first "^ cargo of maids," the wifeless settlers hastened to 
the ship to make their selections (1620). They found, some- 
what to their surprise and dislike, that all the choosing was 
not to be on the one side. In a dozen cases, at least, the 

139. What is said of tobacco in Virgir.ia and Maryland ? Of Washington's letters ? 

140. What things did tobacco buy ? What dcbt^^ did it pay? State how it i)ro- 
cured wives for settler.^. 



12i Colonial Period. 



maids were the choosers. Each man gave for his wife one 
hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, that being the cost 
of her passage to the colony. AVhen the second cargo ar- 
rived, wives were dearer. Xot one could be procured for 
less tlian one hundred and fifty pounds of tobacco. Some 
brought even more. 

141. Books, Avines, silks, laces, costly furniture, harness, 
and many other things were brought from England in ex- 
change for tobacco. Tobacco was not then made into cigars. 
It was put into a pipe, and lighted Avith a coal of fire in a pair 
of tongs. •'• To drink " tobacco was the expression. Nobody 
spoke of smoking it. Sir Walter Ealeigli, we are informed, 
''drank a pipe" just before he was beheaded (§ 9).* The 
'' weed " had its enemies then as it has now. England's king, 
James I., disliked it so much that he wrote a book against its 
use, which he called the Counterhlast to Tobacco. It is not 
recorded that the book injured the sale of the article. 

142. In ^laryland and Xortli Carolina also tobacco was 
used as money. In Xew Xetherland there was a queer kind 

^^^ ^^ : of money, made from sea shells, called wampum, 
as I It was an invention of the Indians. To prepare 

^°°^^" I it the shells were rubbed snu^oth on a stone, then 
cut or broken into pieces, pierced with holes, and strung. 
AVhen the Dutch settlers found that the Indians would receive 
wampum for skins and furs, they made it themselves : and it 
passed as money not only between the white man and the 

* His ships, thirty years before, were the first to carry tobacco to Eiiir- 
land ; and to him belonus the name of having introduced the habit of smok- 
ing it there. It is rehxted that "when his servant entered his room with a 
tankard of ale. and for the first time saw the smoke issue from his master's 
mouth and nostrils, he threw the ale into his face, and, terribly frightened, 
alarmed the household with the report that Sir Walter was on fire."' 

141. W'hat tilings from Enirland were procured iu exchange for tobacco ? How 
was tobacco used ? How did England's king. James I., show his aversion to tobacco ? 

142. W^hat wa.< wampum ? In how many ways was it used :• W^ho used it * Re- 
late the New Jersey case. 



The Colonlsls, and What They Said and Did. 125 



Indicin, but between white man and white man. As evidence 
that wampum was so used quite generally, it is related that 
the first church in New Jersey was built and paid for from 
contributions of wampum, each string of shells being worth 
about a dollar. As this kind of money was easy to make, and, 
consequently, became in time of little value, the gold, silver, 
and copper coins of England, Spain, and Jloliand gradually 
took its place. 

143. In New England, taxes were at first paid in grain or 
cattle. Debts were })aid in corn, cattle, or fish. Beaver 
skins and musket balls were also received as money ; and 
when tlie Dutch made known the use and value of wampum, 
that article was just as readily received. Iiuleed, during half 
a century, wami)um, strung in parcels of different values, paid 
the grocer for pound supplies of sugar and other things, the 
farmer for bushels of corn, and the cobbler for small Jobs. 

144. The coins of Europe, brought by fresh arrivals of 
settlers and put into circulation, soon found a 
resting place in old stockings, to be taken out 
when purchases were to be made in Europe, or 



Pine-tree 
Money. 



later, when beaver skins or wampum would not answer. To 
stop the return of 
coin to England, a 
mint was established 
in Boston for the 
coinage of silver shil- 
lings, sixpences, and 
threej^ences (1G52). 
T h i s was called 
*' pine-tree money." 
Its name was given 
to it, because on one side of each piece was a picture of a 




PINE-TREE SHILLING. 



143. What was used as money in New England ? What did the colonists there 
buy with wampum ? In what other way did wampum answer for money ? 

144. State all you can of the pine-tree money. Its worth. 



126 Colofn'al Period. 



pine tree. A pine-tree shilling was worth abont twenty-tive 
eents. 

145. In spite of English law ships were bnilt in the 
northern eolonies. and a hardy race of sailors, renowned for 

^~^ i darino- and eonraiie. was reared to man them. 

Bnsmess ~ >- 

in The Boston ship yards sent out a large number 

^^P^- of vessels, of whieh a hundred or more were sold 

every year in England or the West Indies. Before the 
breaking out of the Freneh and Indian War not less than 
a thousand ships, iiot eounting those employed in tishing, 
were owned in Xew England and Xew York. Some sailed 
to the West Indies for rum. sugar, and molasses. The swift- 
est went to Franee and Spain for wine and silk. Others 
took tobaeeo. riee, tar. piteh. and rosin from the ports of 
the southern eolonies. One hundred and ttfty found em- 
ployment in the whale tishery. The most of this protitable 
business, be it understood, was done in the faee of the 
selfish navigation laws of England, whieh did not give the 
eolonists liberty to send their ships and produee to the 
markets of the world that offered the best priees. 

146. At tirst the dwelling-house was a rude atfair. Be- 
fore the advent of saw-mills, it was built of rough logs. Of 

the early Duteh houses we get man\*iileasing piet- 
ures. The best were of briek or stone, and were 



Dwellings. 



covered with pine shingles or tiles, the briek and tile having 
been brought from Holland. Generally they were a story 
and a half high, and well spread out on the ground floor. 
Eaeh had its *• stoop." or fixed bench, on the outside, shaded 
by trees : and here at evening twilight the members of the 
family, young and old. gathered for an hour's rest. The 
Swedes of Pennsylvania and Delaware, whom Penn described 
as "sober and industrious, who could fish, hunt, and tell the 



145. Wh:it ij! siiid of ship-building* Of the first shin built by the Dutch? 
i§ 36^. How were the ships employed < What is said of the whale fishery ? 

146. What is said of the Dutch houses * The Swedish houses * Of the progress of 
the Swedes iu bot>k learuiuir * Of Marvlaiid houses ? 



The Colonists, and What Thcfj /Said and Bid. 127 

truth," had for a hmg time luero huts for thoir dwolliiio-s. 
Their church iit Wilniinglou was a *' bhx'k-houso." Duriui;- 
a iHuuhcr of years they possessed only three books, " yet these 
liad been so carefully loaned from house to honse that every 
cliild could read." In Maryland, the wealthy planters lived 
in houses built of brick nuule in the colouy. 

147. Two-story houses of English bi-ick sh)\vly took the 
phu'c of the first huts and cabins in and about Philadelphia. 
Penn's residence, " the manor-house," as it was called, was 
the most imposing buihling. As the town grew, it drew to 
itself persons of wealtli, whose religion, taste, aiul habits 
were unlike those of the Quaker proprietor. '* Our dame of 
high degree has no carpet on her floors. She has but little 
jewelry, but slu* foUows the re})orts of English fashions, 
curls her hair down her neck, or heaps it four feet high with 
oil and tou})ee, straw or flowers. She rides on horseback, or 
goes in a sedan chair to pay visits." 

148. A noticeable feature in the best houses, particularly 
in those of the colder latitudes, is the kitchen flre})lace. It 
is large enough for roasting a whole slieep or hog. Its back- 
log is two or three feet in diameter and five or six in length. 
Over the crackling fire, hanging on hooks and trammels, the 
large iron pots bubble and hiss. Here, before the glowing 
heat, the family spend the long winter evenings. The mother 
and daughter knit stockings, or spin linen or wool, or make 
patciiwork bed-cpiilts. The father reads the Bible or smokes 
his i)ipe. The son, if not at college, is gathering knowledge 
f roui the few books at his command. Nuts and cider are in 
great demand. 

149. In the southern colonies, Virginia especially, the 
one-story log-house gives place to the '"well-to-do" manor- 



147. What is said of Penn's house ? Of the ways of the fashionable dame in 
Philadelphia ? 

148. What is said of the kitchen fireplace ? The family at evening-time '? 

149. What is said of the Virginia manor-house ? Of the uses to which forks were 
put? What is said of petroleum (note) ? 



128 Colonial Period. 



house. Ill this, surrounded by liis family and retainers, the 
phmter may be compared to the patriarch of the feudal times, 
lie opens wide his doors, entertains with generous hospitality, 
and, at Christinas time, holds great festivals. His house, 
like those of the North, has its huge log-lire in the great tire- 
place. '* The Virginians of the early colonial period read 
English books, wore English clothes, ate from English plates 
Avith English knives, and followed England in all things.^'' 
They had to wait some years for forks. These were hardly 
known in England before IGoO. The first brought to 
America were of iron and two-tined. In New England they 
often did service as candlesticks at the evening church meet- 
ings, by being stuck through the lower end of the candle, 
and then into a block of wood nailed against the wall. The 
men who Avent to the meetings took their own candles and 
fork candlesticks, * 

150. The best of the furniture in the dwellings was im- 
ported from England or Holland. Every house of any pre- 
tension has a mahogany side-board in its wide hall. At the 
foot of the stairs, or on the first landing, or in the "family 
room," stands a high clock. The crockery is not abundant, 
most articles of table furniture being of pcAVter. That such 
articles are not regarded as of small value we have ample 
evidence. By the will of one of Boston's rich men, his 
daughter Mary fell " heir to two pewter platters and an iron 
pot (IGG'2)." Tea was not much in use before 1T50, nor was 
colfee much used before 1770. For more than a century the 
New Englander, instead of his morning cup of coffee, was 
satisfied with a bowl of boiled Indian meal and milk. 

151. Some of the customs that now prevail among us had 



* Petroleum was known amoui>- the colonists of Pennsylvania and New 
York, but onl}- as a medicine. It was collected by the Indians, and bought 
and sold as Seneca Oil. Not before 1S59 did it begin to be used in lamps. 

150. What is said of house furniture ? Tea and coffee ? What took their place ? 

151. What is said of the custom of making New Year's calls ? 



The Colonists, and What They Said and Did. 129 

their origin with the Dutch of New Netherlancl. The first 
day of the year, N^ew Year's Day as we call it, was the most 
important in their calendar. It was devoted to 
making and receiving visits, '^ calls," as we say. 



Customs. 



Every door was thrown open, and every visitor was received 
with hearty welcome. Old friendships were renewed, new 
ones formed, and differences between families were settled. 
Kefreshments were offered to the guests. The New Year 
cake, with its caraAvay seed, here began its career. 

152. The custom of coloring ''Easter eggs," and ''crack- 
ing" tliem, had its origin with the Dutch. Is it not well 
known, too, that Santa Glaus, that little old man with a pipe 
in his mouth and a twinkle in his eye, came with the Dutch 
from Holland ; aiul in the New World first drove his rein- 
deers over the roofs of the houses of New Amsterdam ? 
Christmas was the children's festival. Around the Christmas 
tree, whose branches bent with many presents, they danced 
and frolicked. For the origin of Thanksgiving Day we must 
go to the Pilgrims of Plymouth. Ere long the day became 
one of family reunion in all New England. The dinner, 
with its turkey and pumpkin pie, is the great feature of the 
occasion. As yet the reunions do not occur on the same day 
in all the region. A certain town takes the liberty of j^ost- 
poning the cefebration one month, in order to get molasses 
to sweeten the pies. 

153. The early settlers were faithful church-goers. Those 
of Connecticut carried their muskets to repel attacks from 
the Indians. During the service a sentinel or 
two kept watch outside the church. In ^qw 
EnHand the church buildin"- was known as the 



Church 
Worship. 



Meeting House. The Quakers called it the Steeple House. 
The minister, as a rule, was the chief man in the community. 
He was also the most busy one. His pay was small, and did 



152. What is paid of other early customs of the New York Dutch? Of Thanksgiving; 

153. Wliat is said of church-going ? Of the minister, his sermon, and pay ? 

9 



130 



Colo7iial Period. 



not often come to him in gold or silver, but, at the South, in 
tobacco or rice ; at the North, in wool, wheat, corn, fish, 
legs of mutton, pieces of beef, or loads of fire-wood. His 
sermon, in the Meeting House, was just an hour long. The 
hour-glass stood at his right hand, and when its last grain of 
sand had run out, three raps from the clerk brought the dis- 
course to a close. 

154. The singing was done by the entire congregation. 
As books were scarce, the minister read two lines of the 




PURITANS GOING TO CHURCH. (PROM BOUGHTON's CELEBRATED PICTURE.) 

hymn, which were sung. Then the next two lines were read 
and sung, and so on through the hymn. The men sat by 
themselves on one side of the room, the women on the other, 
a place in the rear being assigned to the children. A man 
was appointed, called the tithing-man, to keep the children 
quiet and the old folks awake. ''He carried a staff of office 
with a knob at one of its ends and a feather brush at the 
other end. With the knob he knocked the heads of the men 



154. Describe the customs observed in the Meeting Houses. 



71ie Colonists i a?id What They Said and Did. 181 

Avlio slept, and with the feathers he tickled the noses of the 
sleeping women/^ 

155. It was plain to the early settlers that the most of 
their sufferings in the Old World had sprung from ignorance. 
Believing that knowledge was the great cure for 
a large part of such evils, they built the school- 



Schools. 



house as a companion to the church. These two were the 
central objects in almost every Northern village. In Mas- 
sachusetts and Connecticut every father of a family was 
obliged by law to have his children taught to read and write. 
Boston's most famous schoolmaster was Ezekiel Cheever, 
'*the founder of schools.'' Cotton Mather describes him as 
a person of venerable aspect, wearing a long white beard. 
After spending seventy years of his useful life in the school- 
room, teaching three generations of boys, he went to his long- 
rest at the age of ninety-four years. New Amsterdam had 
its schools, so had Philadelphia, and steps were taken to 
establish schools in Maryland and South Carolina. One 
of Virginia's governors supported a school where more 
than seventy Indian children were taught to read the 
Bible. 

156. Still, it was the fashion to send the children of the 
prosperous class to England to be educated. The first col- 
lege in the colonies had its origin as a public school in 
Newtown, about three miles from Boston. The Rev. John 
Harvard, a graduate of the English university of Cambridge, 
took a hearty interest in this school. Dying, he left to it his 
library and half his fortune (1G38). This gift, though of only 
three hundred books and about four thousand dollars, was 
then truly magnificent. The school was raised in grade, 
and named Harvard College. The name of the town was 
changed to Cambridge. It is now the city of Cambridge. 
Toward the support of this school, every family in Mas- 

155- What is said of ihe early school-houses and schooling? 

156- Give the liistory of Harvard Collcfre. Where is Cambridge (p. l.:6i ? 



182 Colonial Period. 



sacliusetts, Plynioiith, and Connecticut ii-uve, once at least, 
twclvepence, or a peck of corn, or its value in wampum. 

157. The second college in the colonies began its exist- 
ence when AVilliam and Mary, '"'of blessed memory, '' were on 
the throne of England (1G93). "It took its name, AVilliam 
and Mary, from the king and queen, and for nearly two cen- 
turies was the great seminary, the true seed-bed of Virginia.''' 
Connecticut waited seven years longer before launching Yale 
College, •• a school of the church.'^ Yale owes its birth to 
ten worthy clergymen, who, in ITOO, met at Branford. Each 
one, laying a few volumes on a table, said : "I give these 
books for the founding of a college in Connecticut.'' The 
leading object of these three colleges wa^ to educate young 
men for the pulpit.* 

158. In this connection, it is proper to speak of the won- 
derful labors of tliat *' morning star of missionary enterprise,'' 

John Eliot, known to the world as '* The Apostle 
to the Indians.'' Says Hawthorne : "I have 
sometimes doubted whetlier there was more than a single man 
among our forefathers who realized that an Indian possessed 
a mind, a heart, and an immortal spirit. That single man 
was John Eliot. lie was full of love for the Indians, and 
therefore so full of faith and hope that he spent the labor of 
a lifetime in their behalf. He persuaded as many of them as 
he could to leave olf their idle and wandering habits, and to 
build houses and cultivate the earth, as tiie English did. 
He established schools among them. He taught them to 



John Eliot. 



* Seven other colleges were established ihirini; the ct)lonial i>eriod. as fol- 
lows : College of New Jersey (Priueeton, 1748), I' iiiversity of Pennsylvania 
(Philadelphia, 1740), King's College (now Columbia, in New York, 1754), 
Brown Iniversity (Providence, R. I., 1765K Dartmouth College (Hanover, 
N. H., 1770). Rutgers College (New Brunswick, N. J., 1771), and Hampden 
Sidney College (Virginia, 1775), 

157. What is snid of William and Mary Collose ? Yale College ? Other colleges 
(note) * State where each was located. 

158- Who was Jolin Eliot ? What work did lie ])erform among the Indians ? 



The Colonists, and Wliat They Said and Did. 138 

read, likewise to pray, hence they were called Praying 
Indians/' 

159. '' Finally, having spent the best years of his life for 
the benefit of the Indians, he resolved to spend the remainder 
in doing them a yet greater benefit, lie began a translation 
of the Bible into the Indian tongue. The task was to do it 
so carefully tliat not one idea throughout the book should be 
changed. It was a mighty work for a man now growing old, 
yet this was what he did, and he lived long enough to finisli 
it.'' The book was printed at Cambridge, and was the first 
Bible published in America (1GG3). Copies of it are now very 
rare. One was sold in New York not many years ago for 
more than a thousand dollars, but nobody nowadays can 
read it. 

160. This book was l)y no means the first printing done 
in the colonies. Printed pamplilets and sermons were al- 
ready numerous. As early as lO-lO, only ten years 
after the settlement of Boston, the Psalms, trans- 
lated into meter, were published at Cambridge. 



Books and 

Newspapers. 



Cotton Mather wrote on a multitude of subjects, and, of his 
books and pamphlets, numbering more than three liuiulred, 
several were issued from the Cambridge press. There was 
so little call for books in tlie early days that they were kept 
for sale with other things. Thus, Benedict Arnold, in liis 
shop in Xew Haven, sold drugs and books. In 1704, long 
before Oglethorpe thought of planting a colony in America, 
a weekly paper was published in Boston. It was tlien the 
only newspaper published in tlie New Woi-ld. AVhen Brad- 
dock, with Washington at his side, was marching against 
Duquesne, five newspapers were issued in New York, aiid 
as many in Philadelphia. 

161. Up to the time we have reached, the close of the 

159 What, as respects the Bible ? What further can j^ou say of Eliot's Bible ? 

160. What is said of the early book'^. pamphlets, and newspajiers ? 

161. What is said of steamboats and railroads ? Of the modes of travel ? 



1S4 



Colonial Period, 



French and Indian War, there is not a single railway for 

j travel nor a steamboiit in all the world. From 

How the ^[aino to Florida there is not a irood road of auv 

People TT»velled. ^ 

i kind, nor a bridge across any of the great rivers. 

The streets in cities and villages are not paved, consequently 
mud in wet weather and dust in dry weather is tlie rule, 
^[en and women go to church, to market, and to town on 
horseback. One hoi*se often carries a man and his wife. If 




a Siuidle cannot bo found, a 
sheep skin or a Ivar skin is used instead. Rich ladies in 
Philadelphia and >[arylanil make visits in sedan chaii*s. In 
winter the Dutch of New York go fi\>m place to place in 
sleighs. Packet -sloops ply to Providence, where a cottch is in 
waiting to take passengers to lV>ston. 

162, Sloops Siiil up the Hudson to Albany in from one to 

168. Whsii is ssiid of Burr's jowttiey to Albany « Of » New York fwry « Of tlie 
caurri«se$ ? Of WasMugtou's jounioy in IT^ss ? Was ho President at that time ? 



The Cohwis/s, and Wha/ They Sad and Did. 135 



two weeks ; but, as late as 1788, Aaron Burr, a lawyer, who 
has business in Albany, wishing to perform the journey in 
less tinu\ chauiies from sloop to wai>i)n, from wai;on to canoe, 
and linally from caiu)e to wagon. The trij) at-ross the river 
from New York to Brooklyn, the distaiu'e spanned in after 
years by a bridge, is by row-boal^ or Ihit-bottonuHl scow ; and 
tlu' l)oatnuMi count themselves iu(dvy if, when the tide is 
angry and the wiiul contrary, they reach the desired shore 
after an hour's hard i)ulling. Besi(k' tlu^ heavy hnubering 
wagons, there are but few vehi(des in all tlu^ country. Some 
four-wheeled carriages have been brought from England, 
eight of wlii(di wvc in Pennsylvania. Washington, in the 
summer of liS:), nnikes a tour of about eight hundred miles, 
the most of it on horseback. 



UEVir^W (UTTLINE. 



163. If Fiviu'hnuMi had not tritMl to (X'ciipy Flcn'ida, Spaniards at that 
oai-ly (lay would not liave lu'ijun tho town of St. Au^-ustinc (loG5). From 
that point in the Soutli to Nova. Scotia in the North, tho Indians con- 
tinued to roam witliout moU'statiou durini; tlie next forty years and 
more, llalei^li's attempts to make settlements were failures (1584-7). 
(Josnold's visit to Ca})e Cod (1()02), and the part that he and Smith per- 
foi-mod in tlie history of Virij^inia,, make ereditabU^ records. Jamestown 
was the tirst permanent Fni;-lish set tlement in America (1007). Two years 
later a Dutch shij) ftmnd the Hudson River; but before the Dutcli were 
j-eady to occupy their new lands, Yira:inians had ^onc throujjjh "'a starv- 
ing;- tinu> " (1010), had married one of their planters to Pocahontas (1018), 
and had bought Africans to be theii- shives (1()10). 

164.. Dutch pioneers were nu'anwhile findinij: their way into their New 
Nethei-land: but, not before Smith had explored the New England coast 
(1(514), ncu- before the IMaylh^wer's Pilgrims "descended upon the solitary 
rock of Plymouth " (1()20), did Holland begin in earnest to colonize her 
American Netherland (KJ^:}). New Hampshire's existence began in that 
very year. Fitiglish lishermen built homes there, and, live years later, 
built other homes at Salem, Massachusetts (1028). We have seen that 



136 Colonial Period. 



the slave was here before the Pilgrim. The Puritan Ciiine next, and at 
Boston (1630), and in Connecticut, planted colonies (1G33-^) that, in spite 
of the Pequods' liostile intent, grew to be cities. 

165. Khode Island's fii-st settlers at Providence were Puritans wlio 
believed in large liberty in church and civil matters (lUoO). Maryland's 
colonists, protected by a king's grant, were already busy in and about St. 
Miiry's (l()o4). and four years were passcil before the coming of their neigh- 
bors, the Swedes, who induced the Indians to part with New Sweden, the 
future Delaware (1G3S). While Clayborne was hatching rebellion against 
Maryland, New England colonies were effecting a tinion (1043). The 
first settlei-s of the Carolinas were ivom Virginia and England (105(^70). 
Their principal desire was to better their worldly condition. 

166. The Dutch, asserting that the settlement of Xew Sweden was an 
invasion of their territory, compelled the Swedish colony to give up its 
independent existcace (1055), but. nine years later, were themselves com- 
pelU'd to surrender to England, not only wluit they had taken from the 
Swedes, but all the rest of their Xew Xetherland (1004). Xew Jersey 
was lunv. for tlie first time, in English hands. As a part of Xew 
Xetherland. it had given shelter to Swedes, Hollanders, and English 
Quakers : now. at Elizabethtown, it received a body of Puritans who hail 
been on L«uig Island (1004). King Philip's War in Xew England (1075) 
overlapped Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia (1070) : and when Penn began 
his '• holy experiment," and founded the •* City of Brotherly Love " (1082). 
Charleston, in South Carolina, was just two years old. During King 
William's War (1089-97) Andros's career in America was brought to a 
close (1089), and tlie witchcraft delusion prevailed (1092). The year in 
which Ogletlu>rpe crossed the ocean to provide an asylum in America for 
"poor, distressed, and pei'secutetl persons "wtis the year of Washing- 
ton's birth (1732). Georgia was the last settled of tlie thirteen colonies 
(1733). 

167. lieligious motives sent Pilgrims and Puritans to Xew England : 
Catholiis to Maryland ; Episcopalians to Virginia : Huguenots, Wal- 
denses, and Jews to New York ; Huguenots to South Carolina : Quakei-s 
(o Pennsylvania ; and Protesta'nts from beyond the Alps and from tlie 
Scotch Highlands to Georgia. 

168. Tlie three wars of European origin — King William's. Queen 
Anne's, and King George's — affected the northern colonies. The im- 
portant result in America was the transfer of Acadia to the English. 
The French and Indian War was a contest lietween England and France 
for dominion in America. At first the French drove the English from 
the western part of Pennsylvania and the northern part of Xew York; 



Topics for Revieiv. 



137 



but the Fnglish expelled France's allies, the Acadians, from Nova Scotia 
(IT.").")); recovered their lost territory in Pennsylvania and New York; and 
finally gained a great victory before Quebec (1759). Result. — Just before 
Ihe close of tlie war, France ceded to Spain "all the country known 
under the name of Louisiana, also New Orleans and the island on whicli 
that city is situated (1702)." Two months later she ceded to England all 
Canada and all chiiui to tei-ritory cast of the Mississippi (February 10, 
1703). 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 



Biographical.— 7 r// who llici/ irm 
what crcnls fhi'ij were coniu'cii'd. 





VAV.K. 




TAOE. 




PACE. 


Amc"ri<,'o .. . . 


.. 27 


Cortes .... 


30 


Hudson 


. . . 00 


Al)t;r( Toniby 
Andios 


. . Ill 
97 


Coroiiudo . 
Davenport 


...14,41 

.... 80 


Joliet 


. . . 41 


Kidd 


... 91 


liacon 


. 87 


Da (iaiiia . 
Do Leon . . 
De Soto .. 
Dieskaii. . . 


.111, 114 


La Salle 

Locke 

Ma on 


42 


Balboa 


. . . .31 


. .. 92 




.. 81 
.. Ill 


... 72 


Biaddock . . . . 


Marque; te ... 


... 40 


Bradford 


. . . 70 


Drake 


.. .. 33 


Magellan . . . . 


... 32 


Cabot (t>) .... 


... 28 


Elton .. . 


8) 


Marco I'olo. . 


... 19 


Cabrillo 


.33, 44 


Eliot 


132 


Ma:-sa.soit . . , 


... 70 


Calvert 


. .. 82 


Fra klin .. 


.... 108 


May 


... 63 


Canoiiiciis . . . 


... 70 


Gi.bert .... 


47 


Montezuma. . 


... .30 


Carticr 


. . . 39 


(jior'^e.s. . . . 


72 


Montgomery. 


. .. 115 


Carver 


. . f)8 


(Josiio!d . . . 


.50 


Narvaez 


. . . 35 


Chaiiii)laiu. . 


. . . m 


Harvard .. 


131 


Oglethorpe . . 


... 104 


Claybonie 


.. 83 


Hooker 


75 


Penii 


..91, 9:J 



Jhf irlutt llu'ij wt'vc noted, and with 



VAl.K. 

Philip 77 

Pitt 115 

Pocahontas ,55 

J^^ntiac 117 

Powhatan ,55 

lialeigh 48 

Robinson 07 

liolfe 59 

Samoset 70 

Smith .53, .'■.(i, (;9 

Standish 70 

Stuyvesant ...04,89 

White 49 

VVilliains(2). 70.78,114 
Wintliro]) (2i . .73, 75 
Wolfe 115 



Geographical.— 7V// where they are located and witli what erevt.^ thetj 
ivere eonneeted. 



VAC.E. 

Acadia 51, 112 

Albany 03, 89 

Boston 74 

Carol us 40 



California . 
Caml)ridgc 
Cape C'od 
Charleston. 
DeeiTield .. 
Detroit .... 

Duqiiesne Ill 

Dover 72 



Delft Haven... 
Elizjibethtown. 



Wiiv. Henry, Ft. 114 
(iermantown.. . . 97 
Great Meadows. 110 

Hartford 75 

Haverhill 99 

Jamestown. . ...52, 88 
Kennebec River. ,52 

Loni.sburg 115 

Leyden 07 

New Albion.... 31 



rAOE. 


PAGE. 


New Haven .... 80 


Quebec .39, 117 


New Amsterdam 02 


Roanoke 48 


Mississippi l^iv. ,38 


St. Augustine .. 47 


Mononiiahela R. Ill 


St. Mary's 82 


Oswego 114 


Salem 73, 100 


Pitt, Ft 115 


Santa Fe 47 


Plymouth 09 


Savannah 104 


Pa'.os 22, 25 


Saybrook 75 


Po tsmouih 72 


Schenectady 99 


Port Royal ....51, 100 


Tic(md.Toga. ... 114 


Princeton 132 


Viuland 17 


l'rovid<'nce. ... 79 


Wilmington .... 63 



188 Colonial Period 



Historical. — 1. The voyages made to America before the time of 
Columbus. — 2. Columbus, his theory and discoA^eries. — 3. How it was 
proved that America was no part of India. — 4. The first three Spanish 
expeditions to Florida, stating why. when, and by whom made, and the 
result. — 5. The names of four early Italian discoverers, with what they 
did. — G. The same of four English discoverers. — 7. Eight Spanish dis- 
coverers, — 8. Four French discoverers. — 9. One Portuguese discoverer. 
— 10. Names of eleven explorers who were in the service of Spain. — 11. 
The claims of four European nations to territory in Xorth America, and 
upon what they were based.— 12. The parts of the present United States 
territory east of the Mississippi that in colonial times were Spanish, Eng- 
lish, French, and Dutch territory respectively. — 13. The history of each 
of such parts as respects ownership until it came to belong to the United 
States. — 14. The Indian tribes, their names and location, that formerly 
occupied those parts (map 1). — 15. The first five Indian wars in which the 
colonists were engaged, with cause, events, and result. — 16. Efforts of 
the French to form settlements in Xorth America, with dates, events, 
and results. — 17. Grants of land made by English kings from James I. 
to George II., stating which extended from ocean to ocean, and how they 
were apportioned among the colonies, and which interfered with French, 
Spanish, and Dutch claims (see also map 3). — 18. The European wars 
that affected the colonies, commonly known as the Intercolonial Wars, 
with dates, events, and changes resulting in the ownership of territory. — 
19. How such wars differed in origin and object from the French and 
Indian War. — 20. The names, dates, names of commanders, and result of 
the four principal battles of the French and Indian War. — 21. The residt 
of that war and how the territory of Xorth America was owned by Euro- 
pean nations at its close. — 22. Washington's part in the war. — 23. The 
negro slaves, their first appearance here, how the trade in them was carried 
on, what they did, and who profited by their labor. — 24. Tobacco, where 
and by whom raised, to whom sent, how consumed, and how used as money. 
— 25. Rice, its introduction and culture. — 26. Ships, ship-building, and 
the business done in and with ships. — 27. The religious or other motives 
that prompted the first settlers in each of the thirteen colonies. — 28. 
Name of the most prominent man in the history of each colony, stating 
in what the prominence consisted. — 29. How, when, why, and by whom 
Virginia was settled, and what events relating to the religion, politics, 
and wars of tlie colonists took place there. — 30. Same of each of the 
other colonies. — 31. What twenty places, now large cities, are mentioned 
in the early history of the colonies, and why were they mentioned ? — 32. 
For what industry or production was each colony noted ? 



CHHONOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

WITH THE COJ^TEMPORARY Ei^^GLISH SOVEREIGNS. 



Discoveries and Uxphrations. 

1492. The West Indies were discovered by Columbus (§ 19). 

1497. North America was discovered by the Cabots, and, next year, 

its eastern coast was explored by Sebastian Cabot (>:^ 28). 

1498. South America was discovered by Columbus (i^ 38), and, next 

year, was visited by Amerigo Vespucci (§ 27). 

1513. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon (§ 31). 
The Pacific Ocean was discovered by Balboa (§ 35). 

1520. Carolina was visited bj' Ue Ayllon (note, p. liJO). 

1521. Mexico was conquered by Cortes (§ 32). 
1528. Florida was explored by Narvaez (§ 42). 

1534. The ISl. Lawrence River was discovered by Cartier (note, p. 39). 

1541. The ^Mississippi was discovered by De Soto (>^ 47). 

1541-43. Exi)i(litions under Spanish commanders ])enetrated the western 
region of North America, and the coast from Mexico to and beyond the 
Columbia River was explored (note, p. 33). 

Colonial Events. 

1562. The Huguenots began a colony in Carolina (§ 2), and, two years 
after, another in Florida (^ 4). 

1565. Florida, at St. Augustine, was settled by the Spaniards (^ 4). 

1579. Drake sailed to the Pacific and made a landins: in California (p. 33). 

1584. The coast of North Carolina was explored by Raleigh's expedition 
(§ 6) ; and, next year, a second expedition, followed by a third, two years 
later, madi; unsuccessful attempts to establish a colony (§ 8). 

1602. Cape Cod was discovered by Oosnold (§ 11). 

1605. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was settled by the French (§ j4). 

1606. The English king, James L, divided his domains in America 

in two parts, giving one to the London Company and the 
other to the Plymouth Company (§ 13). 

1607. Jamestown, Va., was settled by the London Company (§ IG). 
The Plymouth Company's attempt to plant a colony in Maine proved a fail- 
ure (§ 1.5). 

1609. The Hudson River was discovered by Henry Hudson (j:^ 32). 

1613. Pocahontas was married to Rolfe (§ 30). 
1614. New York was settled by the Dutch (§ 30). 

The New England coast was" explored by Smith (§ 2.5). 
1619- Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia (^ 134). 

1620. The Coun'cil of Plymouth receives a charter (§ .53). 

1620. The Pilgrims landed at Plymouth and made the first settle- 
ment in New England (^ 49). 

1621. The treaty with Massasoit was made (§ 50). 

1622. The first Indian massacre in Virginia occurred (§ 82). 

1623. New Hampshire was settled (§ 54). 

The Dutch hegan to colonize New York (§ 36). 

1630. Boston was settled by the Massachusetts Bay Company (§ 57). 

1633. The first colony of Connecticut was planted at Windsor (§ 59). 

1634. Maryland was settled at St. Mary's (§ 72). 

1635. The second colony of Connecticut was planted at Saybrook (§ 59). 



140 Colonial Events. 



1636. Roger Williams began the settlement of Rhode Island (§ 66). 

1637. In the war with the Pequods the tribe was destroyed (§ 62). 
1638. Delaware was settled by the Swedes (§ 39). 

The tliird colony of Coiiiiec'iicut was planted at New Haven (§ 68). 

1643- Four New England colonies formed a union (§ 77). 
1644. The Saybrook colony joined the Connecticut colony. 



5 
6 



1650. North Carolina began to be settled on the Chowan River (i:? 90). 
1651. Parliament, dminjj; Cromwell's supremacy, passed the first Naviora- 
tion Act. which dt-rlait'd that the colonists should send nothing to Eng- 
land except in Knglish ships (§ 145). 
1655. The {Swedes in Delaware were subdued by the Dutch (§ 41). 

1656. The "Quaker Persecution" in Massacliusetts occurred (§ 78). 

1662. The Connecticut colonies were united under one charter (§ 98). 
1663. Carolina was granted to Clarendon and others (§ 88). 

1664. New York was surrendered to the English (^ 85). 

New Jersey was settled at Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth) (^ 86). 

1670. South Carolina was settled on the Ashley River (^ 90). 
1673. Marquette descended the Mississippi (p. 40). 
167.5. King Philip's War occurred in New England (§ 64). 
1676. Bacon's Rebellion occurred in Virginia i§ 83). 

1682. Pennsylvania was settled by the English (^ 93). 
Delaware was granted to William Penn (§ 92). 
La Salle descended the Mississippi (p. 41). 

1689. King William's War began in America (i^ 100). 

1690. Port Roynl, Nova Scotia, was captured by the English (§ 102). 

1692. Plymouth was united with Massachusetts (§ 101), and the Salem 

Witchcraft delusion prevailed (§ 103). 
1697. The treaty of Ryswick ended King William's War (§ 102). 

1702. Queen Anne's War began in America (?$ 106). 

1710. Port Royal, N. S., was captured by the English (2d time) (§ 105). 
1713. The treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's War (§ 105). 
1729. Carolina was separated into North and South Carolina (§ 90). 

1732. Washington was born in A'irginia, February 22 (§110). 

1733. Georgia was settled at Savannah (i^ 110). 

1741. New Hampshire became a separate royal province. 

1744. King George's War began in America (note, p. 103). 

1745. Louisburg was taken by the English (1st time). 

1748. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended King George's War. 

1754. The French and Indian War began (§ 119). 

W^ashington defeated the French at the Great Meadows (§ 119), but capitu- 
lated to them at Fort Necessity (§ 120). 

1755. The French were expelled from Nova Scotia (§ 123) and Braddock 
was defeated at the Monongahela (§ 122). 

1756. Oswego was captured by the French (§ 126). 

1757. Fort William Henry was surrendered to the French (§ 126). 

1758. Abercromby was defeated at Ticonderoga (§ 126). Louisburg (2d 
time) (§ 128) and Fort Frontenac (Kingston) were taken by the English. 

1759. Fort Niagara was taken by the English ; Wolfe was defeated at the 
battle of the Montmorenci (§ 128), but he defeating Montcalm before 
Quebec (§ 129), the city surrendered to the English (§ 131). 

1760. Though the English were defeated in a battle near Quebec, Montreal 
and the rest of Canada were surrendered to them (§ 131). 

1763. The treaty of Paris ending the French and Indian War, left 
England in possession of the region north and south of the 
I St. Lawrence and east of the Mississippi (§ 131). 



SECTION III. 

REVOLUTIOXAKY PERIOD. 

1. We now come to the time in the history of the colonies 
when the}^ begin in eiirnest to comphiin of the nnjnst treat- 
ment that is inflicted npon them by Enghind's | ^^^ 
selfish laws. This kind of treatment is not new. ! of 



It began when colonization began, its roots being L 



the War. 



in the notion that colonies are planted for the special benefit 
of the parent country. English laws forbid the tobacco of 
Virginia, the rice and tar of the Carolinas, the lumber of 
New England, and the other products of the colonies, from 
being sent to any ports except those of Great Britain. The 
colonists, thus prevented from finding the best markets for 
their goods, are compelled to accept whatever pay the Eng- 
lish trader is willing to give. 

2. Nor are the colonists allowed to set up any factories 
for the making of such things as are made in England. 
Hence, if a man in New York wants to build a house, he 
must send to England for the needed nails, locks, bolts, 
hinges, and window glass. None of these things can be 
legally manufactured in the colonies. Said one of England's 
great lords: '*Tf the colonists are allowed to make as much 
as a hobnail, the consequences will be fatal to us." Even the 
liberty of free traffic between the colonies is taken away. 
Georgia cannot freely buy of New Hampsliire, nor can New 
Jersey buy of Delaware. Commanders of the king's ships 

1. What notion as to colonization did England have ? How did England's laws 
affecr the commerce of the colonies ? 

2. How did England's laws affect manufactures ? Traltic hei ween the colonies ? 
What said one of England's lords ? What said Adam Smith ? 



142 lie col lit 10 nary Period. 

can stop niercliant ships on their way to the eok^nies, and 
take possession of tliem, if, in their opinion, the vessels are 
engaged in trade contrary to law. The king's ottieers in tlie 
colonies can not only forcibly go into a house and search for 
goods, on which, they suppose, no duty has been paid, but, 
armed with a paper called a Writ of Assistance, they can com- 
pel any man they chance to meet to go with them and assist 
in making the search. Said the learned Scotchman, Adam 
Smith, ** England has founded an empire on the other side 
of the Atlantic for the sole purpose of raising a people of cus- 
tomers for her shop-keepers." 

3. These harsh and unjust laws, as Ave may suppose, 
create crimes as a consequence of dissatisfaction. It is a 
crime to erect a factory and make ploughs ; it is a crime to 
build ships and sell them to England's rivals : it is a crime 
to exchange by direct means the tobacco of Virginia, or the 
whale oil procured by the tishermen of Xew England, for the 
wine and silk of France. ^lany persons, including John 
Hancock, one of Boston's honored citizens, also Governor 
Trumbull, of Connecticut, whom Washington at a later period 
delights to call •' Brother Jonathan," are law-breakers. AVill 
the colonists submit to any further wrong ? They love Eng- 
land, and England's king. Can they turn against both 
if the royal foot is }n-essed upon them with greater 
weight ? 

4. *• England was enormously in debt at the close of the 
French and Indian War. It was pretended that the great 
bulk of this debt had been contracted for the defence of the 
American colonies : therefore the English contended that a 
part of it ought to be paid by them. The colonists replied 
that they had also contracted a large debt in the war : that 
they had spent their money to get Canada for King George. 
and that nearly thirty thousand of their young men had laid 

3. What wore the effect;? in the colonies of these nnjust hiws ? 

4. State the arguments for and against tiixing the colouies. 



Revolutionary Fe7'iod. 148 

down their lives for the king^s honor. But the king and his 
ministers woukl not listen to reason or good advice." 

5. ''In 17G5 the British Parliament passed a law known 
as the Stamp Act. All deeds, bonds, and other papers of the 
same kind, were ordered by it to be marked with 
the king's stam]^ ; and without this mark they 
were declared illegal and void. Now, in order 



The 
stamp Act. 



to get a blank sheet of paper with the king's stamp upon it, 
people were obliged to pay threepence more than the actual 
value of the paper. This extra sum of threepence was a tax, 
and Avas to be paid into the king's treasury. Threepence 
was not worth quarrelling about, but it was not for that nor 
for any other amount of money that Americans quarrelled 
with England. It was for a principle. The colonists were 
determined not to be taxed except by their own representa- 
tives. They said tliat neither the king, nor Parliament, nor 
any other power on earth had a right to take their money 
out of their pockets unless tliey freely gave it.'' 

6. '" It was indeed amazing and terrible to see what a 
change came over the aspect of the people when they heard 
that the English Parliament had passed the unjust act. The 
moment before they appeared like humble and loyal subjects 
of the crown, the next instant they sliowed the dark features 
of king-resisting freemen." Virginia rang the alarm bell. 
In her legislature, Patrick Henry, '^ wearing a brown wig, a 
peach-blossom coat, leather knee-breeches, and yarn stock- 
ings," rose to support some resolutions which he had written 
on a blank leaf torn from an old law-book. With fiery elo- 
quence he denounced the injustice of England, exclaiming as 
he ended his sj^eech : '* Ciesar had his Brutus, Charles the 
First his Cromwell, and George the Third — " "'Treason !" 



5. When was the Stamp Act passfcd, and what were its provisions ? What great 
principk' was involved ? 

6. State the particulars of Patrick Henry's speech. What have we already heard 
about him (§ 140, p. 123) ? Describe the picture on page 144, 



lU 



Revohitionanj Period. 



cried the presiding- officer. ''Treason! Treason I " echoed 
from every part of the honse. Pausing a moment, the young 
orator, in a firm voice, slowly pronounced the words : " May 




protit by their example. If 
this be treason, make the most 
of it.'-' 

7. Xo less earnest were the 
opposition and words of James 
Otis, whose eloquence gained 
him the title of the •* Great 
Incendiary of Xew England.*' 
PATRICK HEXKY. Wltli lum. \i\ t\\o legishiturc 

of Massachusetts, originated 
the idea of callinsr a congress of delejifates from the several 



7. Who was James Otits. and what did he do ? T«. 11 what you can of the Colonial 
Congress.' Of the Liberty Tree. 



Revolutionary Period. 145 

colonies. The delegates met in New York, and sent a pe- 
tition to the king. They also sent a memorial to Parliament, 
asking to have the Stamp Act repealed. " It was a most im- 
portant and memorable event, this first coming together of 
the American people by their representatives ; and if Eng- 
land had been wise, she wonld have trembled at the first 
word that was spoken in snch an assembly (1705).^" On the 
branches of an old elm in Boston, which became famous as 
the *' Liberty Tree,^' were hung in effigy the persons who 
were supposed to be most favorable to the Stamp Act. One 
of these was Andrew Oliver, whom the king had appointed 
stamp-distributor. The people frightened him so by hang- 
ing liim in effigy, breaking the windows of his house, and 
destroying his furniture, that he promised to have nothing to 
do with the stamps. 

8. As the Royal George, the ship having on board the 
stamps for Philadelphia, hove in sight of the city, all the 
vessels in the harbor dropped their flags to half-mast, and all 
the bells were tolled as if for the death of Liberty. ". Li 
New York, the whole city rose up as one man in opposition 
to the Stamp Act."^ Li New Jersey the stamp distributor 
was burned in effigy. North Carolina would neither re- 
ceive a stamp man nor use a stamp. So it was in every col- 
ony. No stamps were sold ; business was conducted without 
them. The king and Parliament seeing that nothing could 
be gained by the Stamp Act, it was speedily repealed (17GG). 

9. Great was the joy of the colonists when they heard tlie 
good news. They lighted bonfires, raised banners, fired 
guns, rang bells, and, in their gratitude, voted 
statues to England's great statesman, AVilliam 



The Tea Tax. 



Pitt, who had boldly said in Parliament that England had 



8 How did the colonies resist the execution of the Stamp Act ? With what result? 
Tell of Franklin in England (note). 

9. What did the colonists do when they heard that the Stamp Act had been 
repealed ? In what way did Parliament and king assert their right to tax the colonies ? 
10 



14(> 



Rrroluf lunar (/ Pen'od. 




FRANKLIN BEFORE THE HOISK OF COMMON: 



* As early as 1757. Franklin wa^ sent to Enoland bv Pennsylvania to pnv 
teet the interests of that colony. His conduct met with so much approval 
by Georiiia U~t^^. New Jersey (17t>9). and Massachusetts (1770). that he was 
chosen to be their airent there in like manner. In February, 17tW. he was 
examined before the House of Commons, and tlicn and there his bearing: and 
answers made an everlastinir recorvl to the credit of his patriotic spirit and 
wise foresight. " There was no event in Franklin's life." says the historian, 
.hired Sparks. •• that irave him so much celebrity as this examination before 
the House of Commons." He said that " America would never submit to pay 
the stamp duty," and the information which he irave to the Commoners that 
day convinced them that he wits right. Next month the act was repealed. 



Revolutionary Period. 147 

no right to tax America. (Jroiit ;is w;is the joy, it would 
hiivo been far greater if king and Parliament had said that 
they never again would tax the colonies without their consent. 
15ut this neither would do. In fact, they nuide haste to say 
the very opi)osite, soon giving proof of their earnestness by 
laying a duty on tea and some other articles in general use 
(17(17). 

10. This being merely another form of taxation, the col- 
onists again protested. So decided was their opposition, that 
the duty was taken off, excejit threepence a pound on tea, 
tlie king saying, '* There should always be one tax at least, to 
keei) up the riglit of taxing." Did the concession satisfy the 
colonists ? Not at all. As before stated, they were contend- 
ing, not against the amount of "the tax, but against being- 
taxed at all without their consent. They were not re])i-e- 
sented in the British Parliament, consequently that body had 
no right to tax thenij A tax of tlireei)ence on a pouiul of 
tea was a small matter in itself, but it was the sign of a great 
wrong, as much so as if the amount had been a dollar or 
more. The merchants, from New Hampshire to (Jeorgia, 
resolved that they would not import any tea, and the women 
said that they would not drink any. It did not take long for 
men to decide that they would eat nothing, drink nothing, 
and wear nothing imported from England. 

11. There was so much oi)position to the tax, es})ecially 
among the Sons of Liberty, in Boston, that the king sent 
four thousand of his soldiers to that town to teach its inhabi- 
tants to be obedient. " What, pray, could an armed force 
fiiul there to do ? Could an army compel a man to buy a 
coat or drink a cup of tea ? Some of the soldiers were lodged 
in Faneuil (fan'-el) Hall, which the people looked upon as a 
consecrated place, it having been the scene of many meetings 

10. What coiicossion did they make ? IIow did the kitiix speak of the concession ? 
now was it regarded by the colonists ? How did they sliow their opposition ? 

11. What distress did Boston's oppofeition bring upon that town ? State what yon 
can of Faneuil Hall. 



148 Revolutionary Period. 

in favor of liberty." Because of these meetings it was often 

called the Cradle of Liberty. It is one of the most famous 

spots in all America. 

12. Ill feeling at once arose between the inhabitants and the 

*' redcoats," or '* lobsterbacks." as the red-coated soldiers 
were called by the boys in the streets. As might 
have been expected, affrays happened between 
small parties of young men and these redcoats. 



The Boston 
MassAcre. 



At tirst no weapons were used other than fists or cudgels, 
but, at last, when the soldiers had loaded muskets in their 
hands, they fired (March 5. IT TO). "A gush of smoke over- 
spread the scene. It rose heavily as if loth to reveal the 
dreadful spectacle beneath it. Eleven of the sons of Xew 
England lay stretched upon the street. Some, sorely wounded, 
were struggling to rise again. Others stirred not nor groaned, 
for they were past all pain. Blood was streaming upon the 
snow : and that purjde stain, thongli it melted away in the 
next day's sun. Avas never forgotten nor forgiven by the peo- 
ple." Not till all the king's soldiers were sent out of the 
town to a fort in tlie harbor would the people bo pacified. 

13. The spirit of resistance was everywhere aroused. A 
British armed schooner, nanunl the Gaspee, employed to aid 

Opposition ^^^ carrying out the hated laws of England, was 
captured and burned in Xarragansett Bay (ITT*^). 
Several ships arrived with tea. Those for Phila- 
delphia and Xew York, not being allowed to land their car- 
goes, were compelled to return to London. The tea for 
Charleston was stored in damp cellai-s, and there it was left 
to spoil, for no one Avould buy it. 

14. Three ships laden with tea arrived at Boston, and 
made fast to a long wharf. The i^eople spent more than a 
fortnight trying to induce the three captains to take their 

12. Give the particnlars of the B«.>#tou ma*!s,Hcre. 

IS. What is s;iid of the schooner Gaspee ? Of the tea sent to Fhiladelphia, New York, 
and OhvHrlestou ? Where is Narragansett Bay « Aiu<. On the south of Rhoiie Island. 
14. Give the particulars of the Boston Tea Party affair. 



the Tea Tax. 



liei'olutionary Period. 149 

vessels Jiiul ciirg'oes baek. The royal g-overnor would not 
give his consent to this, and the king's troops in the fort 
threatened to tire upon the ships if they sailed without such 
permission. Several thousand men, more tlian Faneuil Hall 
could hold, then met in and around the Old South C'hurch, 
and dei'lared that the tea should uot he hnuled. In the dusk 
of the evening they hastened to the wharf, and a set of wild- 
looking tigui'es hoarded the ships. '^ These grim figures 
wore Indian dresses, and had their faces covered with red 
and black paint, like the Indians when thev go to war. They 
were not Indians. They were white men in disguise. They 
hoisted the tea chests on the decks of the vessels, broke theui 
o[)en, and threw all their contents into the water. T'lie 
people who looked on kept perfectly still, and after the work 
was done, the town became as quiet as if it had been holy 
t iuie " (1 7(13). Though this Boston Tea Party lias been talked 
about by all the world, nobody has ever been able to tell the 
mimes of the liuliau tigures that made the famous v\\\) of tea 
in the harbor. 

15. \\'hcn tidings of this bold deed were carried to Eng- 
land, king and Parliament became greatly enraged, and im- 
mediately passed an angry act which forbade 
all vessels to take in or discharge cargoes at the 
port of Boston. In this way, it was expected 



Boston 
Port Bill. 



the merchants of that town would be ruined, and its people 
be starved. General Gage, Avho had mai-ched alongside of 
Washington in Braddock's ill-fated expedition against Du- 
cpiesne (p. Ill), was appointed by the king to be governor of 
Massachusetts: and the hated redcoats that had been coui- 
pelled to withdraw to the fort were sent back to Boston (§ VI). 
16. But all America felt interested in the afflicted town. 



15. What, did this affair incite king and parliamont to do ? What was tho object of 
the Boston Port Bill ? 

16- now was sympathy shown to Boston? Wlio were the "Sons of Liberty?" 
What did they propose and with what result ? 



loO 



BevolutiotMry Period, 



ami oontributions woro ntisoH for tho roliof of its inhaluhuits. 
From Soiitli C'arolina oamo two hundivd barrels of rioo. 
Vvom North Carolina oamo moncv to tho amount of noarly 
lon thousand dollars. From a town in Massaohnsotts oamo 
two hnndrod and tifty shoop. From othor plaoos oamo rvo, 
Hour, poas. oattlo. oil. tish. whatovor tho land or tlio hook 
oonld furnish. How oould tho wrongs put u}Hm tho oolonios 




WASUINOWN, VKX111-K1X>N. \NPUKNUY ON THKIK WAT TO TH* WSTIXKNT.M. tX>NORKSS, 

bo host resisted : l^v a union of the oolonios ? To that end 
events were fa.^t drifting. The Sons of Liberty, of N'ew 
York, proposed a general oongress. The proposition was 
well iveeived. and aeeoniiugly twelve of the colonies sent 
delepites to Thiladolphia. In tho plain but oapaeions bnild- 
ing-. Carpenters' Hall, then reeently built by a oompauy of 
Oi»rpentei*s. the delegiites met ; and this imiKM*taut gathering 
was the First Continental Congress (KT4). 

17. Peyton Kandolph. of Virginia, was ohosen its ehair- 
man. AmouiT its distinarwi^lioil members was Fatriok Henry. 



17. IVscrilw Iho U>adiu5: uton in tho Oonj:rx\-5>^ Wh.Hl dui they do 



First 
Continental 
Congress. 



Jxcrolufiotiary Period. 151 

who 8;ii(l : "I ;nn not ii Virii:iuian, but an American." Near 
him sat two other Viri>inians, George Washington and 
Richard Ilenrv \a\\ There, too, was John Jay, 
the wise statesman from New York, and tliere 
Avas JSaniuel Adams, of Massacliusetts, who, 
*' with toni>ue and jxmi mach* tlie king trembh\" Hedechired 
tliat "we will spend our last drop of blood before the king 
and l*arliament shall impose upon us." llis near associate 
was John Adams. "tluMMpial of erowiunl heads." Measures 
for the })ubli(' good were adopted, and a })etition to tlie king 
and appeals to the people of England and Canaihi were sent. 

18. Thus far, it may be said, no one in all the colonies 
desired a separation from the mother country. Still, every- 
where men were making preparations for defence. In Massa- 
chusetts they formed themselves into companies, and went 
through military training, thus preparing themselves to act 
at a minute's notice. Powder and shot were procured, which 
tliese ''Minute ^len '' were ready to use, against even the 
king's powder and shot, for the protection of the people's 
rights. How did King George receive the petition sent to 
him ? He did not receive it at all, nor would Parliament as 
much as listen to its reading. The faithful Franklin, to 
whom, with others, the petition had been intrusted, tried to 
convince the king and his advisers that the colonies would 
never submit to being taxed by Parliament. Dr. dohnson, 
the dictionary maker, great and wise as he was, looked upon 
the colonists as wicked rebels, and pointed out Franklin as 
the *' master of mischief." More of the king's troops were 
sent to Boston, so that General Gage had an army of several 
thousand men to do his bidding. 

19. His bidding soon began. On the night of the 18th 
of April, 1775, he sent eight hundred of his men to destroy 

18. Who were the "Minute Men"? What was the fate of the petition sent to 
EnplJi^il ? How did Dr. Johnson si\ow his animosity ? 

19. Who was General (iaire i§ \:^\ ? How did he begin tlie war ? Give an account 
of wliat tooli place at Lexington. Wliere is that town (map p. 75) ? Where is Concord 1! 



152 



Bevolufiouan/ Period. 



some flour and otlier supplies which the people had stored at 
Concord, sixteen miles from Boston. Xext morninii* he sent 



^ Lord Percy with nine hund 



red more men. 



Tht 



Lexington 

and last stars were vanishina' from nio-ht when the fore- 

I 
Concord. | jj^^^^^. p.^^tv, led bv Major Pitcairn, was discov- 



ered by the husbandmen of Lexington, advancing quickly and 
in silence. Alarm guns were fired, and drums were beat. 
Less than seventy obeyed the summons. The ground on 
which they stood was the altar of freedoui, and they were to 




RETREAT OF THE BRITISH FROM LEXINGTON. 



furnish the victims. Pitcairn rode in front of his troops, and 
when within live or six rods of the 'Minute Men.' cried out, 
* Disperse, ye villains ! ye rebels, disperse I Lay down your 
arms I Why don't you lay down your arms and disperse ? ' 
The patriots stood motionless, witnesses against wrong ; too 
few to resist, too brave to fly. At this. Pitcairn discharged 
a pistol, and, with a loud voice, cried • Fire I ' The order 
was followed by a deadly discharge of musketry. That 
fatal volley bcii-an the War of the Kevolution. On the iiTass 



Revolutionary Period. 153 

l;iy in de;ith the gray-luiired and the young. Seven of the 
men of Lexington were killed, nine wounded. These were 
the village heroes, who were of more than noble blood " 
(April 19, 1775). 

20. After a brief halt the British troops marelied on, 
and at Concord destroyed all the stores they could find, 
but not without stout o{)position. Men fell on both sides. 
Seeing the militia gathei-ing in birge ruunbers, the invaders 
began to retreat. Every fence, barn, and shed, every piece 
of wood, every rock by the wayside, had eager assailants. At 
Lexington the retreaters were met by Percy and his nine hun- 
dred men. These formed a square inclosing the fugitives, 
wlio lay down for rest on the ground, ^^ their tongues hang- 
ing out of their mouths like those of dogs aftei- a chase." 
Every moment made their retreat more difficult. Percy saw 
that he and his entire force were in danger of being sui*- 
I'ounded and made 2)risoners. The retreat was speedily re- 
ncAved. 

" You know the i-est in tlie books yon have read, 

How the British regulars fired and fled ; 

llow the farmers ^ave them ball for ball, 

From behind each fenee and farm-yard wall, 

(.'basing the redcoats down the lane, 

Then crossing the fields (o emerge again 

Under the trees at the turn of the road. 

And only pausing to fire and load." — Longpdiow. 

The patriots pressed close upon the rear of the fugitives, and 
kept np a constant fire till, at night, the survivors found 
safety in Charlestown. Nearly three hundred of the king's 
soldiers were strewn dead or dying along the i-oad from Con- 
cord. The dead and wounded of the patriots numl>ered 
about ninety. 

21. How the news of that day's doings stirred the patriots 



20. fJive an account of what, look place at Concord. Of the oUicr events of that 
torril)le (hiy. Recite the lines from Longfellow's pen. 

21. What eflcct did the news have? State who were in tlu; army. 



154 kmtbUimmrjf /V nW > 

in ewrv paurt oi the Uutl ! TUtkallqptHM they << : u svrajvithy 
«nti help lo their hi^hren i>f liKBMli«^tr;»;. Mer. w.:"n nras- 
keis and pow\ler-honi$ flix^keil lo the vioinitT of Boston to 
drire 0:1^* jwul his troop? iuto the 5»e*. Of whom w^ncs this 
patriot !inuY o\>mpo<^i ? Of s^ais of Masssk^husje'its — ^>^*hix>l- 
masters, iwi^bors, and friends — ^vith Artem*s Warvl *s their 
i>*iier!il ; i^ Rhoile lsl;U)d Tolunteejns, led by the blciotsmith 
aud Quaker, Nathaniel Greene : of a eomi^my of ** Couueoti- 
eut Boy^*" who^^ captain, Isr^iel l^itnam, sixty yeai^ of a^, 
ha^i left his plou^ in the furrow, turned looc»e the oxen, and 
hurried to the s»^ne of war : and of a lar^ Kxiy of Xew Ham)^w 
shive militia with the xaliant Jcdin Stark at their h^eail (§ ^>). 
S3t While thi$ patriot ^urmy was etx»pin|r up the British 
within the narrow limits of the B<>$ton peninsula, a party of 
~ **Ow«&n Mountain Bovs,** led bv Ethan Allen 



rf ami aeeompanied by Bene^iiot Arnold, eiv^ssied 

Lake Champlain, and in the edurlr morning of 
:he KHh of May, sneeee^led in §^in«r inside the works of 
Fort Ti«x\nderv^ (p, 114), Kie(»ehin|r the door of the com- 
mander's iv«om, All^ knocked and cvdeaned him to come out. 
The surprised ccunnMOid^H' leaped out of Iwd, and, with his 
breeehefs in his hand, opened the door, **DeiiTw to me 
the fort instantly," isaid Allen in a loud Toici?, " By what 
authority?" ast;^^ the bewildwtd man, **ln the name of 
:he Givait Ji4ioTah and the Onntin^iital Ci^ngiesss," shouted 
Allen, as he brandisibed his $wii»d n«ar the h««l ol the 
fr^tened en^mmand^. What else could the powieileiss officer 
do ? His men wei>? already prisoners^ " Thus Tiecoiderv^- 
which c\^$t the Rriti^ nation forty millioiks of dcttus and 
many livess w*s wt«i in t«i minuter by a few nndiseipluMd 
Tolunteers, without the 1<^ irf life or KmK" 

n Oi»eial Ga^. chafini: nndnr the cuiili]fe»n»t u> which 



WkM wk«ai» toei N«« «drik 9^ i» «li» MHW 9!l««« «• «l» ^a«aii> 



Revolutionary Period, 



U 



yo 



Ik; WiiK snhjcctcd, (IdlcM'iniiUMl to oxti^ul ih(^ liiK^H of IiIh vw- 

cjiinpnicni.. 'I'liis ('oiniTi<r to tlui knowlcMl^ni of i\\v. pjitriots, 

tlic.y iii-i'ini,i:;('(l ;i pljiii hy vvhidi liis intention ini^^lit 

I)(^ friistnitcd. Accordin^^Hy, in llic djirkncss of 

iiii;lit ii tlioiis.'ind men, <',onirnjin(l(Ml by Ooloncl 

Tniscotl, sii(uitly in;ii"('li('d to tlu; (Jluirlestovvn jxininsiilii, iind, 



Battle 

of 

Bunker Hill. 




KOKIIFVINII 15111, KDS lltl 






pMssin^r linnk(M" Hill, l)(^^^•ln t,o 

ni;ik(i ;i f()rtr(\s« of (^jirtli on tlu; (M|l ~^'-'b^Z-"K.:!i'^^^^^^^^'^' 

next clcviition, l^nu'd's Hill. 

The hells of l>oston struck twolvo when tln^ first sod Wiis 

<lii_i;-. 'I'lieii every ni;in plied the ])iok{ixe or sp;id(!, Jind e;irri(ul 

on the vvoi-k with sncdi expedition, thut, ])y the diivvn of djiy, 

ji <^^oo(l l)?-eiistwork was thrown up. Soon afterwcird a few 

voliintcHU's Kueeeeded in joinin^^ Proscott. 

24. (ireat was the surprise of tlu^ British wlien they saw 
what had heiui do?ie hy the "rebels" in a sin<i^le niglit. At 
once, from tbeir slii})s in tlie river and from a battery on one 



24. fiivc 11 full iiccoimt of Uic Imttlc;. 



156 



Revolutionary Period. 







of Boston's hills, they poured a shower of shot \\\)o\\ the little 
earth fort. This failing of its object, two thousand of the 
king^s best troops, commanded by Sir William Howe, crossed 

the river, and advanced 
up the hill against the 
patriots. '' Powder i s 
scarce,'" said Prescott; 
" fire low ; wait till you 
see the white of their 
eyes." The British were 
driven back with fearful 
slaughter. Meanwhile, 
by Howe's orders, Charles- 
town was fired, and while 
its church and homes 
were being consumed by 
the flames, his soldiers 
again ascended the hill 
to make a second attack. 
Again they were repulsed. 
Would they try a third time ? Other troops came to their 
assistance. Thus encouraged, they advanced once more ; but 
the patriots, Avorn down with labor and fasting, and entirely 
out of powder, were no longer able to resist. Prescott gave 
the word to retreat ; and as these raw recruits slowly de- 
scended the hill, the victors took possession of the wall of 
earth that had been so stoutly defended (June 17, 1775). 

25. The British had won the battle, but at what a terrible 
cost ! They had lost in killed and wounded more than a 
thousand men, and had killed or wounded nearly half that 
number of their opposers. Among the patriots who fell were 
several of rare worth, but no one's death was more lamented 
than that of the wise statesman, skilful physician, and fear- 








25. Repeat what is said of General Warren. Of Mrs. Adams's letter. 



Revolutionary Period. 157 

less soldier, Joseph AVarren. Mrs. John Adams, in a tearfnl 
letter, wrote : 'MVe want him in the Senate, we want him in 
the profession, we want him in the field/' And what had 
the British gained ? A hill — nothing more. AVould the men 
of America now consent to pay the threepence tax on tea ? 
Would the women drink the tea ? 

26. AVhile success on Lake Cliamplain, and almost a 
victory near Boston, were attending the patriot cause, dele- 
gates from the colonies were holding the Second 
General Congress in Philadelphia. On the 15th 
of June, two days before the Charlestown battle. 



Washington 

in 
Command. 



General Washington, by the uiumimous vote of the delegates, 
was chosen to command all the forces raised or to be raised 
by the united colonies. The next day, standing by his seat 
among the delegates, he modestly accepted the appointment, 
and jH'omised to exert all his powers for the support of the 
glorious cause. At the same time he declared that he would 
not receive any pay whatever for his services. To assist him. 
Congress elected as generals, Artemas AVard, Charles Lee, 
Philip Schuyler {ski'-ler), Horatio Gates, Israel Putnam, 
Richard Montgomery (p. 115), Nathaniel Greene, and others. 
Lee, a soldier of fortune, and Gates, a hater of British rule, 
were born in England. Montgomery, next to Washington 
in merit, was an Irishman by birth. 

27. On the 21st of the month Washington left Phila- 
delphia to take command of the army that was watching 
Gage. He was escorted as far as New York by Lee, Schuyler, 
and others, all on horseback. They had scarcely gone twenty 
miles when they met a courier on his way to Congress, with 



26- What important action was taken by Congress ? Who nominated Washington 
for the position ? Ans. Thomas Johnson, of Maryland. Who had previously suggested 
him for the place ? Ans. John Adams, of Massachusetts. AVhere did Congress then 
meet ? What did Washington do and say when accepting the appointment ? What 
generals were also appointed ? 'Which of them were born in Europe ? 

27. Give an account of Washington's journey, with the courier incident, to take 
command of the army. 



158 Revolutionanj Period. 

the news of the battle fought f ouf days before. The courier's 
hurried account made Washington sad, but, upon being told 
that the patriots fought bravely, a weight of anxiety was 
lifted from his heart as he exclaimed : "The liberties of the 
country are safe ! '' 

28. At Cambridge, on the morning of the od of July, 
Washington took formal command of the army. Under the 
wide-spreading branches of an elm near the college, he sat on 
his horse while the troops passed before him, and a crowd of 
spectators raised shouts of rejoicing. His army was com- 
posed of brave soldiers, but it was without order or discipline. 
The men were enlisted for only short periods. Many had no 
muskets. Only a few had bayonets. Heavy cannon were 
needed. There was but a small quantity of powder. "In 
spite of all these difficulties, the eyes of the whole country 
were confidently fixed on Washington. He was expected to 
undertake some great enterprise against the hostile army." 

29. '• One of his most invaluable characteristics was the 
faculty of bringing order out of confusion. It was this faculty, 
more than any other, that made him so fit to ride upon the 
storm of the Eevolution, when everything was unfixed and 
drifting about in a troubled sea. He had not long been at 
the head of the army before his soldiers thought as highly of 
him as if he had led them to a hundred victories. They 
knew that he was the very man the country needed, and the 
only one who could bring them safely through the great con- 
test against the might of England." 

30. While Washington was making preparations to drive 
the British from Boston, the governor of Canada was inciting 

28. Wli«^n and where did his formal act of assuming command take place ? In 
what condition was the army at that time * Where is Cambridge ? What college is 
there (.p. 132) * 

29. What is said of Washington's character, and how he was soon regarded by his 
soldiers * 

30. What measure did Congress decide upon ? What places did Montgomerj- take * 
Where are they map p. 159) ? Give an account of Montgomery's defeat and death. 
Give the further history of the defeated expedition. 



Revolutionary Period. 



159 



tlie Indians to take up the hatchet against the j^atriots, and 
to join him in an attempt to recover Ticonderoga. In self- 
defence, Congress decided upon a phm to occupy 
Canada. Two forces were sent, one, under Schuy- 
ler, by way of Lake Champlain ; the other, under 



Expedition 
against Canada. 




Arnold, by the Kennebec River. Schuyler becoming sick, 
Montgomery succeeded to the command, and, after captur- 
ing St. Jolin^s and Montreal, proceeded 
against Quebec, near which he was joined 
by Arnold (December, 1775). In the 
early morning of the last day of the year, 
while darkness prevailed and a furious 
snow-storm was ra2:ino[ the Americans 
attacked the town, but were defeated. 
The brave and generous Montgomery 
was among the slain. Daniel Morgan, 
of Virginia, of whom we shall hear again, 
was among the prisoners (§ 91). Arnold, though severely 
wounded, escaped, and in command of about five hundred 
men, formed a camp of snow ramparts, where, through the 
winter, he menaced Quebec. 

31. Troops were sent to the relief of Arnold, but not for a 
moment was Washington diverted from the task of freeing 
Boston from the king^s grasp. Having consid- 
ered one plan after another, he thought it was 
possible to gain the end by means of batteries on 
Dorchester Heights. To occupy these, throw up breastworks, 
and place guns in position, was the work of a single night. 
The next morning, to the surprise of the British, the Ameri- 
cans were ready to fire upon their quarters in the town, and 
upon their ships in the harbor. At once General Howe, 
Gage's successor, made preparations to drive his enemy from 



Tbe British 

driven 
from Boston. 



31. Give an account of the manner in which the British were driven from Boston. 
How many Tories went ? Who were they ? Where did tliey go ? 



160 Revohitionarij Period. 

the dangerous position, but delay, caused by a violent storm, 
gave Washington an opportunity to erect batteries so near 
the town that it was impossible for Howe to remain in it any 
longer. Consequently, his army of eight thousand men, with 
more than eleven hundred Tories, hastened on board the 
ships. The Tories were persons of American birth who 
adhered to the king's cause. The people of Boston, from the 
hills, house tops, and wharfs, saw with delight the deet in a 
K^iig line sail out of the harbor (March, ITTt!)- 

32. AVlien Howe was next heard from he was in Halifax, 
Xova Scotia. Before leaving Boston, he had sent Sir Henry 

^"^i; Clinton to a"o against the southern colonies. 

of Clinton, being joined by a tleet and troops from 

Fort Moultrie. | Ei^gi.^ii,^^ ^.^iied for Charleston, South Carolina. 
The patriots there, by intercepted letters, had been warned 
of his eomincr. and on Sullivan's Island, at the entrance to 
the harbor, were busy erecting a fort of palmetto logs when 
the hostile ships hove in sight. 

33. On the morning of the '-.^Sth of June, a rapid tire 
from the ships was opened upon tlie fort, which was de- 
fended by less than live hundred men commanded by Colonel 
Moultrie. Shot and shell made little impression upon the 
soft, fibrous, spongy palmetto wood. The lire from the fort 
was slowly delivered, and with good aim. Every one of the 
balls was sent on a mission of certain destruction. In the fury 
of the fight, the fort's flag-stalf was shattered and the flag fell 
outside the works, on the beach near the edge of the water. 
Sergeant Jasper, braving the enemy's shower of shot and 
shell, leaped through an embrasure to the ground, picked up 
the flag, fastened it to a wooden gun-rod. and climbing to the 
top of the log wall, fixed it firmly in place. At night, after 



82. "What movomont was made by General Clinton? How were the Charleston 
people prepared for resistance ? Where is Charleston (.map 'i^i ? Fort Moultrie ? 

33. Describe the battle of Fort Moultrie. What is said of the importance of that 
battle ? How did the fort iret its name * 



Revolutionary Period, 161 

• 

losing more than two hundred men, the Britisli gjive up tlie 
contest. Jjcaving one of their shijJS fast aground and on 
lire^ with their remaining ships terrihly crippled, they with- 
drew beyond the range of Moultrie's guns. This splendid 
victory was of immense importance to the patriots of the 
South. It not only animated them with hope, but it com- 
pelled the British to abandon, for the time, their plans for 
contpiest in that quarter. The Carolinas and Georgia were 
not molested for more than two years. 

34. The appeals of America to king and Parliament prov- 
ing of no avail, the colonists began to think and talk of in- 
dependence. '• It was discussed in every part of 
the country by farmers and merchants, by 
mechanics and planters, by the fishermen along 



Declaration 

of 
Independence. 



the coast, and by the backwoodsmen of the West. It was 
discussed in town-meetings and from the pulpit, at social 
gatherings and around the camp-fires, in newspapers and in 
pamphlets."* The decision was in favor of independence, 
and the voice of the people was soon heard in Congress. In 
that body, assembled in Philadelphia's Old State House, 
Kichard Henry Lee proposed : *' That these united colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States ; 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connection between them and 
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- 
solved " (June 7, 177G). 

35. This resolution was seconded by John Adams, the 



* A pamphlet called Common Senae was a busy agent in bringing public 
opinion to favor this step. It was written by Thomas Paine, an Englishman, 
who had recently come to America. Another of Paine's pam{)hlets began with 
the words: "These are the times that try men's souls." 

34. How did the desire for independence have its beginning ? What is said of the 

discussion and decision ? Repeat Lee's resolution. When and where was it offered? 
Where was Lee born (Apjiendix, p. 0) ? 

35- Ciive the further history of Lee's resohition. To wliat did it lead y Who wrote 
the fanio\is paper? Who were Jefferson's associates on the comniiitee ? 
11 



162 



Revolutionary Period. 



*' Colossus of the Debate/*' and next day and other days it 
was discussed with earnestness and ability. While the dis- 
cussion was in progress, a committee, consisting of Thomas 
Jefferson, John x\dams, Benjamin Franklin, Koger Sherman, 
and Eobert E. Livingston, was chosen by ballot to prepare a 
paper that would express with fulness the meaning of the 
resolution. On the 2d of July, Lee's resolution was adopted. 
The report of the committee was next in order. It Avas sub- 
mitted by its author, Thomas Jefferson, and, on the 4th of 
July, '' this immortal state paper," known to us as the 
Declaration of Independence, Avas agreed to. Xot a single 
vote was cast against it. By this act the thirteen colonies 
became the United States of America. Another nation was 
born. The people were no longer subjects of a king. They 
were American citizens. 

36. "For the support of this Declaration," said the reso- 
lute men who thus voted for freedom, " we mutually pledge 
to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor." 
Over their heads, on the Old State 
House, was the "Liberty Bell.'' It 
bore the inscription : " Proclaim lib- 
erty throughout the land unto all the 
inhabitants thereof." In its tower 
stood the bellman. At the hall door 
stood his little blue-eyed son. The vote 
declaring America free was adopted 
as we have stated. Instantly, as had 
been arranged, the little patriot-scion 
rushed out into the street, and looking 
up to his father in the open tower, 
clapped his hands, and shouted, ''Ring! 
RiXG I EIXG ! " . The people in the street shouted for joy ; 
and in the Quaker City that night were bonfires and illumina- 




LIBEKTY BET.L. 



36. What pledge was made in the Declaration ? Where was the Liberty Bell ? 
What inscription did it bear ? Relate the story. 



Revolutionary Period. 163 

tions. Would yon like to read that famous Declaration ? It 
is in this book. You will find it in the Appendix. Study it 
carefully, and you will learn what bitter trials our forefathers 
suffered before tliey rebelled. 

37. It had not been an easy matter to reach this bold 
stand, for there were many true and tried patriots who could 
not see how America, poor in everything except its brave 
hearts, could cope successfully with the strong power of Great 
Britain. Could the patriots maintain their Declaration ? 
Were they numerous enough and sufficiently united to meet 
the king's host that was coming against them ? AVe shall 
see. 

38. Anticipating that the next movement of the enemy 
would be against New York, Washington sent his army to 
that city, and soon he had evidence that his sus- 
picion Avas correct. On Staten Island, at the 
entrance to the city's harbor, Howe was gather- 
ing a large force. All his troops that had been driven out of 
Boston, all of Clinton's that had met defeat in Charleston 
harbor, these, with several regiments from Ireland, and ten 
thousand soldiers from the continent of Europe, reached the 
island, and were formed into an army pronounced "the most 
perfect of that day in all the world." The troops from the 
continent of Euroj^e were called Hessians, because the most 
of them were from Ilesse-Cassel, Germany. They had been 
forcibly taken from the plough, the workshop, and the high- 
way, and hired by the king of England (§ iJS). Looking at 
this great army of thirty thousand men, supported as it was 
by more than five hundred ships, ready to strike a blow at 
the feeble communities that had just resolved themselves into 
a family of States, we fear and tremble for the result. 



37. Why had not all the patriots favored the Declaration of Independence ? 

38. Where.is Staten Island (map p. 164) ? How !« it separated from Lous? Island ? 
What troops were gathered by General Howe on Staten Island '? With what object ? 
What is said of the Hessians ? Where is Long Island (map p. 175) ? 



The British 

take 
New York. 




1()4 Revolutio7iarij Period. 

• 
39. Unable to got any information of the enemy's plan of 
attack. Washington divided his forces with a view to defence 
at several points. At length, a report reaching him that 
Howe's troops had crossed to Long Island, where Pntnam was 
in command, he hurried several regi- 
'""^^ nicnts to oppose the invaders (map 

p. 175). In three divisions the enemy 
advanced and a great battle Avas 
fought, which ended in heavy loss and 
complete defeat to the patriots, who 
retreated to Brooklyn (Aug. 2 T, IT TO). 
40. Two days passed. On the night 
of the third, while a fog shrouded 
the British cam}\ Washington suc- 
ceeded by skilful management in getting liis shattered forces 
across the river to Xew York, thus accomplishing "one of 
the most signal achievements of the war." The British had 
expected to capture his army. How did they lind that 
it had given them the slip? " Xear the ferry." so says 
tradition, ** resided a Tory lady. On seeing the embarkation 
of the first detachment of the American army, she sent otf a 
black servant to inform the first British ot^cer he could find 
of what was going on. The negro arrived at a Hessian out- 
post, where, not being able to make himself understood, he 
was kept under guard as a suspicious person. At daybreak 
an English otfieer visited the post, examined the negro, and 
was astounded by his story. An alarm was at once given, 
but it was too late." AVashington's nine thousaml men, witli 
their provisions, military stores, and field artillery. Avere in 
the city of Xew York. 

41. A more disastrous bloAv than this on Long Island did 
not fall iipou the patriot cause during the entire war. Coming 



89. What is said of the battle of Lon^ Island and retreat of the patriots * 
40. What is said of Washington's signal achievement * Relate the tradiiion. 
41 What is s;ud of the oonseiiuences of the battle ? 



I{evolutionary Period. 165 

so soon after tlio Deehinitioii of Indepcndonco, it spread dis- 
couragement ill every direction. Men, losing heart, left the 
ranks of the patriot army and returned to their homes, while 
hundreds of Tories, helieving that General Howe would soon 
put an end to the "rebellion,'' as they persisted in calling the 
war. Hocked to his standard. How many calamities followed 
that unfortunate battle! The first and greatest was the loss 
of Brooklyn and New York. 

42. What would be the enemy's next movement ? Wasli- 
ington desired to procure information respecting Ilowe^s posi- 
tion and probable intentions. Who would volun- | 

^ Nathan Hale. 

teer to get it ? lo be a spy Avas to be an outlaw. I 

To be captured would be to die a felon's death. There was 
one brave man, not yet twenty-two years of age, who was Avill- 
ing to die that his country migiit live, lie liad received an 
education in Yale College, and been a school-teacher. He 
was now a captain in Washington's army. When warned 
of the danger of entering the enemy's lines in disguise, he 
replied : "I wish to be useful, and every kind of service 
necessary to the public good becomes honorable by being 
necessary.'" 

43. Putting on a plain suit of ])rown clothes, his school- 
master's garb, he crossed from Connecticut to Long Island, 
and made his way to Brooklyn. Having taken sketches of 
the enemy^s fortifications, and written his notes in Latin, he 
was on the point of returning to the Connecticut shore, when 
he was seized as a spy. He was taken to New York, where a 
detachment of the invaders was already quartered. Being- 
brought before General Howe, he frankly confessed his rank 
in the patriot army, also the object of his visit to the British 
camp. Howe, regarding him as a rebel as well as a spy, and 
believing that he could not be too swiftly or too severely 



42. Who was Nathan Hale (§44)? What did he volunteer to do ? What warning 
was given to him ? What was his reply ? 

43. Give an account of his movements and capture. 



166 



Revolutionary Period. 



pnuisliecl, ordered him to be hanged the next morning (Sun- 
day, September 22). 

44. During the night, the doomed patriot asked that he 
might be attended by a clergyman. His wish was refused. 
His next request was for a Bible. This also was refused. 
Then, as morning dawned, he wrote two letters, one to his 
loving mother, the other to a cherished comrade. Both were 
heartlessly destroyed by his jailer. When about to ascend 
the gallows, he turned to the few spectators that were present, 
and uttered the sentence that will live as long as our republic 
endures: "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for 
mv country." And so died this martyr-spy, this noble 
patriot, Nathan Hale (§ 90) 

45. The calamities that followed the battle of Long Island 
were not ended. On the Heights of Harlem, in the northern 

part of New York Island, a battle was fought, 
and, further north, at AVhite Plains, another 
battle occurred, neither of which helped the 
American cause. British ships ascended the Hudson to the 

west of Washington's army, and 
British troops advanced to the 
east of his army. Thus admon- 
ished of the enemy's intention 
to entrap him, he crossed to 
NeAV Jersey, and, looking back, 
was grieved to witness the de- 
feat of the garrison he had left 
in Fort Washington (November 
1(3). Pursued by Lord Cornwal- 
lis, he retreated through New 
Jersey, and crossed the Delaware.* This does not bring us 

* General Lee, Avho had been left on the east side of the Hudson with a 
body of troops, Avas ordered by Washington to join him. Instead of obeying. 



Consequences of 

the Loss 
of New York. 




44. Give an account of his last night, execution, and patriotic words. 

45. Name four calamities that followed the battle of Long Island. Where is White 
Plains (map p. 175) '' Fort Washington (map p. 75) ? 



Revolutionary Period, 167 

to the end of the misfortunes of the Long Ishmd battle. 
The thousands of patriots who were so unfortunate as to be 
taken prisoners in that contest, and in its train of disasters, 
were put on board old ships and treated with cruel neglect. 
A few only lived to tell of the miseries they had endured. 
The most notable of these decaying hulks was known as the 
Jersey Prison Shij). She was anchored near Brooklyn. 

46. The faith and patience of the patriots during these 
gloomy months of 177G were to have their reward. Corn- 
wallis, instead of crossing the Delaware, quar- 
tered his troops in Xew Jersey, twelve hundred, 
mostly Hessians, being posted at Trenton. Here 



Battle 

of 

Trenton. 



was an opportunity, Washington thought, of striking a blow 
that would animate his army, and revive hopeful feelings 
among the people. 

47. Christmas night came, snow covered the ground, and 
ice filled the Delaware. At night, in open boats, after 
struggling for hours in the floating ice, twenty-four hundred 
strong men, with Washington as their leader, succeeded in 
crossing the river. Then they marched nine miles, a storm 
of sleet and hail beating against them at every step they 

he planned indepetedent movements for himself. He entered New Jersey, and 
took up his quarters in a tavern three miles from his troops, where General 
AVilkinson, a messenger from General Gates, found him. "Suddenly a party 
of British dragoons turned a corner of the road. ' Here, sir, are the British 
Cavalry!' exclaimed Wilkinson. 'Where?' asked Lee. 'Where is the 
guard y ' The guards, alas, unwary as their general, and chilled by the air 
of a frosty morning, had stacked their arms, and repaired to the south side of 
a house to sun themselves ; and were now chased by the dragoons in different 
directions. A voice declared: 'If the general does not surrender in five 
minutes, I will set fire to the house.' . . . The general, bareheaded and 
in his slippers, was mounted on Wilkinson's horse, which stood at the door, 
and the dragoons clattered off with their prisoner." (See note to § 64).— 
Trvimfs Life of Washington. 

46. What bold movement did Washington now project ? 

47- Describe how he carried out his plan. W^here is Trenton (map 2^ ? Princeton ? 
Wliat college is at Princeton (p. 132) ? Describe the picture on page 168. 



168 



Bevolufionarii Period. 



took. Just as t]io light of tlie new day began to appear they 
reached Trenton, and. with rapid movement, surprised and 
overpowered the liostik^ force there. Xearly a thousand 
prisoners were taken (December I'o). Cornwallis's force, near 
Trenton, being superior to his own. Washington returned to 
his camp west of the Dehiware. "All our hopes," wrote an 
English statesman, '-were blasted by the unhappy alfair at 




WASHINGTON CROSSING TUB DELAWARE. (.FROM LEUTZE S PICTURE IN THE CAPITOL, 

WASHrNGTON."* 

Trenton." Astonished at such a stroke froui an enemy 
whoui he had regarded as subdued, Cornwallis uuited his 
forces for safety at Princeton. Washington then recrossed 
the Delaware and occupied Trenton. 

48. Xow. at the close of the year, the term of service of 
many of Washington's soldiers expired. They were weary and 
yearned for home. Could they not be persuaded to remain 
six weeks longer ? A bountv of ten dollars wonld influence 



48. State how Kobert Morris helped the patriot's canst*. What further can you say 
of him * Ans. In his old aire he lost his fortune and wjis confined in prison for debt. 
Describi" the picture on page U>9. 



Jievolutionary Period. 



169 



some, but Washington had not tlie money. In haste he 
wrote to his friend. Robert ^lorris, •'the Finaneier of the 
Revolution," whose home was in Philadelphia, for six hun- 
dred dollars at once. Morris received the letter in the even- 
ing, but was at his wits' end to raise the sum, small as it 
was, for hard money was very scarce. Fortunately, a wealthy 




Quaker in this 
m m e n t of 
need supplied the 
sinews of war, 
and the money was 
sent. Morris then 

went from house to house, rousing people from their beds, 
to borrow more money, and before the close of the sec- 
ond day he sent AVashington several thousand dollars addi- 
tional.* 



MORRIS GOING FROM HOUSE TO HOUSE TO 
BORROW M(^NEY. 



* Two years later Congress appointed Morris to be Superintendent of 
Finance. He establisiied a bank, and borrowed more than a million of dollars 
on his own credit, to buy food and clothing for the soldiers. In 1781 he sent 
several thousand barrels of Hour to the army. He came from England, his 
birthplace, when he was thirteen years of age. 



170 Revolutionary Period. 

49. Cornwallis. on hearing of Wasliington's return to 

Trenton, started with a body of his troops for that phiee, and 

■ ^j^^j at night made an attempt to cross the stream 

of that runs through the town, but was repulsed. 

^""'^ °' i The patriots were now confronted bv a force 



much hirger than their own. If defeated, tliev woukl be 
in danger of capture, for the DeLiware could not be readily 
crossed because of the floating ice. In this emergency 
"Washington adopted a bold plan. Leaving his camp-tires 
burning to deceive the enemy, he silently withdrew his 
troops from their posts, and at midnight began a nuirch 
by a roundabout road to attack the force which Cornwallis 
had left at Princeton, lie had eighteen miles before him. 
At sunrise, just as his tired troops were entering the out- 
skirts of the town, they met the enemy's force which was 
already on its way to join Cornwallis. At tirst the British 
gained an advantage, but the prompt arrival of Washington 
at once changed affairs, and they were completely routed. 
The loss of the patriots was small, but the brave General 
Mercer was of the number (January 3. ITTT). 

50. These two victories ruined Howe's calculations. He 

had supposed that the "rebels" were dispersed and thor- 

I oughly discouraged, and that, in consequence, it 

_ .. f*?.°^ would be easv for him to cross the Delaware when 

Fabian Pobey. | . * . 

: the ice permitted, and to occupy Philadelphia. 

Xow he did not dare to order Cornwallis to advance a single 
step, nor did he think it prudent to attack Washington, who, 
in quarters near Morristown, was protected by woods, hills, 
and rivers. In vain, during the spring and early summer, 
did he try to bring on a general engagement. Such a battle, 
he felt sure, would irive him a chance to crush the •■rebels" 



49. In what difficully was Washington placed at Trenton * How did he get ont of 
it ? Describe the battle. 

50- Wliat effect did Washington's victories have upon the British « What pet 
Uiune was applied to Washington ? Why * Where is Morristown (map p. 90) * 



Revolutionary Period. 171 

by overwhelniiiio,- luinibors. \V;is]iiii<>ton, seeing the tnij), 
did not pnt liis foot into it. Like Fabins of old contending 
ugainst Ilannibiil to save Rome, he avoided a battle with his 
strong foe, ho])ing to wear him ont by delays, by attacking 
his ontposts, and by cntting otf liis snpplies. Hence he has 
been aptly called the American Fabins. 

61. Tims foiled, Howe adoi)ted an entirely new jdan. In 
the fleet commanded by his brother. Admiral Howe, he sailed 
from Staten Island, and ascended Chesapeake 
Bay. He landed his army, and began a march 
against Philadelphia. Not before Washington 



The British 

take 
Philadelphia. 



heard of Howe's appearance at the head of the bay did he 
realize how determined was that commander to possess the 
city. With all speed he marched to dis])nte Howe^s progress. 
At Chad's Ford, Brandywine Creek, a severe battle was 
fonght, ending in a victory for Howe (September 11). 

52. On the side of the patriots in this contest were two 
distingnished foreigners, the yonthful Marquis of Lafayette 
and Count Pulaski. The former had left his beloved France, 
had evaded the British attempts to capture him, had crossed 
the ocean in a ship fitted out at his own expense, and had 
offered to serve in Washington's army without pay or other 
reward from Congress. In this, his first battle for freedom, 
he was shot through the leg, but, binding up the wound, he 
kept the field till the end of the action.* Pulaski, a Polish 

* Lafayette fought in sevferal other battles, always with courage and gal- 
lantry, and was a member of the court that tried Andre as a spy (§ 9()). 
Cornwallis on one occasion tried to capture him, and was so sure of success 
that he wrote home: "The boy cannot escape me"(§ 94). After the war 
Lafayette visited the United States twice, the first time on the invitation of 
Washington (1784). AVashington's mother was then seventy-eight years of 
age. Meeting her in her garden one day, Lafayette praised her son. She de- 
lighted him by making the reply : "I am not surprised about what George 
has done, for he was always a good boy." 

51. What movements did Howe make in a new plan of action ? Give an account 
of the battle that followed. Where its Brandywine Creek (map p. 90) ? 
52 What is said of Lafayette ? Of Pulaski '; 



172 lievolntionanj Period. 



nobleman, was proni])tcHl by motives equally honorable ; and 
for his good conduct in this battle of Rrandywine he re- 
ceived a general's commission and an important command 
(§ TA). 

53. Washing-ton nuulc a second stand to oppose Howe's 
progress, but a violent storm prevented a battle. A detach- 
ment of his army under General AVayne being surprised and 
defeated at Paoli {pd-o'-Je), the enemy at last entered Pliila- 
dclpliia (September ^G, 17?:). 

54. A large part of Howe's army was quartered in Ger- 
mantown (§ 9T, p. OT). AVashington, not disheartened by his 
recent reverses, determined to attack it. At sunrise he en- 
tered the village, but, owing to a fog that prevailed, his 
troops were thrown into confusion, and were fired upon from 
a stone house and other buildings. Seeing that what at first 
promised to be a victory was being changed to a defeat, he 
gave the word to retreat (October 4). This success of the 
Hritisli being followed by others against the forts on the 
Delaware, their ships ascended the river to Philadel})hia. 

55. Winter had now set in and Wasliington's troops, 
worn down by long and liard service, needed repose. AVhere 

could tliey find quarters, and, at the same time, 
be in a position to Avatch Howe's army aiul pro- 
tect the country about it from being stripped by 



Washington 

at 
Valley Forge. 



the enemy's foraging jiarties ? A'alley Forge, twenty miles 
from Philadelphia, was decided upon. There the patriots 
braved the winter's cold till they could' cut down trees and 
build huts. Tliese huts Avere of logs filled in with clay: 
their fire-places were of logs covered with plaster. The 
fioor was the bare ground. AA^ith sufficient food and cloth- 
ing the men Avould have been able to pass the winter in 

53. What is said of Washington's further efforts to oppose Howe's march ? 
What is said of Wayne's defeat * 

54. Whnt is said of the battle of Germantown ? Wiiere is Germantown ip. 97) ? 
55- Whore is Valley Forge (map tJ) ? CJive an account of the sufferings of Wash- 
ington's army there. 



Revolutionary Period. 



173 



comfort, tliougli snow-storms sind cold blasts were frequent. 
But they were without bUinkets, and so badly off for shoes 
that the footsteps of many might be traced in blood. Food, 
too, was scarce. During a period of three days there was 
not a particle of bread in the cam]). 

56. Wasliington did his best to sui)|)]y the needs of liis 
men. lie faithfully performed his own duty, and urged the 




VALLKY FORGE. 



agents of Congress to perform theirs, lie was sorely con- 
cerned from several causes. lie had sent his best troops to 
oppose an invasion from Camida conducted by General Bur- 
goyne {hur-goin'). His remaining trooi)s with him at Valley 
Forge were suffering, and he was required to be on the alert 

56. By what difficulties and plottings was the character of Wasliington tested ? 
Who was the leader of the plot against Washington ? Ans. General Conway, a French 
officer of Irish descent : hence the plot was known as the Conway Cabal. What did 
Conway try to accomplish? Arts. He wanted to have the chief command taken from 
Washington and given to Gates. Wliat was the Fabian policy (§ 50) ? 



174 



Revolutionary Period. 



night and day to thwart Howe's 
movements. In tlie midst of all 
this, he was informed that a 
cabal, incited by certain foreign- 
born otticers m the army, was 
secretly trying to depose him 
with a view to the elevation of 
one of its nnmber to the chief 
command. Yet. in no other period 
of the war did the greatness of his 
character shine more brightly. The 
canse in which he was eniraired was 
dear to him ; and he firmly adhered 
to his Fabian policy, which he be- 
lieved was the only one that could 
lead to success. 

57. Was Washington fortunate 
in his plans to defeat Burgovne ? 
In June, of ITTT, an army of ten 
thousand men, British, Canadians, 
and Germans, left Can- 
ada, and invaded the 

1 State of Xew York. 

The route for a part of this force, 
under the command of Colonel St. 
Leger (lefer), was by way of Lj^ke 
Ontario and the Mohawk Valley, 
but tlie main body, under Burgoyne, 
procetnied up Lake Champlain.' It 
was the design of this invading 
army to advance upon Albany, and, 
Avith the co-<iperation of Clinton's 
troops from the city of Xew Y\>rk, 
tojret possession of the posts on the 



Burgoyne's 




57. Give a full account of the design and fim events of Burgojne's invasion. 



Revolutionaru Pcn'od. 



175 



I5allston o 
Jr„^ StiJIu 



.•hoiu'clad}' 



'iter 



I 
Tjonninstuiio 



Troy 



^U 



^■^*■ 






PuugliTvOopsic 

O 



\ 



4 fflb^isliTcin 



"VVostc 
I'oiiit ' 



Ft. 

Clinton] 



Stony o| 
Tojnt 






jt.^outgoinory 

PoolvslciU 

i^TorplancTv's 



^ 



JoT.uiytown 



A> 



> '^.-v.^- 



1^ 



'ORK 



Iliulson River, and thus cut off 
New Eiiglaiul from the other * ' re- 
bellious eolonies. " Near Crowu 
Point, Burgoyne was joined by sev- 

i eral hundred Indian warriors, and 

thenee he advanced to attack Fort Ticon- 
deroga. (General St. Clair, in command 
of the fort, seeing no chance of making 
a successful defence, evacuated the fort 
and retreated. At llubbardton, Ver- 
nH)ut, some of his troops were overtaken, 
and, after a spirited action, were dis- 
])ersed (July T) ; but the larger part of 
his force joined (leneral Schuyler, who 
was in comnumd of the American army 
at the North. 

58. After vai'ions deljiys, cjinsed by 
impediments which Schuyler had placed 
in the Avay of the invaders, by felling 
immense trees across tlie roads, Bur- 
goyne reached the Hudson, and was 
happy in the fancied prospect of a great 
success before him. But causes were 
already working a change in his dream. 
Uc had let loose the Indians, and every 
day tliey brought scalps to his camp. 
One day they brought twenty. Among 
their trophies was the scalp of a young- 
woman, Jane McCrea, who was engaged 
I to be nuirried to one of Bur- 
vi^l goyne's officers. These barbarous 



■irmv:>,:i J c o 



t^:KA^J 



58. ^V^lo was Schuyler (§ eti 



acts aroused a terrible feeling of 

icsentnuuit among the iidia])itants, 

hundi'cds of whom Hocked to 

How ilid lie retard Burgoyne's inarch ? What is 



176 



Bevolutionai'ij Period. 



Schuyler's standard. Being life-long hunters they were 
ready-made riflemen. They brought their own guns and in 
cow horns carried their powder. 

59. Another cloud in Burgoyne's sky came from the Mo- 
hawk Valley. There his detachment of regulars and a thou- 
sand Indians, under St. Leger, laid siege to Fort Schuyler, 
where the city of Rome now stands. At O-ris'-ka-ny, they 
attacked a body of patriots who were marching to the relief 
of the fort. They Avere repulsed, thougli the heroic leader 
of the patriots. General Herkimer, was mortally wounded 
(August G). Arnold offered to go against the besiegers, and 
General Schuyler, accepting the offer, 
detached three regiments for the ex- 
pedition. Knowing that this force 
was too small to overthrow the en- 
emy, Arnold cunningly contrived to 
send emissaries into St. Leger's camp 
to report that a large army was 
marching to capture the besiegers. 
The stratagem worked like a charm. 
The Indians had been expecting 
easy times, little fighting, many scalps, and much plunder. 
Now, fickle as the wind, they began to desert. They robbed 
the British officers of their clothes, and made off with the 
booty, and, though Arnold was not within forty miles of tlie 
fort, the frightened St. Leger in the darkness of night hur- 
ried after the fugitives. His artillery, ammunition, tents, 
and stores fell into the hands of the Americans (August 23). 




said of the atrociiies of the Indians ? Did the Indians kill Jane McCrea ? Ans. The 
exact manner of her death was not ascertained. The Indians asserted that they were 
pursued and fired upon by a party of Americans, and tluit one of the shots intended for 
them killed the lady. Where is Crown Point ^:map p. 174) ? Fort Ticonderoga ? 

59. Give an account of Arnold's cunning stratagem. Where is Oriskany (see map) ? 
Where is Fort Schuyler (map 2) ? By what name was it previously known ? Am. Fort 
Stanwix. What city is there now ? Who commanded the fort during the siege ? Ans. 
Colonel Gansevoort. While Ihe battle was raging at Oriskany. Colonel Willett sallied 
from the fort and captured the baggage, flags, and stores of the besiegers. 



Revo lu tio na ry Per iod. 



Ill 




RALLY OF THE PEOPLE. (PROM MARKHAM's buStiO-riUeVOS ON THE MONUMENT 
AT SARATOGA.) 



60. A still larger cloud in Burgoyne's sky came from an- 
other quarter. Needing supplies^ he sent eight hundred men 

under Colonel Bauni {bourn) to seize some that were in Ben- 

tt — 

60. Give an account of the two battles of Bennington. Were tliey fought in Ver- 
mont or New York? Ans. New York. Where is Bennington (map p. 175) ? Where 
did we meet Stark before (p. 1.54) ? Where is Hubbardton (map p. 174) ? 
12 



178 Revolutionary Period. 



nington. It so happened tliat just then a body of New 
Hampshire militia, commanded by John Stark (§ 21), then 
a colonel, afterward a general, arrived at that town. Joined 
by recruits from Vermont and Massachusetts, Stark sallied 
forth, and, coming in sight of the enemy, mounted a rail 
fence, and, addressing his soldiers, said: ^^ Now, my men, 
there are the Redcoats and Tories. Before night they 
must be ours or Molly Stark will be a widow."* Throwing 
their knapsacks and jackets in heaps upon the ground, the 
patriots with a cheer advanced to the attack. In two hours 
not a Redcoat or Tory was to be seen, except about six hun- 
dred who were being marched to Bennington as prisoners of 
war. Toward evening a body of Hessians, sent to the aid 
of Baum, appeared in sight. Fortunately Seth AYarner, 
with a regiment of ^' Green Mountain Boys,"" at that moment 
reached Stark's side, and the second battle of the day ended 
as the first (August 16). 

61. Truly, Burgoyne's sky had become very dark. His 
Indian allies deserted him. Provisions came in too slowly. 
The promised aid from Clinton could not be sent, owing 
to "Washington's movements against Howe (§ 50). The 
patriots, greatly elated, rallied to the support of Schuyler, 
and, under his directions, were preparing to capture or de- 
stroy the entire invading army under Burgoyne, when Gen- 
^eral Gates, by appointment from Congress, was placed in 
command of the American forces at the North. 



* Some knoAving one has discovered at this late day that when Stark's 
wife in infancy was christened, she received the name Elizabeth, hence that 
he could not have spoken of her as Molly : he must have said Betty. Edward 
Everett, in his Life of Stark, Halleck, Irving, Lossing, and a score more like 
them, testify that Stark spoke of his Avife as Mclly on the memorable occasion 
alluded to. Did Stark really make that famous speech ? His grandson, 
Caleb Stark, in a memoir of the general, is inclined to tre^ it as a legend. 

61. What clouds darkened Bnrgoyne's prospects ? Who succeeded General 
Schuyler in the command of the northern army ? Who put Gates into that place ? 
Who was Gates (§ 2(i) ? 



Revohctionary Period. 179 

62. Just a month later the armies of Gates and Burgoyne 
met near Stillwater. The battle is known as the first of Still- 
water, also as the battle of Bem'is Heights. Man fought 
against man, regiment against regiment. Night ended the 
contest (September 19). It could not be said that the result 
was a victory to Burgoyne, for he had lost six hundred men, 
his march toward Albany had been stopped, and an opposing 
army, strong in number and in excellent spirits, was ready to 
check his slightest movement. He waited for reenforcements 
from Clinton : he waited in vain. In despair he again offered 
battle, hoping to cut his way through the American lines. 
This brought on the second battle of Stillwater, otherwise 
called the battle of Saratoga (October 7). Burgoyne was no 
more fortunate than before ; and, ten days later, surrendered 
(October 17). A body of Americans marched to the tune 
of Yankee Doodle into the quarters of the British, while the 
British troops marched out and laid down their arms.* 

63. The joy of the patriots in every part of the land was 
unbounded. A royal army, well equipped and commanded 
by one of the king's ablest generals, had been defeated^nd 
captured. Says a distinguished writer : " It was one of the 
decisive battles of the Avorld.^' How it changed the charac- 
ter of the war ! How it secured the French alliance for the 
United States ! In England, the news produced dismay. In 



* On the side of the Americans in these two battles was Kosciusko, a 
Polish patriot, distinguished for nobleness of soul, courage, and skill in war. 
A monument to his memory adorns the grounds of West Point, he having 
been the chief engineer in constructing the works of that strong fortress. In 
Europe, after the American war, he fought against Russia, his country's 
oppressor ; was defeated, and, covered with wounds, was captured. During 
two years he was confined in a Russian prison. His death, Avhich occurred in 
Switzerland, in 1817, was caused by a fall from his horse over a precipice. 

62. Give an account of the two great battles that followed. When did Burgoyne 
surrender ? Where is Saratoga (map p. 174)? Repeat what is said of Kosciusko (note). 

63. What was the eflfect of Burgoyne's surrender in America ? In England ? In 
France ? What came of Fnmklin's efforts ? Where did we meet Franklin before 
(pp. 108, 146) ? When was the treaty with France made ? 



180 



Revolutio)ianj Period. 



Fnincc, whoro Dr. Fniiiklin, pliilosophor and stntosmaii, was 
representing tlie American Congress, it had a very ditt'erent 
effect. '^All Paris was tlirown into transports of joy.''' In 
response to Franklin's efforts, money, clothing-, and amnui- 
nition were secretly sent to America, and the government ac- 
knowledging the independence of the United States, agreed 
to a treaty of friendship and alliance (February, 1778). 

64. The year 1777, as we have seen, was a busy one. 
AVhile important deeds were being enacted on the battle- 
field, * Congress, or its committees, held meet- 
ings nearly every day. When Cornwallis was on 
the eve of crossing the Delaware (§1:5), Congress 
to Baltimore, but soon returned to Philadelphia. 



Doings 

of 

Congress. 



adjourned 

On the approach of Howe, it went at first to Lancaster, Pa., 

and then to York, a few miles 
further away. One of its most 
important acts was the forma- 
tion of Articles of Confedera- 
tion for the better Union of the 
States. These, however, did 
not go into effect at once. They 
had to be adopted first by the 
legislatures of the States (§ 103). 
Another important act was the 

adoption of tlie national flag, which consisted of *' thirteen 

* " Prescott, the commander of the British forces on Rhode Island, had 
his quarters at a lonely farm-house. Hearing of this, William Barton, a 
colonel in the American army, embarked a party at Providence in two whale- 
boats, and at niglit, after the young moon luid gone down, crossed to the 
island. Coming across rtelds, the ]>arty surrounded Prescott's house, burst 
open the doors, took him out of his bed, hurried him ofE without giving him 
time to put on Ids clothes, and carried him to Providence. The rank of 
Prescott was eciual to that of Lee, and Washington promptly effected an ex- 
change." — Bana'ofVs Hhtoryofthe United States. 




64. What was done by Coiip:ress in 1777 ? At what places did Congress meet ? 
Describe the first national flag. When was it adopted ? Describe Barton's exploit. 
What exchange was made ? How had Lee been captnred (note to § -I5' ": 



Revolutionary Period. 181 



stripes, alternating red and wliite, and thirteen stars, white 
in a bhie field/'' arranged in a circle to represent tlie union 
of the thirteen States (June, 1777). 

65. In the British Parliament, Lord Chatham said : ''We 
cannot conquer America. In three campaigns we have done 
nothing. We may traffic and barter with every 
little German prince that sells his subjects ; our 
efforts are forever vain. If I were an American, 



King and 
Parliament. 



as I am an Englishman, while a foreign troop was landed in 
my country I never would lay down my arms ; never, nevei', 
never." Lord North, the head of the ministry, on hearing 
of Burgoyne's surrender, " was so agitated that he could 
neither eat nor sleep." King George was so angry and stub- 
])orn that, rather than permit Lord Chatham to act as a 
peacemaker, he declared: "If the nation will not stand by 
me, they shall have another king." 

66. Witli France on the side of America, the Britisli 
feared that a French fleet would ascend the Delaware, and, 
])y co-operating witliAVashington, would cap- 
ture their forces in Philadelphia. Orders were 
hastily sent to General Clinton, Howe's successor. 



The British 

Leave 
Philadelphia- 



to evacuate the city without delay. Accordingly, with his 
army of seventeen thousand men; around whom crowded hun- 
dreds of disappointed Tories, Clinton crossed the Delaware, 
his intention being to find safety in New York. AVashing- 
ton followed, and, overtaking the retreating army as it was 
leaving Monmouth, sent word to General Lee to begin the 
attack. Instead of obeying, Lee made a disgraceful re- 
treat, and, being met by Washington, was reproved in very 
severe terms. Washington then continued the pursuit, and, 
ably supported by Wayne, Greene, and Lafayette, made a 



65. What l)old statement did Lord Cliatham make ? Where did we meet Chatham 
before (§ 128, p. 115). Uow did Lord North :ict ? How did the king act ? 

66- Why (lid tlie British army leave Philadelphia? Give an account of the battle 
that followed. What is .said of the colored troops '{ Where is Monmouth (map 2) ? 



182 Bei'oh(fio)iari/ Feriod. 



gallant fight, winning the thanks of Congress for his '"^good 
conduct and victory." The day was one of the hottest of 
that hot summer. Many poor soldiers were sun-struck and 
fell dead. *• Of the patriots who on that day periled life for 
their country, more than seven hundred black Americans 
fought side by side with the white" ^June x^S, 17TS;.* 

67. Lee, irritated by Washington's reproof on the battle- 
field, sent two angry letters to Washington. He was tried 
for disobedience and for disrespect to his superior otiicer. and. 
being pronounced guilty, was sentenced to be suspended from 
command for one year. But he was never permitted to join 
the army again. An impertinent letter which he sent to 
Congress provoked that body to dismiss him from the serv- 
ice. Then, with abusive tongue against Congress. AVash- 
ingion. and the patriot cause, he found companionship among 
the enemies of liberty. Before the end of the war his earthly 
career was closed. •* He died as he had lived, loving neither 
God nor man." 

68. The patriots were beset by many foes, the king's sol- 
diers from Great Britain being but a small number com- 

^^ ^^^^ paratively. Thousiinds of kidnapped Germans, 

&nd as we have seen, were sent against them (§ 38). 

their Deeds. Aluiost every family in Hesse mourned for one 

of its members. How many Indians took up the tomalunvk 

* Wa^hiiifft oil's army was then iii a good state of discipline, owing in large 
part to the efforts of General Steuben, a German baron. ''Steuben began 
with one hundred and twenty men. These he drilled twice a day. He took 
the musket into his own hands, and showed the men how he wished them to 
handle it. The only use which the few soldiers who were provided with 
bayonets had hitherto made of them had been as forks on which to roast 
their meat. Within less than four months these same soldiers took Stony 
Point at the point of the bayonet, without tiring a gun. If we class men ac- 
cording to their ser\-ices in the war, no one after Washington and Greene 
stands so high as Steuben " (^^ 73^. — GnTne's G^rmau Ehvuent in tht' War. 

67. What is said about Lee * Give his previous history i§§ 26. 4oV 

68. What four peoples wore fiirhtiug asaiusi the patriots* What i< said of the 
Hossiai s * Of the Tories * Who were the Tories § 31^ ? 



Revolutionary Period. 183 

and Sf'}ilpin<,^-knifo on tlie same side is not known. lUit the 
worst enemies of the 2:)atriots were their neighbors^ the Tories. 
Tiiese were numerous. Some took no part in the war further 
than in words to eondemn tlie eourse of the i)atriots. Others, 
to the num])er of several thousand, entered tlie ranks of the 
royal army, and fought against country and kindred. It was 
no nneommon thing for a father to be on one side in tlie con- 
test and his sons on the other, or for brother to war against 
brother (§ 73). 

69. Many of the Tories were moved by the most malevo- 
lent feelings. By promises of scal])S and plunder they in- 
duced bands of Indians to join them. Then, taking advan- 
tage of the absence of the patriots from their families — 
patriots fighting for liberty in AYashington's army — they fell 
upon the defenseless homes and committed the most cruel 
outrages. Their invasion of the beautiful valley of Wy-o'- 
ming, in Pennsylvania, has few parallels in history for spite- 
ful cruelty. Tlieir leader boasted that he and his party had 
burned a thousand houses (July, 1778). The poet CamjD- 
bell, in his Gertrude of Wyoming, feelingly describes some of 
the incidents in this ^'massacre of Wyoming." About four 
months later bands of Tories and Indians entered Cherry 
Valley, New York, and murdered and scalped women and 
children. General Sullivan went against these merciless In- 
dian foes, and in battle near the Chemung (shemung) River, 
New York, taught them a lesson which they never forgot, 
enforcing it by burning tlieir villages and destroying their 
growing crops of corn (1779). 

70. The vast region north of the Ohio was, during the 

69. What is !-aid of the doinf^s of the Tories and Indians at Wj'oming? Cherry 
Valley ? How were the Indians chastised ? Where is Wyoming (map 2) ? Cherry Val- 
ley ? The Chemung River ? What city now covers the Chemung battleground ? Ans. 
Elmira, formerly the village of Newtown. 

70. What region at the West was held by the British ? Who was Hamilton ? Where 
were his lieadqiiirters ? What inhuman policy did he purrue ? What expedition did 
he plan ? How was the plan frustrated ? Where is KaskMskiu (map 5) ? What is said 
of its a<:e ? 



184 



BevoJutionary Period. 



first years of the war, in the undisputed possession of the En- 
o-lish. Its governor. General Hamilton, from his headquarters 
~ 1 at Detroit, offered rewards for sealps, but not for 

The ^ 

Northwest ' prisoners. Thus incited, tlie savages scoured the 
^^''^^- I country in every direction to murder its unpro- 
tected settlers. Xo person was spared, for the scalp of a woman 
or child brought as big a reward as that of a man. Having made 
bargains with various tribes of Indians. Hamilton planned an 
expedition against what was then the western part of A'irginia 



V 






\ 


1 

i 


--'■ f J 






VV 


"^9 


iU 


K"v^ 




\v ^^ 


^--^ 



iwfc^' 



ii.AiiK rKo~-iNi; ruK i>i;('WM:n i. vm'- of rut: \\ abash (,§ 71V 

and known as the County of Kentucky. Before, however, he 
conld put his plan into execution. Colonel Clark, a backwoods- 
man of the county, was leading a party of volunteers to frus- 
trate him. On rafts and llatboats the Kentuckians floated down 
the Ohio, and, when within a few miles of its mouth, landed, 
and, marching northward, captured Kaskaskia, the oldest 
town in Illinois. Other posts were also captured (1778). 
71. On hearing of these events, Hamilton left Detroit 

71. Give the particulars of Clark's final success. What is said of its importance ? 
Of the age of Viuceunes * Where is Vincennes t^niap 5) * Detroit * 



Revolutionary Period. 185 



and began u marcli toward Kaskaskia. It took liini more 
than a niontli to get to Vincennes {^vin-senz), the oldest town 
in Indiana, and, as has been supposed, " the seat of empire of 
the mysterious race known as Mound J^uilders " (p. 12). 
Tliough the middle of winter liad come, and there were many 
miles between the two commanders. Chirk resolved to seek 
his enemy. After a toiling march of sixteen days, five of 
them in crossing the '^drowned lands of the Wabash, 'Miis 
men often wading up to their breasts in water and holding 
their rifles and i)owder-horns above their heads, he appeared 
before Vincennes. " The hair-buyer,^' as Hamilton was 
called, made a stubborn defense, but in vain. He and his 
troops became prisoners of war (February, 1779). It has 
been said that, ^'^ except for George Rogers Clark and his vic- 
tories, the Northwest would to-day be a British Canadian 
l)rovince." 

72. Ten days after Clinton had evacuated Philadelphia, a 
French fleet, commanded by the Count D'Estaing (des-tang), 
anchored in Delaware Bay, but the British fleet 
and army were already safe at New York. After 
making a futile attempt to co-operate with an 
American force for the capture of a large garrison of the 
enemy stationed near Newport, on Rhode Island, D'Estaing 
sailed for Boston to repair liis ships, they having been dis- 
abled near the island in a furious storm (1778). 

73. The close of the year saw Savannah in the hands of 
the British, it having been captured after a feeble defense by 
a force sent from New York (December 29, 
1778). A few days later, Sunbury and Augusta, 
towns of Georgia, also fell into their hands. 



French 
Ships Arrive. 



War 

at the Soath. 



Thus encouraged, the southern Tories formed themselves into 

72. WHiat aid came to the Americans ? What movement did D'Estainj,' make ? 

73. State what you can of the attempt to recover Savannali. When had Savannah 
fallen into tlie hands of the British ? What other places fell into their hands ? State 
how Sunbury and Savannah are situated (map p. 92). What success did Colonel 
Pickens achieve ? State all you can of Pulaski. 



ISG Revolutionary Period, 



bands for the purpose of laying- wasie ilio plantations of their 
patriot ie neighbors and for plunder. One of these bands, 
seven hundred strong, was pursued by Colonel Piekens. at 
the head of a body of Carolinians, and completely routed (see 
table }\ x*r^). During this year reverse oftener than success 
attended the movements of the Americans at the South, the 
failure of Genenil Lincoln and D'Estaing to recover Savan- 
nah being the most disastrous (October 9). (See table p. '^I'J. ) 
In this failure before Savannah, Pulaski, while leading an 
attack, was mortally wounded (§ 5*2). 

74. At the North, the British gained possession of two 

forts on the Hudson River, one at Stony Point, a rooky hill 

on the west side of the river, the other on an 

eminence on the east side. These, being directly 

opposite each other, formed what our Washing- 



Stomiiiis 
Stony Point 



ton Irving was pleased to call. "The miniature pillars of 
Hercules of whicli Stony Point was the Gibraltar." Reliev- 
ing that tlie further object of the British was to gain West 
Point, the guardian fortress of the river, the capture of these 
two gate forts being merely steps to that end. "Washington 
arranged a plan for the recovery of Stony Point. The place 
was defended by heavy guns and a g*arrison of six hundred 
men. General Wayne. '* Mad Anthony," as he was called 
because of his daring valor, was chosen to lead the enter- 
prise, which was to be conducted at night with the utmost 
secrecy. Accordingly, on the Ukh of July, just after mid- 
night, his troops approached the Point. " Xot a dog 
barked, for every one in the neighborhood had been privately 
destroyed beforehand." Cuiided by a negro, who had been in 
the habit of selling fruit to the garrison, the Americans 
reached the causeway which crossed the morass at the foot 
of the hill. Quickly the British sentinels there were seized. 



74. What losses befell the Americans at the North » What plain did Washington 

.irransrt* * IVscrilv how it was carrioil out. When? is Stony Point (map p. 175^ * Uow 
did Irvins: rt^ni it * (.For commanders, etc . of princi^wl battles, see table jvige 213.) 



Revoiiilionary Period. 187 



Paul Jones's 
Victory. 



Jiiul .i;ii,ii,"^(Ml l,() (>i'(!V('iii, ilicm IVoni i;ivin^- ;iii ;il;ii'iii. In l,\v(j 
(;()limuis tho troops julvjiiKU'd IVomi opposite; sides of the liill, 
"and so well liad the vvliohi alVaii" heen condueted, that they 
wei-e ('h)se npon Uie ontworks before tliey were diseov(u-ed." 
Oil tliey [)ressed, and, heedless of gra])eshot and musketry, 
the two columns i^ained the (tenter of the woi'ks nearly at 
lh(; sam(; moment. The victory was (complete. Not a i^uii 
had been fired ])y the assailants. The bayonet had dcjne its 
silent, deadly work. No event of the war stands out with a 
more brilliant li^ht.* 

75. Our attention has been di)'e(;ted to (tV(;nts on tlie 
land, but there were occurrences on the (xuian, whicdi, if not 
as important, w(U'e nurnerons, and far-rea(diing- 
in their effects. In the year 1770 alone, Ameri- 
can ])i-ivat(!ers ('aj)ture(l abcnit three liundnMl and 
lifty vessels, several of them laden with powdei" and other 
su2)p!ies intended for the British army. The victory <(ained 
at a latei- ])eriod by John Paul Jones, a Scotcdiman by birth, 
stands out as the most intei'estin<^ naval event of the war. 
in command of a government ship of eigiiteen guns, he 
crossed the Atlantic, nuide numerous |)riz(is in the Ihiglish 
Channel, and sailed along the coast of Scotland and around 
Ireland, producing alarm in every direction. lie ended 
the cruise by putting into a French poi't. Aided by Dr. 
Jkmjamin Franklin and the French king, he was placed 
in command of a small S({uadron. To his llag-ship he 
gave the name Bon Homme {liom) Richard, meaning, as the 
F'rencli would translate it, ''Poor Kichard." This he did 

* " Wayjie, who led one of the columns, received at the inner abatis a con- 
tusion on his head from a muslcet ball, and would have fallen to the ijround, 
but his two aides-de-camp supported him. Tiiinkini^ it was a death wound, 
'Carry me into the fort,' said he, ' and let me die at the head of my column.' 
He was borne in l')etween his aids, and s(K)n recovered his self-possession."— 
Innnq'^x Life of Washinifton. 

75. Who was Paul Jones ? How did he trouble the liritisli ? Wluit aid did lie <,'ct 
from T)r. Franklin ? What iiaiiK; did he give to his naj,'-sliii). and wliy •; 



ISS 



Rcvoluiiunary Period, 

_• 



in (.'onipliinonr to the doc- 
tor. •• Poor Ixiohard *' being 
the )iom dc plume nnder 
which tho many wise max- 
ims of that groat American 
phik^soplter were given to the 
jniblic. 

76. With the American 
thig living from the mast - 
head of his vessels, Jones set 
saiL AVhen off Fhun- 
borongh Head, En 
ghmd, he saw a 
1 a r g e W e e t o f 
m erciia n tmen 
nnder convoy of 
two British war 
sli i ps . an d at 
once aave chase. 




1 GKN. WAYNK 



r, K N I. lu; E N K . s r A i' i. ,t on k 



together. In this position the 
longer, lliere beinii- moments w 



u. at tlie age of 
lirty-two, ne 
Mas to do his 
greatest a a y s 
work. Toward 
e V e n i n g tlie 
1\ i c h a rd came 
w i t h i n mnsket 
shot of the Se- 
pis. tlie larger 
cc>nvoy slii}^ a frigate of 
forty-four guns, coui- 
manded by ra}nain Pear- 
son. One of the most 
desperate tights that ever 
took place now began. 
The tiring continued more 
than an hour, when, the 
two ships coming in con- 
tact. Jones with his own 
'■ hands assisted to lash them 
action continued two hours 
lien both ships were on tii'c. 



Hevolntionartj reriod. 189 



Mail fought man with jiiko, pistol, or cuthiss. At U'ligth, 
tho British c<i})tiiin, untiblo to i)roh)ng the contest, hiiuhHl 
tlown his thig- (September ;^3, 1771)).* 

77. As morning dawned tlie Richard was found to be in 
a sinking condition. As rapidly as possible her wounded 
men were removed to the Sei'apis, to which vessel Jones had 
time only to transfer his Hag, when the Ixichard went down. 
The other convoy ship having been captured by one of 
Jones's vessels, the victorious hero steered for Holland. 
When I'earson surrendered, he, of course, deliveretl u}) his 
sword. It is related that Jones immediately returned it, 
sayin.g : '* Vou have fought gallantly, sir, and I hope your 
king will give you a better shi})." Pearson was afterward 
knighted. On hearing of • this, Jones remarked: "lie de- 
served it, and if 1 fall in with him again. I will make a lord 
of him." 

78. We remember how Clinton was ballled in his attempt 
against Charleston, the guns of Fort Moultrie proving too 
much for him (§ oo). lie did not forget the 
failure, and, with better preparations, tried again. 
Just as he was about to make an assault by land 
and water, after a siege of forty days. General Lincoln, com- 
manding the town's defenders, agreed to a surrender (May 
1'^, 1780). The victors at once began the work of plunder. 



The British 

Capture 
Charleston. 



* " Joiu's saw that his only cliaiu'c for an (Miual ii<j,ht was to close with his 
adversary, aiul llii:ht it out, muzzle to muzzle and hand to hand. His first 
attemi)t to close failed. His next was successful, but not a moment too soon. 
The Kichard had received ei,ii:hteen shots below the water line, had four feet 
of water in her hold, four of her jifuns were burst, and a hundred of her men 
were killed or wounded. The ship, in fact, was beaten ; but the indomitable 
heart of Jones, supported by a few S2;allant spirits, was not conquered. Scot- 
tish u;rit carried the day against English pluck." — Purton^s Life of Franklin. 



76. Give an account of Jones's great naval battle. 

77- Give an account of the events next nioniing and afterward witli Pearson. 
78. What success attended Clinton's eft'orts at the South 'i What is said of the 
siege of Savannah and Lincoln's surrender ? Tiie conduct of the victors ? 



190 Revolutionary Period. 

The silver plate of the planters was carried off, and thou- 
sands of slaves were seized and sent to the West Indies to be 
sold into slavery anew. Expeditions were sent from Charles- 
ton against the patriots of the interior. These being success- 
ful, Clinton was not able to see that any more men or. places 
about him were in ^'rebellion.'' So, in the pleasant convic- 
tion that South Carolina was subdued, he returned to Xew 
York, leaving Cornwallis to hold the conquests. 

79. It is true that South Carolina, as well as North Caro- 
lina and Georgia, was under the heel of Cornwallis, yet the 
country was not conquered. No large army was 
there to oppose the British forces, but bands of 
patriots, led by the heroic Sumter, Marion, and 



Partisan 
Warfare. 



Pickens, were constantly on the alert to thwart hostile plans 
and movements. They cut off foraging parties, captured 
supply trains, rescued American prisoners, attacked out- 
lying posts, by these acts cheering the faithful, and giving 
hojoe to the liberty-loving people of the land. 

80. Sumter, because of liis valor, acquired the title of the 
Carolina Game Cock. Cornwallis, after making several vain 
attempts to capture him, declared that "\\q was the greatest 
plague in the country.'^ Marion was equally active. His 
favorite hiding-places Avere in the swamps of the Carolinas. 
In these he found ready refuge, and from them could secretly 
start out on his expeditions. Hence he became known as the 
Swamp Fox. 

81. On one occasion, when Marion was resting in one of 
his swamp retreats, a British oflticer, sent to effect an ex- 
change of prisoners, was conducted blindfolded to his pres- 
ence. The business being finished, Marion invited his visitor 
to stop to dinner. The invitation Avas accepted, though the 



79. What prominent patriots continued active at the South ? What did they do 
and with what effect ? 

80. What is said of Sumter ? What nickname was given to Marion and why ? 

81. State all you can of Marion. Eepeat the lines from Bryant. 



Revolutionary Period. 191 

guest could see no preparations for the repast. Presently 
some sweet potatoes were raked from beneath a heap of hot 
ashes by a soldier, who did the honors of cook and waiter. By 
the free use of his coat-sleeves and vigorous blowing the po- 
tatoes were freed from ashes. Then, on pieces of pine bark, 
they were placed upon the only table there, which happened 
to be the trunk of a fallen tree. '' This is our dinner,^^ said 
Marion. ^'Surely, general, this cannot be your only fare V 
exclaimed the officer. '^Indeed, it is,'^ responded Marion, 
''and we are fortunate, entertaining company, to have more 
than our usual allowance.'' It is related that the officer re- 
turned to his quarters, and, having made his report, left the 
army, declaring that the people whom the British were con- 
tending against could never be conquered. 

so:n'g of makiox's mek. 

" Our band is few but true and tried, our leader frank and bold : 
The British soldier trembles when Marion's name is told. 
Our fortress is the good green wood, our tent the cypress tree ; 
We know the forest round us as seamen know the sea." — Bryant. 

82. It was not long before another army was formed to 
take the place of the one which Lincoln had surrendered 
(§ 78). Congress, mindful of the success which 
had attended Gates at Saratoga, and having a 
high opinion of that officer's ability, placed him 



Battle 

of 
Camden. 



at the head of the new army. Said a brother officer to him : 
*• Take care that you do not exchange northern laurels for 
southern willows.'' Alas ! before many days laurels were ex- 
changed for willows at Sanders Creek, near Camden, South 
Carolina, where Gates fought his first southern battle (August 
16, 1780). 

83. The hero of this battle was the Baron De Kalb, a Ger- 
man, who had been thoroughly educated in the art of war. 

82. What new army was formed ? What is said of its commander ? 

83. Of the battle of Camden and of Baron De Kalb ? Where is Camden (map 2) ? 



192 Re vol ui 10 nary Period. 

Of all the men who crossed the ocean to assist America, he 
was one of the ablest, lie soon gained the favorable opinion 
of Washington by the manner in which he discharged im- 
})ortant duties, and now, in this nnfortnnate battle near 
Camden, ended his brave deeds in a vain attempt to resist a 
bayonet charge made by Cornwallis's entire force. He fell, 
pierced with eleven wonnds, and died three days after, 
Twenty-tive years later the citizens of Camden erected to his 
memory an elegant monnment, the corner-stone of which 
was laid by Lafayette.* 

84. A\'e now come to the darkest scene in the whole war, 
the treason of Arnold. After the British left Philadelphia, 

Treason I -"^^'^^^^^^^ ^^'^^ placed at the head of military atfairs 
of in that city. In the society of rich Tories he 

^^^^^^- I fonnd pleasnre, and presently from among them 
married a yonng and accomplished second wife. To his fond- 
ness for display he then gave fnll scope. He occnpied the 
best honse in the city, rode in a carriage drawn by fonr 
horses, and was waited npon by servants in livery. All this 
cost money, much more than his jmrse could fairly yield. 

85. At length he was accused of dishonest ])ractices in 
the performance of his public duties. He was tried by a 
court-martial, and found guilty of wrong-doing. The sen- 
tence was liiiht. The commander-in-chief, it was decreed. 



* Attempts have boon made to prove that John Kalli. or, as he is best 
known. Baron De Kalb. was a Frenchman, but it is certain that he was born 
in a German town in l?2l. Twentv-two years after he was an othcer in a 
German reiiiment in the service of France. •; In this battle of Camden, three 
times he led his willina: men to the charire. Three times they were forced 
back by snperior nnmbers. His horse was shot nnder him. His head w as laid 
i»pen by a saber stroke, bnt he held his gronnd desperately. At last. Corn- 
wallis concentrated his strensrth in a final charire. Kalb fell, bleeding from 
eleven wounds."' — Greene's Genuan Element in the War. 

84. Which was the darkest scene of the war * What is said of Arnold, his wife, 
and his modo of livinir < 

85. Show by what stops ho oaino to botray his country. Where is West I'oint iniap 
p. 175^ ? \\1iat is said of its strength and importance ? 



Revolutionary Period. 193 

sliould reprimjiiul liiin. AVashington, recalling the erring 
man's brilliant exploits in the service of his country, executed 
the sentence witli reluctance and with true delicacy. Arnold, 
however, Avas not in a mood to appreciate the court's clemency 
or AV'ashington's forbearance, for he had nursed the belief 
tluit he would be ac([uitted of all wrong. lie accused the 
court, and the public as well, of ingratitude. Mortified and 
soured, he began to study how he could be revenged, and, at 
the same time, get money for his purse. His last active serv- 
ice in tlie field had been at Saratoga, where he was severely 
wounded. Pretending that the wounds still made it painful 
for him to ride a horse, and therefore unfitted him for field 
duty, he expressed a wish to have the command at West 
Point. That Washington had not the least susj^icion respect- 
ing Arnold's base intentions is proved by the fact that he 
readily gratified the wish. Arnold was now in command of 
a strong fortress, regarded as ^^the keystone of the country." 
Said Clinton: ^^If we could capture West Point, we would 
soon end the rebellion.'' 

86. Revenge and gold seemed now w^ithin easy reach of 
Arnold. By means of a correspondence coiulucted wath art 
and secrecy, he olfered to betray West Point and all the other 
forts in the Highlands of the Hudson, into tlie hands of 
Clinton. The offer was acce2)ted, and Major Andre (an'-drd) 
was sent by Clinton to arrange the terms of the bargain. 
After midniglit, September 22d, Andre was silently rowed 
from the British sloop Vulture, at anchor in the Hudson, to 
the west side of the river, about six miles below the Point. 
'•At the foot of a shadowy mountain, a solitary place, the 
luiun't of the owl and the whip-poor-will," a spot well fitted 
for so dark a business, the two men met, and plotted, as they 
thought, the utter ruin of the patriot cause. 

87. Andre had expected to return to New York on the 

86. How, where, and for what purpose did Arnold meet Andre ? 

87. How and wliy did Andre cross to the east side of the Hudson ? 

13 



104 Jierolutioftary Period. 

Vulture.* Contrary to his plan, however, and ag;\inst his in- 
oliuation. he consented to be rowed across the river to its east- 
ern shore, and go to New York by land. For a few miles, 
after crossing the river, he was accompanied by a person who 
was either a dupe or a willing tool of Arnold, we don't know 
which. Then, being provided with a passport from the 
traitor. Andre proceeded alone on horseback. He was happy 
in the tliought that he was the bearer of a plan by which 
the •• rebellion " was to be crushed and his name gloritied. 

88. Just before reaching Tarrytown he was stopped by 
three men, John Paulding. David Williams, and Isaac Van 
Wart, members of a little band of volunteers who Avere on 
the lookout for freebooters from the British lines. ** Where 
are you going,? " demanded John Paulding. Supposing that 
the three men were Tories, friends of his king. Andre re- 
plied : "Gentlemen, I hope you belong to our party!"*' 
"Which party?" asked Paulding. "The lower partv," 
said Andre. " We do," was Paulding's reply. Then, feel- 
ing himself safe. Andre threw off all reserve, and informed 
his hearers that he was a British otticer "on particular busi- 
ness." Upon this, his captors avowed themselves to be 
Americans, and, compelling him to get off his horse, led him 
into the bushes to search for papers. Xone were found until 
they pulled off his boots and stockings, when six. all in 
Arnold's handwriting, fell to the ground. Glancing at them, 
Paulding exclaimed, " My God ! he is a spy ! " Said Andre : 
" I will give you my horse, Siiddle, and bridle, if you will let 



* " Colonel Livinsrston. who oommamletl the American pvrrison at Ver- 
planck's Point, leiirninii: where the Vulture wa^ at anchor, had *eut a party 
with cannon to drive the sloop away, and now they were liriuir upon her. 
Andrt' watched the cannonade with an anxious eye. and at last s;iw the vessel 
weiirh anchor, and drop down the river out of reach oi cannon shot." — L-fimg^s 
Lift of Wiii<hitt(fton. 



B8- Give a full account of Andre's capture, his attempt to bribe his captors, and 

other facts. Give the names of his c.nptors. Whotv is Tarrytown map p. 175) ? 



licvolutionary Period. 195 

me go. 1 will give you a liuiidred guineas, any sum of 
money." "No/" broke in Paulding, " not for ten thousand 
guineas." The three patriots condueted Andre to the near- 
est American post, "and then went their way, not asking a 
reward for their services nor leaving their names " (k^jeptem- 
ber 23, 1780). 

89. The commander of the post, '^ bewildered," as Wash- 
ington afterward said, and not having the least suspicion of 
the treacherous part Arnold was performing, sent a letter in 
haste to the traitor, informing him of the capture of Andre. 
On receipt of this, Arnold, leaving his wife in a swoon on the 
lloor, hun-icd out of the iiouse and to the river like a felon, 
and in his barge, swiftly rowed by six men who did not dream 
that a traitor was at the helm, succeeded in getting to the 
Vulture. 

90. Andre was taken across the Hudson, and, under a 
strong escort, was conducted to the place selected for his 
triid. Major Tallmadge, the commander of the escort, rode 
by his side, and the two men conversed with little reserve. 
'^ What, in your opinion, will be the result of my capture ?" 
asked Andre. Tallmadge did not reply at on(;e, but being 
urged, said : "I had a much-loved classmate in Yjde Col- 
lege, by the name of Xathan Hale, who entered the army in 
1775. Immediately after the battle of Long Island, General 
Washington Avanted information respecting the strength, posi- 
tion, and probable movements of the enemy. Hale tendered 
his services, went over to Brooklyn, and was taken just as he 
was passing the outposts of the enemy on his return. Do 
you remember the sequel ?" *^ Yes," said Andre, "he was 
hanged as a spy, hut you surely do not consider his case and 
mine alike ?" " Yes, precisely similar, ami similar will be 
your fate," replied Tallmadge (§42). Andrews offense was 



89. Descril)e how Arnold made his escape. Where is West Point (map p. 175) ? 
90- Eepeat the conversation between Andre and Tallmadge. Repeat what is paid 
of Andre's trial and execution. Describe the picture on page 190. 



196 



Jici'olufionan/ FerioiL 



clear. He was a spy. and. by the laws of war. was condemned 
to be hanged. He walked to the place of execution, and. step- 
ping into the wagon under the gallows, took off his hat. put 
the rope around his neck, and tied a handkerchief over his 
eyes. The wagon was moved away, he swung in air. and died 
almost without a struggle (October •^). (See map p. 1T5.) 



':> ^zM4 




^^p^pi^K^ 


ft. 


:^ k y " . ^^M^^^y^g^^^ £? 


i 


-fi*=5;r ' :-:-5£:^^=^^^^^^^^^^^^^S 


^yi 



BEADlNOx ANPKE < DEATU-WAKUAN T TO HIM. 

91. Let us turn to the South once more, where a great, 
change in the fortunes of the war was in rapid progress. 



The War 

at the South. 



This had its beginning at King's Mountain. 

South Carolina, in the defeat and capture of 

twelve hundred Tory house-burners (October, 

1T80). It was greatly helped by General ^lorgan (§ 30), at 
the Cowjiens, where eleven hundred of England's best troops. 



91. Give an acx-otint of the Kiiiir's Mountain battle. Of the Cowpens battle. Of 
Coinwallis's pursuit of Morgan and (.ireene. Where did we hear of Morg:»n before 
vp. 159) ? Where is King's Mountain ^map -J) ? The Cowpens ? 



Revolutionary Period. 197 

commanded by Tarleton, Cornwallis's favorite, were com- 
pletely routed (January, 1781). Knowing that the main 
body of the enemy was not far distant, Morgan, with six 
hundred prisoners, hurried off, and in North Carolina was 
joined by General Greene, Gates's successor. As Morgan had 
expected, Cornwallis gave pursuit. For two hundred miles, 
in storms and across rivers, the chase was kept up, but in 
vaiu. (For some particulars of battles, see table page 212.) 

92. With additions to his force, and encouraged by the 
excellent spirit among his meii, Greene turned about and 
attacked his baffled enemy. The action, known as the battle 
of Guilford {gJiW -furd) Court-house, lasted more than two 
hours, and though Greene could not claim a victory, the 
British army was so cut up that Cornwallis, fearing another 
attack, left his wounded to be cared for by the Americans, 
and hastened to get beyond the reach of his new tormentor 
(March 15). We shall next meet him at Yorktown, Virginia 
(§ 94). At Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden, Lord Rawdon, in 
command of the British in South Carolina, attacked Greene 
and compelled him to retreat (April 25).* Though Greene 
was again defeated, this time by General Stuart at Eutaw 
(il'-taw) Springs, he was in better condition than his adver- 
sary to renew the contest (September 8). Greene had not 
gained great victories, it is true, yet during his brief career at 
the South, all of the Carolinas and Georgia, with the exception 

* "This same Rawdon soon sailed for England, but not till after a last act 
of vengeful inhumanity. Isaac Hayne, a planter, whose alfeetions were 
always with America, had, after the fall of Charleston, surrendered himself, 
but avowed his resolve never to meet a call for military service under the 
British flag. When the British lost his part of the country and could protect 
him no longer, he resumed his place as an American citizen, and led a regi- 
ment against them. Taken prisoner, he was condemned to an ignoble death. 
Against the entreaties of his children and of the women of Charleston, Raw- 
don sent him to the gallows." — BancrofVs HMovy of the United States. 

92. Give an account of the Guilford Court-house battle. Of the second battle of 
Camden. Of the battle of Eiitaw Springs. Where are those three places (map 2) ? 
What is said of General Greene ? 



198 BevoJutio7iary Period. 

of three seaport towns, was restored to the patriots. lie stood 
next to Washington in the affection of his countrymen, and. in 
their opinion, next to him fqr ability, as a general in the army. 

93. Do we care to know anything further of the traitor 
Arnold ? He had fought with zeal and courage against the 
king ; now, with revengeful feelings, he fought for the king. 
Durinar a short time he commanded a British force in Vir- 
ginia, when he set fire to Eichmond (January, 1T81). To one 
of his prisoners, it is related, he put the question: ••If the 
Americans should catch me, what would they do with me V 
The prompt reply was : ** They would cut off your leg that 
was wounded at Saratoga, and bury it with the honors of war, 
but the rest of you they would hang." Eight months later, 

in command of an expedition, he invaded 
his native State, Connecticut, and plun- 
dered and burned Xew^ London. Fort 
Oris wold, commanded by Colonel Ledyard, 
brother of the celebrated traveler, repulsed 
several assaults, but was finally carried by 
storm. •'• Who commands this garrison? " shouted Arnold's 
Tory captain. ''I did, sir, but you do now," replied Led- 
vard, as he delivered up his sword. Instantly the malignant 
captain grasped the weapon, and plunged it through the body 
of Ledyard, killing him upon the spot (September 7, 1T81).* 

94. It was the opinion of Clinton, the head of the king's 
g^^^^g^ — : forces in America, that Chesapeake Bay, with 

of ' the country about it, should be fully in possession 

cornwaiiis. i ^^ ^|^g British. Yielding to this opinion, Corn- 

wallis occupied Yorktown, then a small village of Virginia. 

* Arnold went to Eno:land and received a lar2:e sum of money from the 
British government, but his life afterward was neither prosperous nor happy. 
Men of honor shunned him. and he was often insulted. He died in obscurity. 




93. Give the further history of Arnold. Where is Richmond (map 2) ? 

94. At what place did Cornwallis make a final stand ? What injury had he inflicted 
npou the patriots ? Where is Yorktowu (^map i) ? 



Revolutionary Period. 199 

This place, as well as the point of land on the other side of 
the York River known as Gloucester {gloa'-ter), he fortified 
as speedily as j)Ossible. During his march from the Caro- 
linas (§ 92) he had plundered dwellings, burned barns, de- 
stroyed growing crops, and carried olf horses and slaves. 
]N"ow, with Greene south of him, Lafayette west of him, and 
French sliips in Delaware Bay, his entire business was to 
guard against capture. In the hope of capturing Arnold, 
AYashington had sent Lafayette with about twelve hundred 
men to Virginia (note p. 171). 

95. Deluded with the conviction that Washington was 
making preparations to attack New York, Clinton delayed 
to send help to Cornwallis. AVashington, rapidly followed by 
American and French regiments, hastened to the new scene of 
war, and Yorktown was soon completely surrounded. The 
French ships were commanded by De Grasse {gras) : their 
troops were under Ivochambeau (ro-sham-bo'). The siege 
lasted nearly a month, during which there was much hard 
fighting, and many lives were lost. Cornwallis, losing all 
hope of aid from Clinton and no longer able to resist, offered 
to surrender. The terms being agreed upon, the event, so 
mortifying to Cornwallis, so cheering to AVashington and his 
allies, took place on the 19th of October, 1781. The land 
forces Avere surrendered to the Americans, the ships to the 
French. More than eight thousand soldiers and sailors, the 
flower of the British army and navy, became prisoners of war.* 

96. Great was the joy of the patriots as the good news 
spread throughout the land. " Cornwallis is taken! '^ shouted 
the delighted people. One of Washington's aids, riding night 
and day as fast as horse could carry him, took the glad tid- 

* "On that very day the lingering armament intended for the relief of 
Cornwallis sailed from New York. Clinton hovered off the mouth of the 
Chesapeake several days, when, finding that he had come too late, he turrfed 
his tardy prows toward New York." — Irving'' s Washington. 

96. Give the particulars of the siege of Yorktown, and its closing events. 

96. How was the news of the result received ? What occurred in Philadelphia ? 



200 Revolutionary Period. 

iiigs to Philadelphia. It was midnight when he entered the 
city. The watchmen shouted : ** Cornwallis is taken I " The 
cry, ringing out upon the frosty air, aroused thousands from 
their beds, and soon the streets were thronged with happy 
men and women. '^ The old State House bell rang out its 
notes of gladness, and the first blush of morning was greeted 
with the booming of cannon."' 

97. The rejoicings in France, as the welcome tidings were 
received, were hearty and general. Congratulations from 
every quarter were showered upon Dr. Franklin. His friends 
gathered about him, and one, a grand duke, kissed him for 
joy. Said Franklin : '* Could I have hoped at such an age to 
have enjoyed so great happiness ?'' In England, the vexed 
and disappointed people exclaimed, as with one voice : *' Let 
the war be stopped ! Let us not kill any more of our kindred 
in America ! " King George, as stubborn as ever, again de- 
clared that he would ''never agree to a separation from 
America." 

98. Public sentiment, however, in time influenced both 
king and Parliament. A new ministry was formed, and a 

commissioner was sent to Paris to confer with 

'- ) Franklin. A movement was thus begun, which, 



reaching the first stage, a preliminary treaty (November 30, 
1782), ended in a complete treaty between the United States 
and Great Britain (September 3, 1783). Associated with 
Franklin in these important negotiations were John Adams 
and John Jay. Adams had been in Holland, performing 
valuable service for his country by making treaties, and by 
borrowing money to meet the wants of Congress. By the 
terms of the treaties with Great Britain, the independence of 
the United States was fully acknowledged. Great Britain gave 
uj") all claim to the territory from the St. Croix to the ]\rissis- 

97. What took place in France ? In England? What said King George ? 

98. When, where, and by whom on the part of our country was the treaty of peace 
made ? What were its terms ? What is said of John Adams ? 



Uevolutionary Period. 201 



si|)})i, I'roni tlie great lakes to Florida, and ceded to our fisli- 
eriuen "equal rights with British fishernien to take fish on the 
coast of Newi'oundland, and on the coasts, bays, and creeks 
of all other British dominions in America/" 

99. While Franklin, Adams, and Jay were engaged in tlie 
slow business of making treaties, Washington and his army 
were in quarters at Newburgh, on the Hudson. 
Congress had borrowed large sums of money, yet 
was in great need of more. There was hardly 



Washington 

Refuses to be 

a King. 



enough at command to buy sufficient meat and bread from 
day to day for the needy soldiers. A faction of the officers, 
attributing their distress to the republican form of govern- 
ment under which the States were ruled, thought that a 
monarchy, with AVashington as king at its head, would be 
decidedly better. Said they : '^ We want a patriot king at the 
head of a united people."' A letter to that effect was sent to 
Washington, but he, astonished and pained, declined to be a 
party to the proposed scheme, and, by his decided refusal and 
timely rebuke, speedily put an end to it. 

100. The war was ended. As the British troops and nu- 
merous Tories left the city of New York, in November, 1783, 
AVashington, at the head of a large procession of 
citizens and soldiers, entered it. A scene of re- 
joicing followed, ending at night with a grand 



Resigns 

his 
Command. 



display of fireworks. And now, what more is there for Wash- 
ington to do ? Eight years before. Congress intrusted him 
with a commission. Now, tlie object of his efforts being 
attained, he resolves to carry out his original intention. lie 
Avill lay down his authority, retire to his home on the Poto- 
mac, and become a private citizen. 

101. The parting with his officers in the city of New York 

99. Where were Washington and his army meanwhile ? What distress was press- 
ing upon them ? (Jive an account of what followed, the offer to him, and his refusal. 
Where is Newbnrgh (map p. 175)? 

100. Describe New York's lirst Evacuation Day. How is New York situated ? 

101. Describe Washington's parting with his officers. His surrender of his com- 
mission. Where is .Annapolis (map 4) ? Do you know of another Annapolis (map 2) ? 



202 Revolutionary Period. 

was sorrowful. ** Witli a heart full of love and gratitude," 
said he, *' I now take leave of you, most devoutly wishing that 
your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your 
former ones have been glorious and honorable." Affected to 
tears, he took General Knox's hand, and gave him a brother's 
embrace, and in the same manner took leave of each of the 
others. At the ferry a barge was in waiting. ** Washington 
entered it, turned, took oft" his hat, and waved a silent adieu." 
Everywhere, on his journey to Annapolis, where Congress was 
in session, the people hailed him with enthusiasm. Appear- 
ine: before Cono-ress, he delivered a short address, and resio-ned 
his commission as commander-in-chief of the army (Decem- 
ber ;23, irS3). 

102. On Christmas eve, twenty-four hours later, he reached 
his home, his beloved Mount Vernon, "in a frame of mind 
suited to enjoy the sacred and genial festival." There, as a 
farmer and planter, he hoped to spend the remainder of his 
days, free from all public cares. While in this retirement he 
was often spoken of as the " Cincinnatus of America," in al- 
lusion to the illustrious hero of ancient times, who, according 
to the story, was called from his farm, which he cultivated 
with his own hands, to be the Dictator of Rome when the 
city was threatened by a hostile army. Cincinnatus, having 
gained a great victory, and thus freed his country from dan- 
ger, resigned his office, and returned to his farm and his plough. 

103. The States of the Union were held together by the 
compact known as the Articles of Confederation, but experi- 

Defectsofthe ^^^^'^' ^^'"^^ provcd it to be of little worth (§ 04). 
Form of It did uot moct the iieeds of government. Con- 

Goyernment. g-j.^^^^ \y^^ borrowed uiouey, but did not have power 
to procure funds to pay the debt. If the States were called 
upon for money, and did not respond, there was no power to 

102 To what ph\ce did Washington retire ? What is said of his life there ? Where 
is Mount Vernon (map 7) ? How did Washington resemble Cincinnatus ? 

103. Give the his^toryof the Articles of Confederation, ^^ame their defects. 



Revolufionary Period. 203 



com2)ol tlioni. 'I'luij liMil war debts of t\wAV owii^ in addition 
to their overy-dtiy cx])enses, and could not easily raise money 
for general purposes. Congress could not regulate commerce 
with foreign countries, nor even between the States. Such 
were some of the defects in the existing form of government. 

104. The men who with word, pen, or sword had fought 
the battles of the Revolution saw with deep concern that the 
Ship of State, as then rigged, was not suited to I 

.1 1, 4. 1 A • ^1 11 The Constitution. 

the voyage belore her. A serious outbreak, known i . 

as Shays^s Rebellion, occurred in Massachusetts. People there 
were dissatisfied with their State government. They said that 
the taxes were burdensome, that the governor's salary was too 
high, and that the legislature was aristocratic. Two thousand 
men in arms, with Daniel Shays as their leader, defied the 
rightful authority (1787). This outbreak was put down 
with little bloodshed, l)ut might not another, a more serious 
one, occur, and who could tell what the consequences would 
be? It was agreed that the Articles might be so altered as to 
give Congress greater power. With that object delegates from 
the States met in Philadelphia. AVashington was drawn from 
his retirement, and, by the unanimous vote of the delegates, 
was chosen to jireside over the convention. Before him sat 
statesmen and soldiers, of whose service in the cause of free- 
dom the people were justly proud. Among them were James 
Madison, afterward President of the United States ; Alexander 
Hamilton, soon to be the first Secretary of tlie Treasury ; and 
the venerable Dr. Franklin, now more than eighty years of age. 

105. Franklin had passed through every change of for- 
tune, and seen every phase of human nature. '^ The son of 
a tallow chandler, his early years were spent among the chil- 
dren of laborers and mechanics. While still a stripling, with 
only a few pence in his pocket, he went forth to seek his 

104. What is paid of Shays's Rebellion ? What steps were taken to correct the de- 
fects in the Articles ? Who was chosen to preside ? Who else were in the convention ? 

105. What is said of Dr. Franklin? Give an account of his part in the history of 
his country. (He was born in Boston in 1706 ; he died in Philadelphia in 1790.) 



204 



Revolutionary Period. 



fortune, slept in cellars and garrets, and ate that bread wliicli 
is the bitterest of all food. In his old age he came to stand 
before kings and parliaments, \vas honored by all manner of 
learned societies, and was made the friend of poAverfnl states- 
men and of men c— rsi^^^^^^S^^SE!:^:^! renowned i n 
every walk of |i^HHBHHHH^^^^Kfi| science and art 
(§97). From |^^BpPF''^^^^^^^^M^ this school, 
which would ^^HP - ^^^^^H ^^^^^ ^^^i^^^^^ ^^ii 

ordinary being, f^^BL- ^^a. v-^ ^^^^^1 ^^^ came forth a 
rounded and [^^H^^^^tf^^^|BI P^^'^^ct man, 
the most kind- I^HHK'^-^^^H^^^^^^HI hearted, the 



most genial, 
suniing of nior- 
106. These 
men met to im- 
oles of Confed- 



the most unas- 
tals." 

•^ood and true 

)rove the Arti- 

eration (May, 




1787). As, however, their \ ons progressed, they slowly 

discovered that the Articles were too imperfect for mend- 
ing, and that a very different form of government was 
necessary. 8o, at the end of four months, they gave to the 



106. "SVhat grand work was done bj' the Constitutioiiiil Convention ? 
Gladstone many years after say of that work ? Who was Gladstone ? 



What did 



Revolutionary Period. 205 

people the Constitution of the United States, ^^the most won- 
derful work/' says Gladstone, one of England's eminent 
statesmen, ''ever struck off at a given time by the brain and 
purpose of man." With a few amendments, made in after 
years, it is the same Constitution we still have (see the Ap- 
pendix, p. G). 

107. It was not to be expected that every man in the land 
would at once be satisfied with the pro[)osed form of govern- 
ment. Some persons said that it gave too much power to 
Congress, others said that it did not give enough. Some 
thought that it took too much power from tlic States, others 
that it took too little. Its friends were called Federalists ; its 
ojiponents were known as Anti-federalists; and these names 
continued to be used to designate 2'>olitical parties long after 
the Constitution had become the law of the land. It must 
not be inferred that those who disliked the Constitution were 
not good patriots. In their ranks Avere Patrick Henry, and, 
at first, Samuel Adams, Edmund Kandol2:)h, and Thomas 
Jefferson. 

108. When, after a deal of discussion, the merits of the 
Constitution came to be understood, much of the opposition 
to it ceased. Eleven of the States ratified it, and as by its 
terms the consent of nine States was to be sufficient for its 
adoption, it went into effect. Maryland, one of the eleven, 
had refused to ratify till all the States claiming lands west of 
their State limits had ceded such lands to the general govern- 
ment for the general good (map 3). In bringing about the 
happy result, no one deserved more credit than Hamilton, 
Madison, and Jay, who, in a series of essays published in the 
newspapers, explained and defended the Constitution. The 
first of these papers was written by Hamilton as he came down 



107. What oppositif)n did tho Constitution cnconntor ? What ntimc was given to 
its friends ? To its opponents 't 

108- What is said of its ratification ? Of Maryland's opposition 1' Of The Federal- 
ist papers '/ By whom were they written ? Wliat is said of their teachings ? 



206 Ilevolutionary Period. 



the Hudson in the cabin of a sloop. Tliev wore afterward 
published, in one volume, called The Federalist ; and to 
that book Webster, Calhoun, Clay, Benton, Cass, and our 
other great law-makers resorted in after years, when they 
wanted lii^ht upon disputed points in the Constitution. Two 
of the authors of the famous writings, Hamilton and Madi- 
son, were members of the Convention that framed the Consti- 
tution, hence they wrote as having authority. 



REVIEW OUTLINE. 



109. The nu'asuros on the part of England to monopolize all trade 
with her colonies, to stifle all their manufacturing operations, and to im- 
pose taxes upon them without tlieir consent, were the primary causes of 
the Revolution. Tlie immediate causes were the Stamp Act (1705) and 
the Tea Tax (1707). The principal preliminary incidents were the Boston 
Massacre (1770), the Boston Tea Party (1774), and the First Continental 
Congress (1774). 

110. The battle of Lexington began the war (1775). The second im- 
portant event was Allen's capture of Ticonderoga, which gave the patriots 
guns and ammunition, and put into their possession a barrier against 
British invasion from Canada. The election of Washington to command 
the army took place just two days before the battle of Bunker Hill. The 
expedition against Canada, with Arnold leading one of its wings through 
the wilderness of Maine, was intended to silence the menaces from that 
(juarter. and to win its inhabitants to liberty's side. ]Montgomery's death 
at Quebec defeated the plan. 

111. The departure of Howe from Boston set his troops at liberty to 
attack Charleston and New York (1770). Charleston's fort of palmetto 
logs punished them severely; and this timely victory encouraged the pa- 
triots in Congress to press for independence, which was declared six 
days after the victory. Now we are no longer colonists. We are citi- 
zens of an independent nation. Before the British can secure New York 
they must fight an opposing army on L(Mig Island. They are victorious, 
and it is their most decided and important victory of the wliole war. It 
gives to tliem, in its consequences. Brooklyn and New York, and makes 
it necessary for Washington to retreat to tlie Delaware. It also gives 



Revolutionary Period. 



209 



1780. ('IIARLESTON WAS SURRENDERED TO THE BRITISH (^ 78)... May 12. 
Battle of Sanders Creek (1st Camden)— Americans were defeated (§ 82). August 16. 

AUNOLD PLOTTED TO BETUAV WeST PoINT TO THE BuiTISH (§84) 

Andre was executed as a spy (§90) Octol)er 2. 

Battle of King's Mountain— British weke defeated (§ 91) October 7. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens — British were defeati':d (i^ 91). . . .Jan. 17. 

Articles of Confederation were ratified by tbe States (§ 64) March 1. 

Battle of (iiiiiford Court-house— Americans were defeated (§ 92) March 1.5 

Battle of Ilobkirk's Hill cJd Canidcii) -Americans were defeated (§ 92). April 2.5. 

British expedition uix.iiiist New London (§93) Sept. 6. 

Battle of Eutaw Springs— last in tlie Caroiinas (§ 92i Sept. 8. 

SURIIENDEII OF CORNWALLIS AT YoRKTOWN (§95) Octoberl9. 

1782. i'reliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris (§98) Nov. 30. 

1783. Savannah was evacuated by the British July 11. 

1783. Definitive Treaty of Peace was signed at Paris (i^ 98). .Sept. o. 

New York was evacuated by the British (§ 100) Nov. 25. 

Charleston was evacuated by the British Dec. 14. 

Washington resitrned his command to Congress (§ lOlt Dec. 23. 

1787. Shays's Rebellion occurred in Massachusetts (§ 104) January. 

1787. Constitution of U. S. adopted by Convention (^ 10(5). . .Sept. 17. 

1789. Eleven States haviiif^ adopted the Constitution, Congress decided 

that it shoidd go into effect on the 4th of March, 1789. 



TOPICS FOK REVIEW. 



Biographical.— Te^/ who they ivere^ for w/iaf they were noted, and with 
icluii ei'cids lliey ivere connected. 



PAGE. 

Adams, J . . . 151-200 
Adams, S.151, App. 6 

Allen 1.54 

Andre 193-196 

Arnold 154-198 

Baum 177, 178 

Barton 180 

Burgoyne. . . .173-179 
Clinton, . 160, 181, 189 

199 

Clark 184 

Cornwallis. .166-199 

Conway 173 

D'Estaing...l8.5, 186 

De Kalb 191 

De Grasse 199 

Franklin. 108, 146-203 
Gage.... 149, 151, 154 

1.59 
Gates. 157,17.3,178,191 

Greene 154-197 

14 



I'AOE. 

Hale .... 16,5, 166, 195 
Hamilton, A. 203, 205 
Hamilton, Gov.. 184 
Henry... 123, 143, 150 

205 

Herkimer 176 

Howe (3) 1.56-181 

Hayne 197 

Hancock. 142, App. 5 

Jasper 160 

Jay 151-205 

JeflEerson....l62, 205 

Jones 187 

Kosciusko 179 

Knox 202 

Lafayette. 171, 181, 199 

Ledyard 198 

Lee, C ..1.57, 167, 181 

182 
Lee, R. H....151, 161 
Lincoln 186, 189 



]'A(;e. 

Livingston 162 

McCrea 175, 176 

Marion 190 

Madison 203 

Mercer 170 

Montgomery. 157, 1.59 

Morgan 1.59, 196 

Morris 169 

Moultrie 160 

Otis 144 

Oliver 145 

Paulding 194 

Percy 152 

Pickens. 186, 190,212 

Pitcairn 152 

Pitt 11.5, 145, 181 

Prescott 155 

Pulaski 171,186 

Putnam. 1.54, 1.57, 164 

Pearson 188 

Randolph, P.... 150 



Randolph, L 




205 


Rawdon 




197 


Rochambeai 


. , 


199 


St. Clair ... 




175 


St. Leger... 


174, 


176 


Schuyler. 157 


,175 


.178 


Sherman 




162 


Stark 


154 


178 


Steuben 




182 


Sumter 




190 


Sullivan .... 




l&i 


Shays 




203 


Tallmadge. . 




195 


Trumbull. . 




142 


Tarleton . . . 


197 


212 


Van Wart.. 




194 


Wayne.. 172, 


186, 


187 


Ward 


154, 


157 


Warren 




157 


Warner 




178 


Williams... 




194 



210 



Revolutionary Period. 



Geographical — 

lev re con nee feci. 

PAGE. 

Annapolis 202 

Augusta 1S5 

Baltimore 180 

Bonninsrton 178 

IVmisHoidus.. l?.! 

Boston 145-160 

BifoiVs Hill.... 155 

Brooklyn KU 

Brandywino C'r'k 171 
Cambridge ..131, 158 

Camden 192, 197 

Chad's Ford .... 171 
Charleston... 148-212 
Cherry Valley . . 183 

Coneord 152 

Cowpens. . . . 190, 212 
Charlesto\vn.l53. 150 
Champlain, Lake 154 
Crown Point. . . 175 
Chemumi liiver. 185 



Tel! where they are located and with what events they 



Detroit 184 

DorcKester ll'ts. 159 | 
Eutaw Sp'gs.l97. 212 
Faneuil Hall. 147. 149 
Flamboro' Head, 

188, 212 
Guilford C.H.197.212 
Germanto\vn.l72. 212 
Griswold. Ft.l9.S,212 

Gloucester 198 

Hubbardton .175.212 
Harlem Heights. 166 
Hobkirk'sHill.. 

197, 212 

Kaskaskia 184 

King's Mt... 196, 212 
Kennebec Riv.52. 159 
Lexingtcm. . .152. 212 
Long Island .IW. 212 
Lancaster 180 



P.\GE. I 

Moultrie, Ft. 160, 212 

Mt. Vernon 202 

Monmouth. .181. 212 

:Morristo\vn 170 ] 

Montreal 159 ^ 

Mohawk River. . 176 

Newport 185 

New York . . . 145-201 ' 
Narrag'nsett Bay 148 
New London.... 198 

Newburgh 201 

Oriskany 176 

Paoli 172, 212 

Piinceton ..170,212 
I Philadelphia. 145-203 

Paris 180, 200 

I Quebec 159,212 

! Richmond. 198 

i Saratoga ....179, 212 
' Savannah. 185.186-212 ! 



PAUE. 

stony Point. 186, 212 

St. John's 159 

Sullivan's Isl'd. . 160 
Stillwater ...179.212 

Sunbury 185 

St. Ci-oix River. 200 

Schuyler, Ft 176 

Staten Isl'd..l63, 171 
Ticonderoga, Ft. 

154-175 

Trenton 167. 212 

Valley Forge.... 172 

Vincennes. 185 

White Plains. 166, 212 

West Point 193 

Wash'ton. 1-^.166,212 

Wyoming 183 

York 180 

Yorktown 

198. 199. 212 



Historical. — I. The causes of tlio Kovolutiotiary War. — '2. Kveuts that 
led io the Declaration of Iiulepcmleuce. — 3. Ten of tlie most distin- 
guished signers of the Declaration with the colonies they represented (Ap- 
pendix p. 4). — 4. Account of the four battles that liad already been fought. 

5. Account of tlie battle of Long Island witli its train of disasters. — (>. 

When, how, and l)y whom Washington was placed at the head of the 
army. — 7. Account of Washington's movements from that time till the 
close oi tlie war. — 8. Account of Greene's movements. — 9. The com- 
manders who surrendered their armies, when, where, and to whom. — 10. 
Account of the military events that took place in Massachusetts. — 11. In 
Rhode Island.— l*.i. Coimecticut.— 18. New York.— 14. New Jersey.— lo. 
Pennsylvania.— 10. North Carolina.— IT. South Carolina.— 18. Georgia. 

19. The four successive chief commanders of the king's troops during 

the war, with what they did (Carleton was the hist).— 20. Length of the 
war. with first and last dates, how the war began and ended, naming the 
final actors.— 21. Tlie battles in which the Americans were successful, 
with the names of the cominandei-s on both sides. — 22. Same in which 
the British were successful. — 28. The two greatest victories to the 
Americans, and why, naming tlie conseiiuences. — 24. Their two greatest 



Revolutionary Period. 211 

(lofeats, etc. — 25. Which generals on both sides were taken prisoners, 
when, where, and by whom. — 26. Which generals were killed, with other 
facts about them. — 27. Which four countries of Europe furnished olTi- 
cers for the American army, giving the names and nationality of the offi- 
cers, and stating what they did. — 28. Name twelve Americans renowned 
as statesmen during the war, stating what they did. — 29. Name the most 
important service rendered by Franklin, giving the particulars of the 
service. — 80. By Jefferson. — 31. By John Adams. — 32. By Ricliard 
Henry Lee. — 33. What important treaty was made, stating what events 
led to it, and iiow it was of benefit to the Americans. — 34. The treaty 
closing the war, when, where, and by whom it was made, its date and 
terms. — 35. The boundaries of the United States then, and how they 
ditt"er from the present boundaries. — 30. The liistory of the Articles of 
Confederation, stating its defects, and what took its place (see the Appen- 
dix, p. 7). — 37. Give the names of four of the; nuMi who helped to frame 
the Constitution, and state how they labored to have it ado})ted. — 
38. What objections were urged against it, naming its enemies and 
friends. — 39. Name the five leading Federalists and the five on the other 
side. — 40. Name in clironological order thirty of the most ini})ortant 
events of the Revolution, with the year in which eacli occurred. — 

41. State what Congresses were held during the Revolutionary Period, 
what measures they adopted, what they accomplished, and wliy they 
were not always held in the same i)lace (see also tlie Appendix, p. 7). — 

42. Name the i)laces in which Congress nu't, stating where they arc 
located. — 43. State what kind of money was used during the Revolution- 
ary Period (i)p. 124, 125, 109, 210).* 



* "In 177'4 Connecticut directed the issue of £15,000 (about . 175,000) in bills 
of credit of the colony. This was the iirst issue of paper money in the colo- 
nies preparatory to war. During the war the other colonies and States issued 
paper money. There were in circulation many pieces of silver whose values 
bore no relation to their names. They bore the stamps of many foreign mints, 
were called by all manner of names, and possessed different values in different 
l)laccs. A shilling in New England was a very different sum of money from a 
shilling in New York. In 1784 the entire coin of the land, except coppers, 
was the i)roduct of foreign mints. English guineas, crowns, shillings, and 
pence were still paid over the counters of shops and taverns, and with them 
were mingled many French and Spanish, and some German coins. In July, 
1785, a resolution of Congress was reached, making the dollar the unit of our 
decimal system of money. The plan of Morris', as amended by Jefferson, thus 
became the basis of our present coinage. What changes were made in after 
years are to be ascribed to Hamilton." — JfcJ/a-sitfr's People of the United States. 

(For Tabulated Review see end of the History,) 



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SECTION IV. 

CO:N^STITUTIOi^AL PERIOD. 



PART I. 



First 

Presidential 

Election. 



WASHINGTON S ADMINISTRATION. 

1. The first election for President and Vice-President of 
the United States took place in the early part of 1789. 
Electors were chosen in the several States, and 
these voted directly for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent. In voting, they did not name their choice 

for the higher position, as electors do now. The Constitu- 
tion then said that " the person having the greatest number 
of votes shall be President, 
if such number be a ma- 
jority '' (see App. p. 20). 

2. New York city was 
then the nation^s capital. 
There the new Congress 
should have met on tlie 4th 
of March, but when that 
day came there were only 
about twenty senators and 
representatives p r e s ent. 
These did not make a 
quorum, that is, they were 
not sufficient in numbers, 
according to the Consti- 
tution, to do business. Do we 




washin(;T( 



realize how difficult it was to 



1. Where did the first election for President take place ? Describe the election pro- 
cess as it was then conducted. 

2- Which place was then the nation's capital ? When should Cougress have met, 
and what caused delay ? What is said of the mode of traveling in tho.se days ? 



214 Washington s Administration. 

tnivel ill those days ? Ono of the iiioiiibers of Congress came 
from Georgia to Xew York in a sloop, and was two weeks on 
the ocean. From Virginia, one came on horseback. A stage, 
described as '" a covered Jersey wagon/" came from Phihidel- 
phia in three days, nor wouhl the trip have been made in that 
time if the passengers, one and all, had not alighted more 
than once and assisted the driver to tng the vehicle out of 
the mud. 

3. At last, in the early part of April, Congress was able 
to begin work. The electoral votes being counted, it was 
found that Washington had been unanimously chosen Presi- 
dent, and that John Adams had received a sufficient number 
of votes to make him Vice-President. Messages were at once 
sent to inform them of their election. Washington was at his 
home on the Potomac when the communication from Con- 
gress was put into his hand. Bidding adieu to ]\Iount A'er- 
non with regret, he set out. •* His progress was a continued 
ovation. Old and young tlironged the highways to welcome 
and bless him. At Trenton, the scene of his victory in the 
darkest hour of the war, he passed under a triumphal arcli 
of evergreens and laurel, and young girls, dressed in white 
and crowned with garlands, strewed Howers before him." 
Across the Bay of New York, accompanied by numerous 
boats gay with flags, his barge was rowed by thirteen ship- 
masters in white nniforms. In the streets of New York the 
houses were decorated with flags and banners, and croAvds of 
people lined the sidewalks. 

4. The inauguration took place on the last day of the 
month. Standing on the balcony of Federal Hall, in the 
presence of a multitude of men and women, who, from the 
street in front, watched every movement of the solemn 
ceremony. Washino-ton took the oath of office, savino-. as he 



3. What was the result of the election ? What act was next performed ? Give an 
account of Washington's journey to New York. 

4. Give an account of his inauguration. WhtMi did that take i)hice * 



Washingto7i' s Administration. 215 

kissed the Bible, '* I swear, so help me God." A strong 
voice exclaimed : ''Long live George Washington, President 
of the United States ! " Immediately a flag was displayed 
from the top of the building, a shout of gladness went up 
from the people, and all the church bells rang out joyful 
peals (April 30, 1780). (See Appendix, p. 8.) 

6. Congress could now go to work. New machinery was 
to be provided for a new government. By what title should 
the President be addressed, what should be his 
salary and the pay of Congressmen, how should 
money for the government's wants be raised, 



The 
Work of 
Congress. 



should foreign-built ships entering our ports be taxfed, should 
a duty be laid u23on slaves brought from abroad, what depart- 
ments should be formed to aid the President in carrying out 
the laws, sliould the Constitution be amended, where should 
the nation's capital be permanently established ? 

6. These and other questions were discussed with great 
earnestness. Though Washington said that he did not de- 
sire any pay for his services, it was decided that the salary of 
his office should be twenty-five thousand dollars a year. Six 
(hjlhirs a day were allowed to a Congressman. Duties were 
imposed on rum, wine, tea, molasses, and other things 
brought into the country ; ships were required to pay a ton- 
nage tax ; a judicial system and amendments to the Consti- 
tution were adopted, and four executive departments were 
2)rovided for. 

7. It being the duty of Washington to appoint the heads 
of these departments, Thomas Jefferson became Secretary of 
State ; Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury ; 
Henry Knox, Secretary of War; and Edmund Randolph, 
Attorney General. John Jay, " a man of pure morals, a 



5. What subjects demanded the first attention of Congress ? 

6. What did Congress accomplish without delay? 

7. What departments were organized, and who were appointed at their head ? 
What is said of John Jay ? State what the government was now doing. 



216 Washington's Administration. 

hard student, an able writer, and a ready speaker/" was 
appointed Chief Justice (p. 205). The government was now 
organized. Congress, the law-making power, was enacting 
laws ; the President, the executive power, was enforcing 
them ; and the Chief Justice, with his associates of the Su- 
preme Court, the judicial power, was explaining them where 
their meaning was in dispute (see the Appendix, p. 24). 

8. The money question was the most difficult to solve. 
The treasury was empty. The debt incurred by the war 
amounted to twenty-five million dollars. Part of this Avas 
owed to France and Spain, and to persons in Holland : and 
part to soldiers, contractors, and others. The greater part 
was owed by the States to individuals. Hamilton was equal 
to the occasion. He reported a plan for the payment of the 
entire debt. What a change at once took place in every 
channel of trade I How bright the future appeared ! The 
paper money in the hands of shopkeepers, which had been 
looked upon as worthless, was now brought out. It bought 
meat, flour, fuel, and other things, and was finally redeemed 
at its full face value. In conformity with Hamilton's plan, a 
tax was put uj^on domestic whisky, a national bank was estab- 
lished, and the State debts were assumed by the general 
government. From the mint in Philadelphia eagles, dol- 
lars, dimes, and cents were issued, and began to take the 
place of the English and Spanish coins that had so long been 
in use (pp. 125, 211). 

9. North Carolina was the twelfth State to ratify the Con- 
stitution (November, 1789). Rhode Island was the last (1790). 

Before this act of Rhode Island was completed, 
Vermont, whose Green Mountain Bovs had ren- 



Vermont. 



dered such timely service in the Revolution, knocked at the 
door of Congress and asked to be admitted to the Union. New 

8. State fully the money question and how it was solved. 

9. When did Rhode Island join the Union ? What State came next ? Give Ver- 
mont's early history. 



Washington's Administration, 217 

York's Congressmen Avould not consent. They said that the 
Vermont territory belonged to New York ; and for evidence 
of this they pointed to the royal grants which had been made 
to the Duke of York (p. 88). In the colonial times, the 
governor of New Hampshire, believing that this territory of 
Vermont belonged to his colony, disposed of numerous plots 
to settlers. These plots came to be known as the New Hamp- 
shire Grants, a name that was soon applied to the entire Ver- 
mont region. Meanwhile settlers from New York were 
making clearings in the disputed region, laying out farms, 
building houses, and paying taxes to New York. 

10. Two parties, we see, were thus contending for the 
ownership of the land. The contestants under the New 
Hampshire Grants, among whom were Ethan Allen and Seth 
Warner, patriots of the Revolution, were called Vermonters. 
The others were called Yorkers. We now see why the New 
York Congressmen were unwilling to let Vermont become a 
member of the Union. An agreement, however, was linally 
reached. Vermont consented to pay 130,000 as compensation 
to the settlers from New York who had suffered from the 
acts of the other settlers. Vermont, with laws against 
slavery, was then admitted to the Union (1791), only nine 
months after Rhode Island-s admission. Its mountains were 
called by the early French explorers Monts Verts {vert, 
green, and mont, mountain), hence Vermont. 

11. In one year (1790) a million of dollars were received 
l)y the general government from the sale of the public 
lands. These lands were of the West, a domain 
stretching from the States to the Mississippi. 



Public Lands- 



They had belonged, so it was claimed, to Virginia and four 
or five of the other States. The claims were old : they went 
back to the earliest colonial times, being based upon royal 

10. state the particulars of Vermont's admission to the Union. 

11. What is said of the public lands ? Of the Northwest Territory and the anti- 
slavery ordinance ? What were the boundaries of the Northwest Territory (maps 3, 5) ? 



218 



Was/t ingtons Administration. 



grants which iuuiuhI the South Sea. inoaning the Paeitic 
Ocean, as the western limit of the ceded territory ^niap 3). 
New York put forth a chiini. but on other grounds. It had 
for its su})iHU't an ohl treaty made with the Six ^^ations of 
Indians (p. lOT). All these claims, one after another, were 




EMIGRATION TO THE WKST. 



^ftSSfp 



-=^-~ ":-#J 



surrendered for the common good, 
and the United States then had 
lands to sell (p. ^H\^). In 1 TST, while 
the States were united under the 
Articles of Confederation, the mil- 
lion acres of these surrendered lands were sold at two-thirds 
of a dollar per acre. In this same year Congress passed an act 
for the government of the Northwest Territory, the region 
north of the Ohio River (map 5 \ Because of its clause against 
slavery, the act became noted as the Ordinance of 178T (§ 90). 



Wasiiington' s Administratio7i. 219 



12. At oiico a grojit rage for migration to the West began. 
The acconnts of the region were glowing. Its climate was 



Western 
Migration. 



delicious. Its rains were abundant. Its rivers 
were broad, and dee[) enough to float large boats 
hiden with corn and wheat. Its soil was fertile. 
CJanie Avas plentiful. From New i[ani])shire to Virginia the 
*^ Western fever" prevailed. Thousands of persons, selling 
their homesteads for what they would bring, started to begin 
life anew in Avliat they called the " l)oundless AV'est. '' On 
llat-boats, hetivy with cattle and household goods, they glided 
down the Ohio. Some settled south of the river, others 
north, in one yeai* alone ten thousand persons went to 
Marietta, Ohio, and its vicinity (1788). They l)uilt houses 
of rough logs, ground corn between two stones, aiul })i-ocured 
meat in the forest. Year by year emigrant trains, trudging 
along highways and across })rairies, ventured further west- 
ward. Their covered wagons carried the women and chil- 
dren, also the most necessary household goods. The men 
walked, or rode on horseback, driving cattle and sheep. 
Sometimes, as a protection against Indians and wild ani- 
mals, several parties went together, making a train a mile or 
more long (see the picture on page 218). 

13. Already the Kentucky region had a considerable popu- 
lation. As early as 1775, Daniel Boone, explorer, pioneer, 
hunter, and guide, had been there and built a 
fort. Claimed by Virginia, the region became a 



Kentucky. 



county of that State. But its people, not satisfied with the 
connection, begged Virginia to let them go, and asked Con- 
gress to make a State of their district (map 5). For a time 
Virginia would not consent, but at length relented, and Ken- 
tucky was duly admitted into the family of States (1702). 
14. Tennessee, at first a part of North Carolina, then an 

12. What is said of the West and emigration to it ? Where is Marietta (map 5) ? 

13. What is said of Kentuclcy, its historj\ and admission to the Union ? 

14. What is said of Tenues.see, its history, and adrai.ssion to the Union ? 



220 Washington's Administration. 

independent State rejoicing in its name, Franklin, established 
within its borders several thriving towns. The inhabitants 
of these, having no money, used the skins of wild 
animals instead. A raccoon skin bought a pound 



Tennessee. 



of sugar or a yard of linen. " The salary of every officer of 
the State, from the governor down to the hangman,'^ was paid 
in raccoon, beaver, otter, or deer skins. After being a second 
time united to North Carolina ; then ceded to the general 
government ; then under territorial rule, first united with 
Kentucky and afterward alone (map 5), Tennessee began a 
new existence as a member of the Union (1706). 

15. During these years the great valley of the Ohio was 
little better than a wilderness. Its wild beasts and roving 
Indians outnumbered by far its domestic animals 
and their peaceful owners. The gun, in the hands 



Indian War. 



of the settler, brought meat for his table and peltry for barter, 
but it did not make a friend of his savage neighbor. Bands 
of Indians lurked in the woods, burned houses, destroyed 
crops, and killed or carried into captivity men, women, and 
children. Two expeditions, sent by President Washington 
against the hostile tribes north of the Ohio, met with defeat. 
A third, commanded by General Wayne, the '' Mad Anthony 
of the Revolution" (p. 186), proving successful, a treaty was 
made at Greenville, Ohio, by which peace was secured, and a 
large tract of land was surrendered to the United States 
(1795). 

16. Already, on almost every sea, the stars and stripes were 
beginning to wave. A Boston ship, the Columbia, 
with a cargo of Yankee notions, had sailed around 
the southern cape of South America, and thence 



Discovery 

of the 

Columbia River. 



up the Pacific and along the coast to Oregon. Here Captain 

15. What is said of the Indian War, the treaty that closed it, and result ? Who 
commanded the first expedition against the Indians ? Am. General Harmar. Who 
commanded the second ? Ans. General St. Clair. What do you know of St. Clair's pre- 
vious history (§ 57, p. 175 ? 

16. Give an account of Gray's voyage around the world and his discovery of the 
Columbia River. Give the particulars of what he did. 



Washington's Achnijiistration. 221 

Gray, commanding the Columbia, traded his notions for furs, 
then crossed the Pacific to China, exchanged his furs for teas, 
sailed around the southern point of Africa, and across the 
Atlantic to Boston, thus carrying the American flag for the 
first time around the world (1790). JSText year Captain Gray, 
in command of the same vessel, discovered the great river of 
Oregon, explored it for a distance of twenty miles, and named 
it the Columbia from his ship (§ 41). At the foot of a tree 
he buried some New England pine-tree shillings (p. 125). 

17. The cotton plant was found by Columbus on the 
islands discovered by him (p. 24). On one of these islands 
Cortes gathered enough cotton to quilt the jack- 
ets of his soldiers as a protection against In- 



Cotton. 



dian arrows, and, when he reached Mexico, Montezuma sent 
him cotton robes fine as silk and of rich colors (p. 30). As 
early as 1G21 cotton was cultivated in the Carolina region of 
the South, but at first it had a place only in gardens among 
the flowers. More than a hundred and fifty years passed be- 
fore it began to be produced in large quantities in that re- 
gion. When, in 1784, a ship took eight bags of the fiber 
to England, men there shook their heads, and said that so 
much cotton could not be grown in all the United States. 
They accused the Americans of deception, and the eight bags 
were seized by the custom-house officers. 

18. At that time England's principal supply of cotton 
came from the East Indies. To manufacture cloth of it, a 
thread was made of the fiber by means of a hand spinning- 
wheel, until Arkwright and other Englishmen gave to the 
world a better contrivance known as the spinning-jenny. By 
means of this machine a great many threads could be spun 
at the same time. So excellent is it in its present form that 
a pound of cotton can be spun out to the length of a thousand 

17. What is said of American cotton in its wild state ? Of its production in our 
country ? Of the first lot sent to England ? 

18. What is said of the hand spinning-wheel ? Of the spinning-jenny ? 



')00 



Washington s Administration. 



miles. For a number of years after the inveutiou of the jenny 
it was unknown in America, The English government would 
not allow a single machine, or even the model of one. to be 
taken from the British realm. This shows how determined 
were the English to be the manufacturers of all the cotton 
goods that could be sold in the markets of the world. The 
secret, however, could not be kept forever, A boy spent 
seven years in English cotton-mills, learned the business 
thoroughly, and. when he was twenty-one years of age, 
brought his knowledge to Xew York (1789). 




IN A COTTDN FIKLl 



19. x\s the production of cotton in the United States in- 
creased, the cotton spinning-wheel at the farmer's hearth 
came to be as common as had formerly been the wheel for 
spinning flax or wool. With the jenny canu^ the cotton-mill, 
which depended for its power on the wind-mill or the water- 
wheel. The hand-loom for weaving the cotton into cloth 
was not displaced till a later period. It was soon found that 
there was not enough cotton ready for the mills. To sepa- 



19. "Wliat is said of the cotton spinning-wheel in our country ? The wind cotton- 
mill ? Its inability to do the required work * "What question was asked * 



Wa^li ing ton's A dmin istration. 



223 



mte cotton from its sood^ the work being done by hand, 
was a slow process, because the liber clings to the seed with 
great tenacity. The demand for clean cotton was greater 
than the supply. 

20. Eli AVhitney, of Massachusetts, " a born mechanic,"^ 
went to (Jeorgia. lie saw what was needed, and studied out 
an invention to meet the need. With his own hands he made 
the tools to enable him to work ; ami in ITOo crowned his 
labors by constructing the first cotton-gin. The cotton fiber 
could now be separated from the seed with great rapidity and 
with trifling cost. The inven- ~ 
tion quickened every step of 
labor, from the planting of the 
cotton-seed to the weaving of 
the fiber. Thousands of acres 
were now devoted to the culti- 
vation of cotton where before 
only a few had been so em- 
ployed. 

21. Because of the new life 
thus put into this most profit- 
able industry of the South, the 
supply of slave labor could not keep pace with the demand. 
Cotton was cultivated, picked, cleaned, pressed into bales, 
and taken long distances to ships, by slaves. Only a few 
years longer could the growing demand for slave labor be 
met l)y the importation of slaves. Congress, by special au- 
thority from the Constitution, had declared that no more 
slaves should be brought to the country after the year 1807 
(Appendix, p. 17), but the buying and selling of slaves at the 
South continued more than fifty years longer, and the slave 
population increased. The children of slaves were slaves 
{§ 98). 




i;i.i will I \ 



20. Who was Eli Whitney ? What did he accomplish ? The consequence ? 
21- What is said of tlic cultivation of cotton in connection with slave labor ? 



224 



Washington's A dministration. 



22. Washington was now about to retire from the Presi- 
dency. He had served one term, had been chosen 
again by unanimous vote as before, and was now 
in the closing year of his second term. He 



Washington 

Retires 
from Office- 



was weary of public cares, and longed for the repose which 




WASHINGTON' AT MOUNT VERNON. (PROM A PAINTING BY J. B. STEARNS.) 

he felt could nowhere be found so completely as at his Mount 
Vernon. Men of both parties urged him to be a candidate 
for a third term, but he could see no sufficient reason for con- 
senting. 



J. Washington, his second election, and retirement from office ! 



John Adamsh Achmnistration. 225 

23. The people had escaped being drawn into the great 
French Kevolntion that was agitating all Europe ; the In- 
dians had buried the hatchet ; an armed outbreak in Penn- 
sylvania, known as the ^^ Whisky Insurrection," in oppo- 
sition to the tax on domestic liquors, had been put down 
(1794) ; and serious disputes with England had been settled 
by an agreement brought about by Chief Justice Jay, and 
hence known as Jay^s Treaty (§ 27). There were no domes- 
tic troubles, and all branches of industry were ' prospering. 
Adhering to his resolution, Washington issued a farewell ad- 
dress to his countrymen. 

24. The election of Washington's successor resulted in 
the choice of John Adams, who had been Vice-President 
during Washington's two terms. Thomas Jefferson was 
elected Vice-President. Congress had early decided that 
Philadelphia should be the next capital, but only for a j)eriod 
of ten years, after which the permanent capital should be 
somewhere on the Potomac. In accordance with this de- 
cision AVashington had resided in Philadelphia the last six 
years of his administration, which ended on the ith of 
March, 1797. 

John" Adams's Admij^istration. 

25. We have alluded to the great French Revolution. This 
had its beginning in 1789, when a mob destroyed the Bastile 
{bas-teeV), a noted prison in Paris. Mark the 
date. It was the year in which Washington en- 
tered upon his first presidential term. Four years 



Trouble 

with 
France. 



later France declared war against England. The American 
people, grateful for the aid which France had extended to 
them in their struggle for independence, wanted to help 

23. What had his administration accomplished ? What is said of his address ? 

24. What is said of the election that followed ? Of the changes in relation to the 
nation's capital ? 

25. What is said of the French Revolution, and why we were not involved in it ? 

15 



226 



John Adamses Administratiofi. 



their former ally, but Washington, then President, said it 
Avould not do. '• We must keep ourselves aloof from Euro- 
pean wars. Europe has interests/' said he, "with which 
we have little concern. If Ave would prosper we must mind 
our own business. '^ 

26. Some of our people said that France was right in lier 
contest with England ; others said that England was right. 

The former made noisy speeches 
and loud j^ r o m i s e s which 
deceived the French rulers 
into the belief that the Ameri- 
cans were ready to help them. 
80 believing, they sent an 
agent named Genet, who be- 
gan to tit out war vessels in 
the ports of the United States 
to capture English vessels. 
Washington said this was 
wrong, and Genet was not al- 
lowed to go on. In conse- 
quence of this interference 
on the part of Washington an 

unfriendly feeling against the United States soon found its 

way among the French rulers. 

27. This feeling was aggravated by the news of the Jay 
Treaty, for it Avas seen that, friendly relations being estab- 
lished betAveen the United States and England, the United 
States could not help France in any Avay in lier contest Avith 
her enemy. What Avas that treaty ? Let us go back a little. 
The treaty of 1783, closing our struggle Avith Great Britain for 
independence, contained many proAdsions (p. 98). Some Avere 




JOHN ADAMS. 



26. State why Genet was sent to this country. How he was resisted, and the conse- 
quences. 

27. AVliat effect did the Jay Treaty have in France ? Why was that treaty made ? 
What were its advantages to us ? What hostilities were committed by the French ? 



John Adams's Adinmistration. 227 

carried out, others were not. This neglect led to misunder- 
standings and angry feeling between the two governments. 
Each accused the other of wrong, and so threatening was the 
attitude of the English that, to avert war, Washington sent 
John Jay to England to negotiate a treaty that would settle 
the questions in dispute (§7). England claimed the right to 
search American vessels for deserters from her navy (§ 51). 
She kept possession of Detroit and other posts in the AVest, 
Avhich, being within our territory, rightfully belonged to us. 
She was not willing that our merchants should trade Avith her 
islands in the West Indies. The task before Mr. Jay was 
difficult, but he acted with wisdom, procured the best treaty 
he could, and returned home. K'ever was a treaty more un- 
2)opular.* Believing that if it were rejected war would fol- 
low, the Federalists gave it a hearty support ; but their leaders 
were accused of having been bought with British gold. The 
Senate, after an earnest discussion, approved the treaty, and 
Washington signed it (August, 1795). Though it did not 
dispose of England's claim to search our vessels, thougli it did 
not give our merchants full liberty to trade with British 
islands, it gave us possession of all our AVestern posts, and 
averted Avar. Time proved it to be a Avise measure. The 
election of Adams to the presidency Avas another cause of 
irritation to the French rulers. They preferred Jefferson, 
Avho, they thought, Avas in hearty sympathy with them. 
Soon American ships Avere seized in French ports, and 
American ships were captured on the high seas by French 
cruisers. 



* "On the 4th of July (1795) a great mob paraded the streets of New York 
with an effigy of Mr. Jay. From the mouth of the figure proceeded the words, 
Come up to )iiy price and I will sell you my coimtry. At a meeting held in the 
open air Hamilton attempted to address the crowd in vindication of the treaty, 
but the orator was answered with stones. The mob, with American and 
French flags flying, marched to a spot opposite Jay's residence, and there 
burned a copy of the treaty." — William Jay''s Life of John Jay, 



228 John Adams's Administration. 

28. Anxious to avoid war, Adams, now President, sent 
three envoys to Paris. These were told by an agent of the 
French government that before any terms of a treaty could 
be considered it would be necessary for them to pay a large 
sum of money. Said Charles C. Pinckney, one of the envoys, 
in quick reply : '' AVar be it, then ! Millions for defense, but 
not a cent for tribute. ^^ Every newspaper in the United 
States published an account of this affair, and at once '^Mil- 
lions for defense, but not a cent for tribute," was echoed 
from the heart and mouth of every patriot in tlie land. 

29. This indignation of the people had its effect upon 
Congress, and war measures against France were adopted. 

It was decided to form a large army ; and AVash- 
ington, then living the life of a planter on his 
Potomac domain, was called upon to be its com- 



Death 

of 

Washington. 



mander. He accepted the appointment with reluctance. 
Loving France and hating war, he lingered on his planta- 
tion, hoping that war would be averted. While attending 
to some outdoor duties, a storm of snow and rain came on, 
and the clothing about his neck and shoulders became wet. 
Next day he was not able to take his usual ride, and at night 
he awoke, suffering from sore throat and a fever. The fol- 
lowing night he died (December 14, 1799). He, " first in 
war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country- 
men," whom the people had loved to call the Father of his 
Country, was no more forever. Honors were paid to his 
memory in every part of the land. Beneath a tomb at 
Mount Vernon, in full view of the Potomac, repose his re- 
mains. It is the shrine which men of all parties, creeds, and 
colors visit with feelings of veneration. * 

* More than eighty years after this sad event, England's great states- 
man, Gladstone, said: "Washington, to my mind, is the purest figure in 

28- What efforts did President Adams make to secure peace ? How were his efforts 
met? 

29. What preparations for war were made ? Give an account of Washington's 
death. Repeat what is said in the note. 



John Adamses Administration. 229 



30. One of the results of the French Kevolution, already 
mentioned, was the bringing of Napoleon Bonaparte to the 
head of the French government. It was then 
possible to make a treaty ; and one was accord- 
ingly signed which restored friendly relations be- 



Peace 
witt France. 



tween the land of Washington and the land of Lafayette 
(September 30, 1800). 

31. The term Anti-federalist was still applied to the 
party of which Jefferson was considered the leader, though 
the original reason for so using it no longer ex- 
isted. The Constitution was the rock on which 
the nation was now built. No one desired to de- 



Election 

of 
Jefferson. 



stroy it. Ko one was opposed to the Federal Union. Soon 
to preside over the Supreme Court was 'John Marshall, of 
whom, after his death, it was said : " He found the Consti- 
tution paper and made it power ; he found it a skeleton and 
clothed it with flesh and blood. ^' 

32. The Anti-federalists came to be known as Democrats, 
also as Republicans. They preferred to be called Democratic 
Republicans. In the quarrel between England and France, 
their sympathies were with France. The Federalists, in 
control of Congress, had lost favor by the passage of two 
acts known as the Alien and Sedition Laws. These were 
aimed against the schemes of French emissaries, who, in 
newspapers and pamphlets, were exciting the i)eople against 
Adams's administration. They gave the President power to 
banish all such aliens, as, in his opinion, were dangerous to 

history ; " to which England's distinguished scholar, Canon Farrar, added : 
" Yes. He was the best of great men and the greatest of good men." 

"Alone of all white men," says a tradition of the New York Indians, 
" Washington has been admitted to the Indian heaven, because of his justice 
to the Red men. He lives in a great palace, and is dressed in his uniform 
with a sword at his side." — Parker'' s Historic Americans. 

30- How and when was peace with France secured ? 

31- Who was John Marshall, and what is said of him ? 

32. What is said of the Anti-federalists ? The Federalists ? Of the Alien and 
Sedition Laws ? Opposition to those laws ? What is said of State rights ? 



230 John Adams's Administration. 



the peace of the country, and to imprison all persons guilty 
of abtising the freedom of speech or of the press. Jefferson 
and his party did not like these laws. They said it was not 
right to put so much power into the hands of the adminis- 
tration. They repeated the arguments which had been used 
against the adoption of the Constitution (p. "-305). Less 
power, they thought, should be given to the general govern- 
ment and more to the individual States, hence they came to 
be known as State Rights men (§ 110). 

33. The unpopularity of the Alien and Sedition Laws had 
much to do with the defeat of the Federalists in the next 
presidential election. Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, 
the Republican candidates, received the largest number of 
electoral votes, the one. as it happened, just as many as the 
other. Which of the two men should be President ? As the 
Constitution then stood, it was the duty of the popular 
branch of Congress, the House of Representatives, to decide 
the question, each State having one vote (§ 1). At tirst, of 
the sixteen votes cast. Jefferson received eight, not a major- 
ity. After numerous ballots he received ten votes, and was 
declared elected. According to the Constitution. Burr be- 
came Vice-President (see the Appendix, page '-30). 

34. These proceedings of Congress took place in the city of 
Washington, the nation's new capital, during its first session 
there. Adams had moved into the building- 
known as the President's Mansion, commonly 
known since as the White House. In a letter to her 



The 
Capital in 1800 



married daughter, Mrs. Adams wrote : " The house is upon 
a grand and superb scale, requiring about thirty servants to 
attend and keep the apartments in order." The city then 
comprised only a few scattered buildings. **most of them 
small, miserable huts not ready for occupation." Xot one of 
the streets was paved. Xot a fence could be seen in any di- 
ss. Give a full account of JeffersJon";? election to the presidency. 
34. WluHt is said of the President's mansion and the city of Washington * 



Jefferson's Administration. 



231 



rection. A member of Congress wrote : " We want nothing- 
here but houses, celhirs, kitchens, well-informed men, amiable 
women, and other little trifles of the kind to make our city 
perfect " (1800). 

Jefferson's Administration. 

35. When Jefferson was a young num he dressed in a 
" flowered waistcoat, a silk coat, silk stockings confined at 



Jefferson's 
Habits. 



the knee by fancifully worked gartei's, and used 
])o\vder. In after years he wore severe black, 

discarded powder and silk stockings," prac- | . 

ticed simplicity in all, things, and became what friend and 
foe alike styled '' The Apostle of Democracy." The day for his 
inauguration as President ar- 
rived. Escorted by citizens 
and soldiers, he rode to the 
capitol on horseback. llis 
dress, as was now his custom 
on all occasions, was that of a 
" plain citizen." It was Avith- 
(uit badge or ornament of an\ 
kind. He delivered an ad- 
dress, took the oath of office, 
find went to live in the man- 
sion provided by the nation 
(March 4, 1801)." 

36. At the AVhite House he 
would have no ceremonies, no 
formal levees, no invited guests. 




illiil 

THOMAS JKFFEUSON. 

Any person who wanted to 
Instead of ffoine- to Con- 



see him could call at any time, 
gross to read his messages, as had been the custom with 
Washington and Adams, he sent them by a messenger. To 
all titles of honor he was decidedly opposed. He did not like 



35. What is said of Jefferson, his dress, and inauguration ? 

36. What changes did Jefferson effect, and with what consequences ? 



232 Jejf'ersofrs Administration. 

» 

to be addressed as Excellency or Honorable, or even Mr. All 
this example was not without its influence. A change toward 
simplicity in the dress and manners of the people followed. 

37. We have seen how the *• Western Lands" came to be 
owned by the general government (§ 11). Connecticut, when 
ceding her claim, reserved a large tract along Lake 
Erie, known as The Reserve, often called the 



Ohio. 



Connecticut Reserve (map 3). This she sold to a company of 
speculators, and tlie money received from the sale, more than 
a million of dollars, was the tirst contribution to the com- 
mon-school fund of the State. The victory gained by Gen- 
eral Wayne (>j 15) gave peace to the West. Xew life was 
imparted to the migration from the sea-board States. The 
tirst outgrowth of this was Ohio, admitted to the Union in 
1S03. It includes the Connecticut Reserve. 

38. Of the many boats, loaded with corn, tlour. tobacco, 

and bacon, that lloated down the Mississippi to Xatchez ami 

^jl, ^1 Xew Orleans, scarce one, because of the rapid cur- 

LooisiMi* rent, ever returned. Tliey were sold as lumber. 

*^' The dav of steamboats had not vet arrived. There 



were no large towns on the west side of the great river. St. 
Louis, where a company of French fur dealers had built a 
house or two forty years before, was still little more than a 
settlement of fur traders. Xew Orleans and its adjacent 
lands, and all the region between the Mississippi and the 
Rocky Mountains, was known as the Louisiana Territory. It 
had belonged to France ^§ 108. p. 13T\ but since ITO'2. when 
that power ceded it to Spain, it had been a Spanish posses- 
sion. The loss of this immense domain being greatlv la- 
mented by the French, Xapoleon offered to Spain, in ex- 
change for it, certain lands which France owned in Italy. 
The offer was accepted (1800). 

87- What is said of the Connecticut Reserve * Wayne's victory v'":ip p. '2?*^'> ? 
now was Ohio formeil and when was it admitted to the Union * 

38- ^A*hat is said of the trade of the Mississ^ippi * What is said of St. T.onis « 
Xew Orleans * What was knowni as the Lonisiana Terrilorv * Give its earlv historv. 



Jefferson's Administration. 233 



39. The news of tliis burgiiiii wiis not relished b}^ the peo- 
ple of the United States. The}' asked : " Is not Napoleon a 
great conqueror ? Has he not brought the powerful govern- 
ments of the continent of Europe on their knees before him ? 
And now, is he not planning to create a French nation in 
the wilds of America ? Will he not, being in command of 
the mouth of the Mississippi, the key of the Western waters, 
cut olf the trade of the States with New Orleans, and prevent 
ships other than his own from carrying cargoes out of the 
river to the Atlantic States or to foreign ports?''' 

40. Said Jetferson : "We must marry ourselves to the 
British lieet and nation " to drive France away. He sent a 
special envoy, James Monroe, to Paris, to assist the American 
minister there, Robert R. Livingston, to do — what ? To 
purchase New Orleans, and so much of the laml about it as 
would secure to the United States the full navigation of the 
Mississippi — that, and nothing more. It happened to be a 
very fortunate time for the undertaking. Napoleon was 
about to renew his war Avitli England, and was afraid his 
American property would fall into the hands of his enemy. 
He would not reason with his ministers on the subject, but 
passionately exclaimed : "The English have twenty ships of 
war in the Gulf of Mexico ! I have not a moment to lose ! '' 
In sore need of money, he offered to sell the whole of the 
Louisiana Territory. Livingston and Monroe were surprised. 
They had no authority to purchase a domain so extensive, 
but fearing that the favorable opportunity would pass, and 
pass forever, they accepted the offer ; and for fifteen millions 
of dollars the transfer was made (1803). Napoleon was de- 
lighted. Said he: "This accession of territory strengthens 
forever the power of the L^nited States ; and I have Just 

39. How did the transfer of the territory to Napoleon touch the i^tere^it and feel- 
ings of the people of the United States ? 

40. What did Jofiferson say ? Wliat did he do ? Why was the moment fortunate ? 
What said Napoleon ? What offer did he make ? What was the result ? What then 
did Napoleon say y Repeat in full what is stated in the note on page 234. 



Expedition 

Across 

the Continent. 



2S-i Jefferson's Administralioii. 

« : 

given to Euglaiul a iiuiritime rival tluit will sooner or later 
humble her pride." Henceforth the Louisiana Territory, or, 
as we are in the habit of calling it, the Louisiana Purchase, 
was a part of the great domain of the United States (nuip 8).* 

41. Already, before the tirst hint of Xapoleon's offer had 
been received in the United States, Jelferson had started off 

an expedition to find a way across the continent 
to the Pacific Ocean. It was commanded by two 
Virginians, Lewis and Clarke. The welcome 
news of the purchase overtook the party at St. Louis. Up 
the Missouri, for numths and months, the explorers toiled in 
canoes against its strong current. At a distance of nearly 
three thousand miles from its mouth, they left thvir boats. 
Procuring horses from Indians whom they had met. they 
crossed the Kocky Mountains, struck the Columbia, the river 
discovered by Captain Gray thirteen years before (§Ui), and 
descended it in canoes for six hundred miles to the Pacific 
Ocean (1805). (See nuip 8.) 

42. Six years later a company of fur dealers, whose 
operations were coiulucted by John Jacob Astor. of New 
York, established a trading post where the town of Astoria 
now stands, li was the first settUMuent in all that region. 
Nowadays a journey from St. Louis to Astoria can be ac- 
complished in four or five days or less. It took Lewis and 
Clarke eighteen months to do it. Soon explorations were 



* What was: its western limit? No one could answer that question better 
than JetTerson. He declared that the territory purchased "extended to the 
main chain of the mountains i^Rocky* dividing the waters of the Pacitic from 
the waters of the Atlantic." It did not go to the Pacitic. In a ct»ntroYersy 
with Spain, the United States chiimed that this purchase included the gulf 
land south of Alabama and Mississippi (^see map 5). Spain, owning Florida, 
denied this ; but all disputes on this point were tinally put at rest by our 
purchase of Florida in 1819 (^ tU\ 

41. Give a full account of the Lewis and Clarke expedition. 

42. Who A\-as John Jacob Astor * What town is named after him * tJive the be- 
ginning of its history. How is it l»»oated unap 8) ? 



■ Jeff er SOU'S Administration. 235 



miide to (liU'erc'iit });irt8 of tlio distant territory. The term 
Unknown Ixcgion was oniitteil on tlie futnre maps to desig- 
nate that I'ar-olt' region. 

43. The presidential electors at the present time are re- 
quired to '"name in their ballots the person voted for as 
President, and, in distinct ballots, the person 
voted for as Vice-President.^^ Such was not the 
case during' the contest between Jefferson and 



Hamilton 
and Burr. 



Burr (§ 33). The change was made in the Constitution 
within tlie next three years after that contest (see the 
Appendix p. 20). Jefferson and Burr were Republicans. 
Burr's efforts to get the first place, knowing, as he did, that 
the Republicans in voting had intended and desired that Jef- 
ferson should have it, turned the leaders of his party against 
him. They could not, however, prevent his elevation to the 
second place, that of Vice-President. To mend his fortunes, 
lie courted the favor of his former political opponents, the 
Federalists, and offered himself as a candidate for gover- 
nor of the State of New York. He was defeated, a large 
body of Federalists, including Hamilton, having refused to 
vote for him. 

44. To Hamilton he attributed his defeat. Bent upon 
revenge, he sent an angry letter to the Federal leader, follow- 
ing it with a challenge to fight a duel. They met at a se- 
cluded spot on the Jersey shore. Burr raised his pistol, took 
aim, and fired. "Hamilton sprang upon his toes with a 
convulsive movement, reeled a little, involuntarily discharged 
his pistol in the air, and then fell forward headlong upon 
his face.'' The surgeon approached him. The pallor of 
death was on his face. " Doctor,"' he said, ^^this is a mortal 
wound," and immediately fainted. He was carefully carried 
across the river to New York, where, after lingering a few 

43. What is the present mode of electing a President (Appendix p. 20) ? How 
does it differ from the first mode ? State what is said of Biirr. 

44. Oive an account of the duel between HamilKm and Burr. 



236 



Jefferson '« A dm in i sir at ion. 



hours. l\o died. Amid the laineiitatioiis of ii nation he was 
laid in his grave (July, 1804).* 

45. Thus passed away the great leader of the Federalists. 
He had performed valuable service in the war of the Eevolu- 
tion, winning for himself among his comrades the title of 
"the Little Lion : " he had contributed important aid in the 
framing of the Constitution : he had, more than any other 

man, induced the States to 
accept the Constitution : and 
he had devised and put into 
force the admirable plan of 
tinance that was giving 
strength and stability to the 
government. As a speaker, 
no less than as a writer, was 
he eminent, charming all 
hearts by the warmth, va- 
riety, ornament, and grace of 
his thoughts and words. 

46. Burr was regarded as 
no better than the worst of 
murderers. After keeping 
himself in a hiding-place two or three days he stealthily left 
New York to tind a more secure hiding-place in Philadel- 
phia. We next hear of him as the head of a mysterious 
moveuuuit at the West. At Blennerhassett Island, in the 
Ohio Kiver. he stopped awhile, made the acquaintance of its 

* "The impre!?sion made upon the public mind by this fatal duel did wot 
easily subside. The absurdity of the sacrifice of a life like Hamilton's to the 
honor of a protliiiate like Burr was too irross. and a stronj; impulse was thus 
iiiven to that irrowinsr sentiment of civilized common sense which has nearly 
extirpated the practi^'e of dueliuir throughout the States of America." — Hil- 
ihrth's Utstonj of the U. S. 




.EXANDKll U.VMll.r<>\ 



45. Repeat fnlly what is recorded of Hamilton. When and where was he bom ? 
Atnt. In one of the West India ishuids, in 175T. 

46. What niovoinents did Burr make, and what scheme did he start ? 



Jefferson's Administration. 237 



owner Hiul occ'U]){iiit, Ilarman Blennerliassett, and enlisted 
him in liis scheme. Exactly what that scheme was we do 
not know. It was reported that Burr meant to seize a large 
pai't of Mexico and the Louisiana territory, and over it estah- 
lish a government with New Orleans for its (capital. 

47. Boats were huilt for Burr, and men asseml)led at dif- 
ferent places to do his hidding. Ke2)orts of his (h)ings 
reached Jefferson, who Avas then serving a second term, he 
having been re-elected by a large majority. By Jefferson's 
orders, Burr was arrested. At Kichmond, Virginia, he was 
tried on a charge of high treason, but, for want of suf- 
ficient evidence, was not pronounced guilty. Gaining his 
liberty, he went to Europe. A few years later he returned 
to America, where, in obscurity and poverty, he died at the 
age of eighty. 

48. Nobody knows when or by whom the first steamboat 
was invented. At the beginning of tliis year of 1807 there 
is not a steamboat in use in all the world. 
Spanish writers assert that one was launched upon 
the waters of Barcelona about fifty years after 



The First 
Steamboat. 



Columl)us disc^overed America. ^Fwo hundred years later 
a steamboat was put upon a river of Germany, but a mob of 
boatmen, thinking that they saAV in the strange craft the ruin 
of their business, captured and destroyed it. French, En- 
glish, and American inventors afterward succeeded in mov- 
ing boats by steam, the experiments in some cases being re- 
markably successful. 

49. Not, however, before Robert Fulton's side- wheel 
steamer, the Clermont, went up and. down the Hudson Kiver 



47- Stat(> how the scheme was brought to an end, and what is sai<l of Ihe trial and 
the after years of Burr. (Blennerhassett was born in England.) 

48. Cx'we tlie history of the early efforts to invent steamboats. 

49. Who was Ii()))ert Ful1oi,i ? Give an account of his success. Of success on the 
Delaware and Mississippi. What other Americans besides Pulton made early experi- 
ments in steamboats ? Ans. James Rumsey and John Kitch. Tiiey Itoth moved boats 
by steam as early as 17'8G. 



238 



JvJ'ei'ifon Vs Admiuiiftration, 



in ISOT. dill the i^piniou bogiu to provail tlial su\iiuboats could 
bo used with protit to oarrv froight and passongors. The 
riormont was tho srroat wonder of the dav. People traveled 




TIIK llK.KMONT. 




many miles to gaze upon the 
mysterious vessel, as it }>utfed 
tire and smoke, and moved 
through the water against 
wind and tide, without sail, 
paddle, or oar. (i reat activity 
in steamboat building fol- 
lowed. The PhoMiix. anothei 
paddle-wheel boat, built b\ 
,lohn Stevens, was put u}H^n 
the Delaware (1808). The 

(>rleans. with a stern wheel, the tirst steamboat on the Mis- 
sissippi, went from Pittsburg, where she was built, to New 
(Orleans in fourteen days (181*2). l\v this invention rivers 
and lakes were made available, and the whole eontiuent was 
thrown open to eommeree (§ \&2). 



Jefferson '.v Adminififralum. 289 



Injury 
to American 
Commerce. 



50. 'V\w w:ir hclwoou I^]iii;I;m(l ;iim1 l^'i-iincc, as \vc shall 
see, l)(\ii-aii troubles which, growing woi'sc yoai- after year, led 
to war between Kiiglaiid and the United States, 
lionaparfe had become the most powei'fiil riilei- 
in Euro|)l^ He was now an em[)(M'or, and two 
of his brothers Avere kings. One of his war measures had for 
its object (he destruct ion of l^higland's comnu'i'ct'. lie issued 
di'ci'ees roi-bi<ldiiig ;ill vessels of cN'erv nation from entering 
British [)orts. I^'rom l^^nglaud canie like deci-ees, forbidding 
trade of every kind wilh b'l-eucii [KJi'ts. .Xmerican merchant- 
mcMi, being more numerous th:iii tlu^ meiHduiiit ships of any 
other couidry, wei'e the gi'catcst sulTerers. They wei-e placed, 
it may be said, between two lires. So nuiuy of (hem were 
seized by the war vessels of ])ot h powers that the aiigci- of the 
people I'ose to a high pitch. Public meetings were held in 
every city of the Union to condemn the outrages, aiul ui-gc; 
the govern nuud, to protect the country's commerce. 

61. The peo])Ie's anger M-as greatly aggi-avatcd by i-eports 
that conunanders of British war ships had sto[)ped American 
vessels on the high seas, and forcibly taken seamen from them 
to serve on tluui- own ships. Kngland. asserting thaf, "a 
num once an Englishnuin is always an Phiglislumin," claimed 
to have the right of searching American shi[)S foi- (les(>rters. 
This was what was calle(l in the Uiutcd Slates impi-cssment 
of American seamen, for sailors who could not at oikh^ })r()ve 
themselves to be Americans and m)t Englishmen were im- 
l)ressed iido the English service (§27). Merchant ships were 
not the only vessels that were stopped and despoiled of their 
crews (^ 57). Otf the coast of Virginia, the American frigate 
Chesapeake was hailed by tin; British frigate Leopard. The 
American commander refusing to have his vessel searched, the 

50. What is paid of injury done to American commerce ? 

61. What (in yon understaiHl by tlie impressment question? Give an account of the 
Chesapeake affair. IIow was Uie affair retaliated ? .l//*\ Off the coast of Virjjfinia tlie 
liritish sloop-of-war Little Belt fired into tlie American frij^ate President, hut her fire 
was returned and thirty-two of her crew were Ivilled or wounded (IHll). 



240 MadiiiOirs Adminit^tration. 

Leopard fireil into her, killing or wounding twentv-one of 
her crew. As the Chesapeake was entirely unprepared for 
lighting, and had been seriously disabled by the Leopard's 
broadsides, her flag was struck. She was boarded, and four 
men. claimed as deserters, were taken to the Leopard (180T). 
It was afterward proved that three of the men had never 
been British subjects. Two were born in the United States, 
the other in South America. 

52. This daring outrage threw the country into a tumult 
of excitement. The British armed ships in the waters of the 
United States were compelled to leave. An Embargo was laid 
upon American vessels, that is, they were not allowed to sail 
for foreign ports. In consequence, they rotted at the whai'fs, 
while the ships of England and France prospered. The Em- 
bargo soon proved to be a very unwise measure. It was there- 
fore altered so as to let American vessels trade with all the 
ports of the world except those of the two warring nations. 

53. Meanwhile the time for the sixth presidential election 
drew near. Jelferson. following the example of Washington. 
— ZTT. 1 declined to be a candidate for a third term. 

Election ^ r t 

of I The Eepublicans then turned to James Madison, 
whom Jetferson favored, and he was elected by a 
large majority. The retiring President then went to his 
home at Monticello, Virginia, where he expected to live the 
life of a hermit. He was mistaken. A ceaseless stream of 
visitors from all parts of the world passed in and out of his 
house. His wisdom gained for him in his old age the title 
of the Sage of Monticello. 

Madisox's Admixistratiox. 

54. When ^ladison was immgurated (March 4. 1809) "he 

52. What was the Embargo Act ? What is said of its working ? 

53. Who was Jefferson's successor as President ? When and where did we meet 
:Madison before (,pp. 303, ^Oo") ? To what place did Jefferson retire ? What is said of 
his life there ? 

54. How did Madison ai)poar when he was inaugurated * What was his Dbjeet ? 



Madison. 



Mg.dison's Adm inistratioti. 



241 



was dressed in ti full suit of woolen cloth, the wool being from 

sheep raised in the United States, and the cloth 

from American factories/' His intention, so he 

said, was ^'to show what Americans can do when 

the tariff protects their work against the work of their English 

competitors." 



Result 

of 

the Tariff. 




fAMKS MADISON. 



55. After cutting off Ohio from 
the Northwest Territory, the rest 
was called the Indian Territory 
(map 5). General William Henry 
Harrison was its governor. The 
wild tribes of the forest were again 
dissatisfied (§ 15). They were 
not getting good })rices for their 
furs, the white settlements were 
crowding them off their lands, 
game was scarce. Tecumseh, a 
great warrior, and his brother, 
commonly known as the Prophet, 
were trying to form a union of 
the tribes. Both were opposed 

to selling any more land to the whites. They wanted to see 
their race restored to its ancient power. Tecumseh was an 
orator as well as a warrior. He was crafty, and 
he never stopped at the means for carrying out 

his plans. His brother also was an orator. As 

a "medicine man,'' regarded as a medium between the Great 
Spirit and the Indians, the Prophet's influence among his 
2)eople was almost unbounded. "-They believed that he 
could make a pumpkin as big as a wigwam spring out of the 
ground at a single word." 

56. Wanting blankets and other things, some of the tribes 

55. Who was Harrison ? Tecumseh ? The Prophet ? What is said of the charac- 
ter, plans, and efforts of the two Indians ? 

56. Give an account of tlie bai tie of Tippecanoe. Was Tecumseh in it? Aiis. W-^ 
was not (§ 74). Where is the Wabash River (map 5. The Tippecanoe flows into it) '? 

16 



Indian 
Troubles. 



242 



Madison's A dmin istration. 



met Harrison, and sold to the government a large tract of 
land along the Wabasli River. Tecnmseli and his brother 
would not consent to the transfer. They said that ^^all the 
Indian lands belonged to all the Indians, and, for that reason, 
none could be sold without the consent of all.'' Being told 
that the Prophet was making preparations for war, Harrison, 




TKCUMSEH BEFOKE THE PEACE COUNCIL HELD AT VINCEXXES, INDIANA, IN 1811 (MAP 3).* 
(FROM A PAINTING BY J. B. STEARNS.) 

with a body of troops, marched against his town on the Tip- 
pecanoe River, in the western part of Indiana. Messengers 
from the Prophet met him. ''What is the meaning of this ?" 
they asked. *• We do not want war. Halt where you are, and 



* " At the council some person handed a chair to Tecumseh, saying : ' War- 
rior, your father. General Harrison, offers you a seat.' Tecumseh's dark eye 
flashed. ' My father ! ' he exclaimed indignantly, extending his arm toward the 
heavens. ' The Great Spirit is my father, and the earth is my mother. She 
feeds and clothes me, and I recline upon her bosom.' ''—Yates and Jfoulton's 
History of N. Y. 



Madison's Administration, 243 

to-morrow we will have a talk with you." The troops halted 
and formed a camp, but, suspecting treachery, slept on their 
arms. It was a fortunate precaution, for, just before day- 
break, the Indians, with fearful yells, rushed upon the camp. 
The contest was brief. The assailants were repulsed, and 
the town was destroyed (November 7, 1811). 

57. All this time our merchants and ship-owners were ut- 
tering loud complaints. Their property was seized by English 
and French cruisers, and no protection came to 
them from the government. In addition, the 
English would not abate the least from their 



War 
with England. 



wrong impressment claim (§ 51). Already they had taken 
more than six thousand seamen out of American vessels. A 
large number, being Americans and refusing to fight for the 
king, were cast into prison. Two nephews of Washington, 
who were on their way home from Europe, were seized, and 
put to work as common seamen on board one of the king^s 
ships.* 

58. Were we forever to submit to this man-stealing ? 
Was not the flag of the Union, by sea as well as by land, to 



* " In 1811 the American frigate Constitution and the British frigate Mada- 
gascar were at anchor in the harbor of Portsmouth, England. One night a 
man belonging to the Constitution let himself down into the water and swam 
to the Madagascar. A cutter was sent in the morning to procure him, but its 
offlcer was told that the deserter claimed protection as an Englishman and 
could not be given up. ' Have you any evidence beyond the man's own 
word,' aslced the officer, 'that lie is an Englishman?' 'No,' was the reply. 
'The man's declaration is sufficient.' About the middle of the following 
night a man was seen in the water near the Constitution. He was rescued, and 
confessed that he was a deserter from the Madagascar. He was asked what 
countryman he was, and he answered in a strong Irish accent : ' An Ameri- 
can, your honor.' The next day he was inquired after, but it was intimated 
that, as he said he was an American, he could not be given up." — Cooper''s Na- 
val History of the U. S. 

57. What injury was done to our commerco and seamen? What doctrine did the 
English proclaim (§ 51) ? Acting upon that doctrine, what followed ? 

68. What questions are asked ? What cry went up ? Why and when was war de- 
clared ? Who objected to war and why ? What says the note on page 244 ? 



244 Madisoiis Administratioti. 



protect all l>ono:ith it ? A war cry went up from every part 
of the country. It was : ''' Free trade and sailors' rights." 
There being no longer any liope of redress, Madison advised 
Congress to appeal to arms, and, accordingly, war was de- 
clared against Great Britain (June 18, 1812). The declara- 
tion was warmly approved by the South and the AVest, but 
not by the Federalists of New England. The war would in- 
jure their commerce and fisheries.* The impressment ques- 
tion, we see, was the turning point in the cause of the war, 
but other questions of great importance were involved. 

59. Unfortunately, no preparations had been made for the 
conflict. Its first events were consequently far from encour- 
aging. British troops surprised and captured the 
fort at the outlet of Lake Michigan, and defeated 
a detachment of the armv under General Hull, 



First 
Land Events. 



the Governor of the Michigan Territory (map 5). British 
troops, with six hundred Indians led by Tecumseh, appeared 
before Detroit, where Hull had taken up his quarters. The 
Americans were in good spirits, and ready to make a resolute 
defense, when, to their astonishment, a white flag was hoisted 
over their heads in token of submission. By this act the 
bewildered Hull sent an army into captivity, and surrendered 
Michigan to the enemy (August 10). 

60. Was Hull a coward at Detroit ? A court-martial 
tried him two years after, and said that he was. He M*as 
sentenced to be shot, but the Presideiit, reminded of his age 
and his numv brave deeds durino; the Bevolution, saved 



* Delegates held a secret convention in Hartford, December, 1814. It was 
generally- believed that their object was to break np the Union, and form a 
separate government for New England. '" The thonght of dissolving the 
Union never entered into the head of any member. Tlie gentlemen who 
composed it, for talents and patriotism, have never been surpassed by any 
assembly in the United States." — Xoah Webster s Sketches of American Fblicy. 

59. Relate the first events of the war inchiding Huirs surrender. 

60. State all else you axw of Hull. Give an account of the battle of QueenstoA\-n. 
Where is Queenstown (map p. 252> ? Detroit ^map p. CoO^ ? 



Madison's Administration. 245 



his life. ** It is liard to uftlx ilio stiiiii of ('owiinlioo uii 
the man who moved beside Wiishington in tlie perilous 
march against Trenton, wlio stood firmly amid the hottest 
fire of Princeton, wlio gallantly led his men to the charge at 
Saratoga, who faced without flinching the fiery sleet at Stony 
Point. (jJray hairs do not make a coward of such a man." 
About two months after his surrender, a body of Americans 
crossed the XiagaraKiver to Canada, and at first gained some 
success at Queenstown (map p. 252), but fresh troops arriv- 
ing to the aid of the British, the invaders were overpowered 
with serious loss (October 13). 

61. On the land, during the first year of the war, the 
Americans met with nothing but disaster. On the ocean 
the result was quite diff'erent. England owned 
more than a thousand war shi])S. The United 
States less than twenty. England was not 



Victories 

on 
the Ocean. 



only the greatest marine power in the world, she was more 
powerful on the ocean than all the other nations of the 
world united. Such was the reputation of her great ships 
that it was believed, in other lands as well as her own, that 
any of her frigates could never be else than conqueror. And 
yet the little fleet of less than twenty sails, big and little, 
boldly put out from shore to encounter the ^^ Mistress of the 
Sea." 

62. Captain Porter, commanding the frigate Essex, began 
the proud record which shows the names of a dozen good 
ships that gained honorable victories during the war. The 
Alert, of the king's navy, the first national vessel captured, 
was Porter's trophy (August 13). Captain Hull was next to 
perform a service that went far to wipe out the disgrace at- 
tached to his name by his uncle's surrender at Detroit. In 
command of the frigate Constitution, he met the Guerriere 
(gare-e-are'), one of the finest of the king's frigates, and, after 

61- What is said of the naval forces of the two countries ? 

62- Give an account of Captain Porter's success. Of Captain null's success. 



246 Madison's Administration. 



ii contest of two iiours, the first serious contest of the Aviir, 
compelled her to strike her flag (August 19). 

63. All othcer, sent on board the prize., returned with the 
report that she was so badly cut up as to be in a sinking condi- 
tion. The prisoners were hastily removed to the Constitu- 
tion, and the wreck was set on fire. "The flames leaped up 
tlie broken masts and wrapped the hull in a sheet of tire. As 
the guns became heated they went oft*, one after another, 
firing their last salute to the dying ship.'' At length the fire 
reached the magazine, when a tremendous explosion and a 
huge column of smoke ended the history of the Guerriere. 
The victor in this famous battle was the very frigate Consti- 
tution tliat an English writer had previously described as 
'*a bunch of pine boards sailing under a bit of striped bunt- 
ing." Caining other laurels, the Constitution grew to be 
the pet ship of the navy, and came to be known by old and 
young, from one end of the land to the other, as Old Ironsides. 

64. The further history of the old ship interests us. There 
came a time when, by reason of her age, it Avas thought that 
she was unfit for longer service. It was therefore decided to 
break her up and sell her timbers. Public opinion at once 
condemned the decision. Poets and newspaper writers gave 
earnest expression to this opinion. The heart of the chief of 
the navy department Avas touched, and his hand was stayed. 
The pet was saved and turned into a schoolship, where boys 
are taught the three R's, as well as practical seamanship. In 
bringing about this happy result the magic Avaiid of the poet. 
Dr. Holmes, was most effective. This is the closing strain of 
his song : 

"0! bettor that her shattered hulk shoidd sink beneath the wave : 
Her thunder sliook the mighty deep, and there should be her grave. 
Nail to the mast her lioly flag, set every threadbare sail. 
And give her to the God of storms, the lightning, and the gale.'* 

63. What is said ol" the Constitution's fame and name * 

64. What is said of the further history of the frigate ? Kepeat the lines. 



Mudiso7i's Administration. 247 



65. Two ini2)ortciiit events of the year 181;^, neither, liow- 
ever, having any direct relation to the war, were the admis- 
sion of Louisiana to the Union and the election 
of Madison for a second term. The State of 



Louisiana. 



Louisiana was thus the first piece taken from the immense 
territory sold to us by Napoleon in 1803 (§ 40). Its chief city, 
Kew Orleans, was started into existence by the French in 
1718. Its first houses having been built on the convex side of 
a bend in the Mississippi, the city, now the largest in the South, 
came to be known by its familiar mime, the Crescent City. 

66. The second year of the Avar opened with ()j)erations for 
the recovery of Michigan. An American detacliment was 
captured at Frenchtown (map p. 250), but, later, i 

n 1 TT • T. AT • , Tir Land Battles. 

(jreneral Harrison, at i^ort Meigs, on the Maumee I 

Eiver, bravely witlistood a long siege. Later still, the youth- 
ful Major Crogan, in command of Fort Stephenson, on the 
Sandusky River, made such good use of the only cannon he 
had that his assailants, Britisii and Indians, were forced to 
retreat in great haste^August 2, 1813). 

67. Meanwhile an American force, embarking at Sackett's 
Harbor, New York, crossed Lake Ontario and captured York, 
now called Toronto (map 2). The soul of this expedition was 
General Pike, who, just as victory was deciding in iiis favor, 
was mortally wounded from the explosion of the enemy's 
magazine. The captured flag being brought to him, he made 
a sign to have it jmt under his head, and so the hero expired 
(April, 1813). Sackett's Harbor seeming to be defenseless, a 
thousand Canadians and Indians, under General Pre'vost, 
crossed the lake to attack it. They were resisted by General 
Brown, commanding a hastily formed force, and driven back 
to their ships (May 29). 

65. What is said of Louisiana and its admission to the Union ? Of New Orleans ? 

66. Whit took placi- at Fort Meigs ?■ On the Sandusky ? What was the name of 
the fort (map p. 2.j0) ? What town now occupies its site ? Ans. Fremont. Where were 
both forts (map p. 250) ? 

67. Where is Sackett's Harbor ? State what took place there. Where is York ? 
What took place there y What is York's present name (map 2) ? 



248 JIadiiion's Administration. 



68. The suocoss of the Aiuorioaiis on the oooau incited 
the British to send more of their war ships against their 
adversary. These, sailing ak^ng the eastern 

American ^^^^.^^^ of the United States and hoverinor off the 

Privateers. 

great business ports, succeeded m capturing 

many small trading vessels. Tlie greater number of prizes, 
however, were not on their side. From Boston. Xew York. 
Charleston, and other ports, went forth privateers tliat cap- 
tured nuuv than a tliousand vessels. "Tliese bold rovers. 
being swifter sailors than the English, asked only an open 
sea and a gale of wind to outstrip their pursuers or overtake 
them in tlight. Kvery jnithway of commerce was fauiiliar to 
them, and they passed from sea to sea. appearing and disap- 
}>earing with a suddenness and celerity that battled pursuit. 
At one time they cruised so ilaringly in English waters that 
sixty dollars were paid in Kuglaud to insure live hundred 
across the channel." 

69. The rejoicings of the Americans over their many 
naval successes were checked for a moment by a reverse that 

^^^^ befell them in ^lassachusetts Bay. Captain 

on Lawrence for gallant service had been promoted 

^the^Ocean^^ to the command of the frigate Chesapeake, then 



Ivinsf in Boston harbor. The Shannon, one of Kinir Georire's 
best frigates, manned by a select crew, appeared off the 
harbor to tight the Chesapeake. Though his ship was not 
yet properly equipped, and he was almost a stranger to his 
othcers and men. Lawrence felt imjielled to accept the 
challenge. Toward evening the two vessels met. The con- 
tist was brirf. only tifteen minutes, yet in that short time, 
"both ships were made charnel-houses." Every superior 
otiicer of the Chesapeake was killed or wounded. As the 
dying Lawrence was carried below, he exclaimed. " Don't 
give up the ship I " The ship was not given up. There wa^ 

68. Give an jicconut of.lhe oxploUs? of Amorioni privatiH»rs. 

69. Giw an acoomu of the contest botweon tho OhosjMH\»ko and Shannon. 



3Ia(h'fiO)/ \v . 1 (/ni in isf ratio ti. 2-i9 

no (^iVu'oi- k'I't to g'ive \\vv i\\). She was hoai'dcd, aiul I he Wiv^ 
which had never yet been struck to anytliing like an ecjiial 
foe, was liauled down by a lieutenant of the Shannon (June 
1, 18i;}). 

70. " The capture of a single ship of war probably never 
produced a greater effect npon the contending parties than 
this victory of the Shannou over the Chesapeake. The al- 
most uninterruj)ted success of the little navy of the Ihiited 
States had made the Americans believe that it was invincible, 
and a similar idea was taking hold of the British mind." 
The spell Avas now broken. The Americans moderated their 
opinion : the English were jul)ilant. In England bells were 
rung, guns were fired, and honors were lavished upon the 
Shannon's captain and crew. The [)rowess of the American 
navy never received a greater comi)liuient. 

71. That prowess was about to deserve a coni})liuuMit not 
so agreeable to British feeling. The recovery of ^lichigan still 
being in view (§ (UJ), a Heet of nine vessels was 
fitted out on Lake Erie, and the connnand given 
to Captain, afterward Commodore, Perry. This 
fleet was to cope with the enemy's fleet commanded by Com- 
modore Barclay (see table p. .^50). The American vessels 
were lying in Put-in-Bay, among the islands in the western 
part of the lake (map p. v\')0), when the cry of ''Sail lu)!" 
rang out from the nuist-head of the Lawrence. Perry's flag- 
ship (September 10, 1813). 

72. Perry's battle flag was brought out. On it Mas ])ainted 
in large letters, "Don't give \\\) the ship." Mounting a gun 
slide, he addressed his crew: "^ly brave lads," said he. 



70. What was the eflFect proclnc(>d by tlie result of the battle ? 

71. Where is Lake Erie? I'ut-in-Bay ? Who oominMnded the Anieriean fleet on 
the hike ? How many vessels and guns were in the two fleeis (\i. 27)7) ? 

72. How did Perry address his men on the eve of the battle ? Give an account of 
the battle. State what is said of Perry's message. Where is the battle held in special 
rt-membrance ? A)ii>. In Cleveland. Ohio, where a beautiful statue of Perry was elected 
in 1800. How is Cleveland situated (map p. -250) '? 



Victory 

on 

Lake Erie. 



250 



Madison^ s Administration. 



"this liao- contains the hist words of Ojiptain Lawivnce. 
Shall T hoist it?" ^- Ay, ay, sir!" they all shouted. Up 

it w e n t . amid c li e e r 
after cheer, at first from 
the flag-ship, and then, 
as the words -were read, 
from the rest of the fleet. 
It was the signal for 
battle. The c o m b a t 
lasted about three hours, 
and ended in a complete 
victory to the Ameri- 
cans. Not one of the 
enemy's ships escaped. 
Taking off his cap, and 
using it for a Avriting 
desk. Perry wrote Avith a 
jiencil on the back of an 
old letter his famous dis- 
patch to TIarrisoii : " AA'e have nu't the enemy and they are 
ours." Does not I his uu^ssage fairly rank in l>revity with the 
renowned one, "I came, I saw. 1 contpiered," sent by the 
great Konum general. Julius Cjvsar, after a victory he had 
just gained ? 

73. The consequences of this victory were near and of 
great iuiportance. All that Hull had lost Avas now recovered. 
The British troops and their savage allies in 
alarm blew uji their fort on the Detroit River, in 
Canada, and fled alono- the Thames Eiver. 




Events Fol- 
lowing 
Perry's Victory 



Harrison's army, transported by Perry's fleet across the lake, 
overtook the fleeing foes and attacked them with great fury. 
Resistance was useless. The British regulars threw down their 



73- What did the British do in consequence of their defeat * Into what water 
does the Thames River flow ? Give an account of the hattle. What is said of Tecum- 
seh ? Give the previous history of Tecumseli (§ 55). 



MudisoTi^s Administration . 



251 



STATE or 

ALABAMA 

10 30 GO SO 



arms Jind .surrciKk'red, but the Indiiins, two tlioasaiid in num- 
ber, held out till their great leader, Tecumseh, was slain. Then 
tliey suddenly Hed (Octo- 
l)err)).* 

74. The death of this 
remarkaljle chief broke 
u|) the o m b i n a t i o n 
among the Indian tribes. 
Tecumseh had been for 
years a most determined 
foe of the United States. 
He had gone from tribe 
to tribe, even to those 
far away in Alaljama, and 
incited them to war 
against the whites. Ex- 
peditions were sent to 
subdue these Southern 
Indians, called Creeks, 

and several battles were fought, in every one ot which they 
were routed. Not, however, till General An- 
drew Jackson defeated a thousand warriors, with 
terrible slaughter, in the battle of To-ho-pe'-ka, 
could the white man sit with safety at his cabin door (March, 




i> " Mi.ssissijijji MUer 



War with 

the 

Creeks. 



* "Who killed Tecumseh?" When Richard M. Johnson, in 1830, was a 
candidate for Vice-President, his partisans asserted that he was the slayer of 
Tecumseh. His Whig; opponents denied this. In the battle of the Thames, 
he led a body of horsemen. ''The riders plunged with a yell on the British 
line. Their five hundred rifles cracked at once, strewing the ground with 
men. It was a single blow, and the battle was over in that part of the field. 
* * * Tecumseh led his men gallantly forward, and for a few minutes the 
contest was sharp and bloody. At length he fell, when the savages, with a 
loud whoop, turned and fled." — Headli/s Second War tvith England. 



74. How had Tecumseh shown his enmity against the United States ? Who were 
the Creeks ? How did the Creek War begin ? Ans. In August. 181.3, fifteen hundred war- 
riors surprised Fort Mims, and massacred nearly three liundred men, women, and chil- 
dren. Where was that fort (maj) p. 351) ? Give an account of the ch)sing event of the war. 



252 



Madison^ s A dministration. 



1814). Then, Tecumseh being dead, the tribes of the Soutli 
as well as those of the North were ready to smoke the pipe of 
peace. 

75. We now come to the third year of the war. Some 
oi^erations against Canada, conducted in a faint-hearted 
manner from New York, accomplished nothing. 
Others, under Generals Brown and Scott, be- 
ing prosecuted with skill, vigor, and courage. 

Brown and 



Operations 

on the 

Niagara Frontier 



Scale 



were among the most illustrious of the war. 
Scott crossed the Niagara River, their first achievement be- 
ing the capture of Fort Erie. General Ei'-all, commanding a 

force of British regu- 
lars, was on his Avay to 
the fort, when, hearing 
of its surrender, h e 
halted at Chippewa, and 
there Scott attacked 
him. After a series of 
attacks and counter at- 
tacks t h e British re- 
treated across Chippewa 
Creek, destroying the 
bridge b e h i n d the m 
(July 5, 181-4). 

76. Twenty days later 
the British were again 
met. this time at Lun- 
dy's Lane, within hear- 
ing of the roar of Niagara Falls, and though they were to 
the Americans as three to one, Scott resolved to fight. At 




75. Where was Fort Erie (map p. 2o2) ? Chippewa ? State what took place at 
both places. What had Brown previously done (§ 67) ? Into what water does the Ni- 
agara River flow (map p. 252) ? 

76. Give an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. By wdiat other name is the 
battle also known? Ans. Bridgewater or Niagara. Where is Lundy's Lane (map 
p. 252) ? 



Madison's Administration. 253 

sundown the battle was not half over. A battery on a hill 
gave the British a decided advantage. If not captured, the 
victory would certainly be theirs. " Can you take that bat- 
tery ?" asked General Brown, who had recently arrived on 
the battle ground and taken the command. The question 
was put to the gallant Colonel ]\[iller, and his prompt reply 
was, "I'll try, sir.'^ With three liundred men as brave as 
himself, he charged up the hill, and, despite grapeshot and 
musketry, gained the coveted battery. Quickly the British, 
with fixed bayonets, advanced to regain it. They were re- 
pulsed. Again they advanced. It was a hand-to-hand con- 
test. A second and a third time the British were repulsed. 
At midnight the conflict was over (July 25). 

77. Brown and Scott, having been severely wounded in 
the battle, retired with their victorious soldiers to Fort Erie. 
In vain did the British try to recover the fort. It was held 
against siege and assault, and only abandoned when its brave 
defenders decided to find more comfortable quarters for the 
winter on their own soil. ^ 

78. While the Americans were in jwssession of Fort Erie, 
a large British force, comprising an army and a fleet, left 
the northern end of Lake Champlain. Its object ! victory 
was to capture or destroy the fleet on^he lake, | on Lake 
commanded by Captain MacDonough ; and to oc- ! ^^^ ^^°' 



cupy Plattsburg, situated on a bay of the lake. In this bay 
a desperate battle took place between the two fleets. It lasted 
more than two hours, and ended in a complete victory for Mac- 
Donough. While the fight on the water was in progress, the 
British troops tried to enter the town, but being met with 
spirited resistance from a force of volunteers under General 



77. Give a further account of the operations at Fort Erie. 

78. What invasion tooiv place by way of Lake Champlain ? Who commanded the 
American fleet ? Uow long did it take to create that fleet ? Ans. The largest and best 
vessel in it, the Saratoga, was launched on the fortieth day after tiie first tree used in 
frame was taken from the forest. Give an account of the battle What is the name of 
Lake Champlain's outlet ? Into what river does it flow ? 



25-i 



Madison 's A dm in istration. 



Macomb, and seeing the fate of their fleet, they lost heart 

and fled in great haste (September 11). 

79. Events in another quarter 
did not give the Americans so 
much cause for rejoicing. A 
British fleet ascended C h e s a - 
peake Bay, and hinded an army, 
which, meeting with little op- 
position, marched to AVashing- 
ton (August 24). The invaders 
spent the thirty hours they were 
in possession of the city in riotous 
excesses. The capitol, with its 
valuable library, was given to 
t h e flames. The President's 
house and other buildings were 
also reduced to ashes. As if to 
rebuke these vandals, as they 
have been called, a tremendous 
tornado passed over the city. 
Tliirty were buried in the ruins 
of falling buildings, and a hun- 
dred others were killed by a 

magazine explosion. Fearing an uprising of the people, the 
The Capital in ^"'^^^^'^^ army, in the gloom of night, stole out of 

the Hands the city. 

o f the British. | gO. Their next object for attack was Balti- 
more. Troops were landed at Xorth Point, a few miles from 
the city, to co-operate with the fleet. In a skirmish. General 
Ross, their commander, was killed. His forces, checked for a 
time by the militia, succeeded in getting near the defenses of 
the city, where they halted to hear from their ships, which 




79. Give an account of the enemy's doings in "Washington cit.v. 

80. How is Baltimore located (map p. 254) ? Describe how it was attacked by sea 
and land. What is said of the Star-Spangled Banner song ? 



Madison's Administratioii. 257 

83. In a few days rumors of Jackson's great victory began 
to arrive in Washington^ but, before the whole of the welcome 
story was known there, a fresh piece of news 
])uslied the rumors aside. British and American 



Peace. 



commissioners had met in the ancient city of Ghent (gent), 
in Europe, and arranged a treaty of peace (December, 1814). 
The vessel that brought the good news was a sloop that took 
forty days to cross the ocean to Xew York. It was late of a 
Saturday night when the sloop came to anchor. In less than 
an hour the whole city was alive with rejoicings. " Thou- 
sands and tens of thousands of persons were marching with 
candles, lamps, and torches, making Broadway appear like a 
gay and gorgeous procession.'" 

84. The war was ended, but had we gained what we had 
fought for ? The treaty made provision for running the 
boundary line between the United States on the one side and 
Xew Brunswick and Canada on the other, but nothing was said 
in it respecting the '^impressment question." The omission 
was not much regretted, for it was believed that the splendid 
success of the American navy had disposed of that question 
forever (§ 58). 

85. Thus far we have said nothing about the injury which 
certain powers, known as the Barbary States, were inflicting 
uj^on our commerce. Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, 
and Tripoli, northern countries of Africa, were 
the offenders. They were in truth pirate States, 



War 

with the 
Barbary States, 



for their living was gained in large part by piracy. They 
sent forth cruisers which scoured every part of the Medi- 
terranean, and ventured upon the Atlantic, for the purpose 
of capturing vessels of other countries. The i)assengers and 
crews of the captured vessels were reduced to slavery. In- 



83. Where is Ghent ? What was clone there ? How was the news received ? 

84. What did the treaty include and what omit ? 

85. What is .«aid of the piratical practices of the Barbary States ? Which were the 
Barbary States ? How were they bounded ? What was tribute-money ? 

17 



258 



Madison^ s A dministration. 



stead of sending war ships against these kiwless countries, the 
Christian powers of Europe were in the habit of sending 
bribe-money, '' tribute " they called it, in order to preserve 
their trade-ships from seizure. 

86. The United States, following the bad example set by 
Europe, sent presents to the African pirates. In addition. 




Congress agreed to pay to the 
J'l Dey of Algiers a yearly tribute, 
as England and other nations 
were doing. Every year money 
was likewise given to the other Barbary States, but, as they 
did not get as much as Algiers and their demand for more was 
not complied with, they seized American vessels as formerly. 
87. A fleet was sent from the United States to bring the 
sea robbers to terms. Four or five of their largest ships were 
captured, but, unfortunately, the American frigate Philadel- 



86. What was done by our government to avert war with the Barbary States ? 

87. Describe the loss, recapture, aud fate of the frigate Philadelphia. 



Madison's Ad77iinistration. 259 

phia, while blockading the harbor of Tripoli, ran upon a 
sunken rock, and, after a hard fight, fell into the hands of 
the Tripolitans. The next high tide floated her off, and 
gave to the pirates a fine addition to their fleet. As it did 
not seem possible to recapture the frigate, an attempt to 
destroy her was decided upon. The capture of a small Tri- 
politan vessel favored the project. In this prize, Stephen 
Decatur, a young lieutenant, with a volunteer party of eighty 
men, entered the harbor at night, and made fast to the 
frigate's side. All his men, except two or three, were lying 
flat upon the deck. Suddenly they arose, boarded the 
frigate, and in less than ten minutes killed or drove into the 
sea every one of the piratical crew. Setting her on fire, by 
the light of the blaze they escaped from the harbor without 
losing a man (February, 1804). 

88. Jefferson was then President. The war was carried 
on till a treaty was made with the Dey of Algiers (1805). 
During the next seven years the Barbary States behaved 
better ; but when the war between England and the United 
States broke out they believed that the navy of the latter 
would be crushed by its powerful antagonist, and American 
merchantmen thus be left without protection. So believing, 
they lost no opportunity to seize our trading ships. Algiers, 
indeed, went so far as to make a formal declaration of war 
against the United States. 

89. Our war with England being ended, Decatur, now 
commodore, was sent against our African enemies (1815). 
He captured two of their largest ships, and appearing be- 
fore Algiers with his formidable fleet, compelled the terrifled 
Dey to surrender all the American jorisoners in his hands, to 
promise that he would not capture any more Americans, to 
pay for the vessels he had seized in violation of his treaty 
agreement, and to give up all future claim to tribute of every 

88. When was a treaty made ? What produced a renewal of hostile acts ? 

89. Give an account of Decatur's final successes. 



260 Monroe's Administration. 

kind from the United States (June 30). Proceeding to 
Tunis and Tripoli. Decatur brought both powers to satis- 
factory terms. Tlie Barbary States made no more captures 
of American vessels. 

90. Madison's second term of office was near its close. 
Declining to be a candidate for a third, tlius 
following the example of AVashington and Jelfer- 
son, he was succeeded bv James Monroe, also a 



Election 

of 
Monroe. 



Kepublican and a Virginian. In December of the election 

year (1810), Indiana became a State of the Union. Thus far 

\ two States, Ohio and Indiana, had been taken 

L_! from the Northwest Territory (see maps 3 and 5). 

In neither, so said the Ordinance of 1787. could slavery 
exist (§ 11). 

Moxroe's Admixistratiox. 

91. For sixteen years the strife between the two great 
political parties had been angry. Xow all was changed. 

• 'Hot-tempered leaders, who had hardly deigned 
aood^eeiing ^^ speak to each other, or even to walk on the 

same side of the street, now met with smiling 

faces. The era of good feeling had begun." ^lonroe had 
received all the electoral votes, except those of three States. 
His election, for a second term, four years later, was still 
more indicative of "the era of good feeling." The choice 
would have been unanimous, if one elector had not voted 
for John Quincy Adams. The Federal party was no moi'e. 
The war with England, with its attending circumstances and 
results, had swept away all party lines. Monroe's first term 
commenced on the 4th of March, 1817. 

92. An Indian war nnule the first break into the coni- 



90- Who succeeded Madison as President ? What is said of Indiana ? Of Ohio ? 
Of slavt ry in ihe two States ? Name the principal land battles of the late war with 
Enirland. their commanders and results (table p. e5t)i. Same of the naval battles. 

91. What is said of the era of good feeling? When did Monroe's term begin ? 

92. Wlio were the Seminoles ? Of what were they guilty ? 



Monroe's Administratioii. 



261 



placeiicy of the poo])lo. Floridii tlicn belonged to Spain. 
The larger part of its inhabitants were Indians, known as 
the Seminoles, meaning the runaways, a name 
given to them by the Creeks, from whom they had 

separated several years before (§ 74). They pos- I 

sessed not only horses and cattle, but numerous slaves. To 
increase their possessions they 



War with 
the Seminoles. 



invaded Georgia, returning to 
their homes with scalps as 
well as with plunder. 

93. T h e ti r s t measures 
against them not proving suc- 
cessful, General Jackson, with 
four thousand men, many of 
whom Avere Creeks, b e g a n 
what he afterward aptly called 
"?i war of movements." He 
entered Florida, drove the 
Seminoles from place to place, 
and captured the Spanish 
forts in which they were find- 
ing protection. Two British traders, who had supplied them 
with guns, powder, and shot, and had incited them to hos- 
tilities, were arrested, and executed. 

94. This invasion of a province of Spain, while we were at 
peace with that nation, was resented by the Spanish govern- 
ment in very strong language. The letters that 
passed between the two governments, at first 
warlike, then pacific, led to a treaty by which 




JAMES MONROE. 



Purchase 

of 
Florida. 



Spain agreed to sell the whole of Florida for five million dol- 



93. Give an account of Jackson's operations in Florida. Where were the Spanish 
forts ? Ans. At St. Mark's and Pensacola (map 5). 

94. What treaty was made with Spain ? Whj' was the treaty particularly vainat)I(! ? 
In what three ways had we already won a title to that region (§ 16, 41, 42) '! What, is 
said of Black Hawk (note p. 262) ? Osceola ? 



The 
Monroe Doctrine 



262 Ilonroes Administratmi, 

lars (1819). One clause of the treaty was worth more to the 
purchaser than ten times the five millions. It gave to the 
United States all the rights and claims of Spain to the terri- 
tory west of the Louisiana Purchase, north of the forty- 
second parallel of latitude (map 8), thus completing our title 
to the domain west of the Kocky Mountains, of which the 
State of Oregon is now a part (§ 42). The king of Spain 
was slow to ratify the treaty, but he put his name and seal to 
it at last ; and, just two years from its date, President Mon- 
roe announced tliat Florida belonged to the United States.* 

95. The President made another announcenuMit, one that 
was intended to be heard on the other side of the Atlantic. 

Tn a message to Congress, he asserted that "as a 
principle, the American continents are henceforth 
not to be considered as subjects for future colo- 
nization by any European power " (1823). This declaration 
has became famous as the Monroe Doctrine. It was a notifi- 
cation to the nations of the old world that the governments 
of the new world were fully competent to take care of them- 
selves. 

96. The territory of Mississippi and Alabama, before its 
division into the tAvo States, was called the Mississippi Terri- 

* Five years earlier the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians, in the Northwest, sold 
tlieir land alone; the Mississippi to the United States ; but, in 1832, made an at- 
tempt, by massaerini>- the white settlers, to possess it ati:ain (map 1). Their 
ehief, Black Hawk, was captured, and a treaty was made which ended the 
war. Two years later the Seminoles renewed their hostilities. They refused to 
,i!;o to lands west of the Mississippi, as had been ai!;reed by treaty with some of 
their chiefs. Their jirincipal warrior, Osceola, who woidd not siii^n the treaty, 
did not consider it bound the tribe. Usins; threateninj^ lani2;ua.2:e, he was 
put in irons, but, promising submission, was set free. In revene:e, he attacked 
the whites and several battles were fought. Appearinsi; in the American camp 
with a flag of truce, he was seized, and confmed in Fort Moultrie till his 
death. The Indians were defeated by Colonel Taylor (afterward President) 
in the most desperate battle of the war, O-kee-cho'-bee, Dec. 25, 1837, but, 
though they continued hostile till 1842, they never again rallied iu large force. 



96. Repeat what is said in relation to the Monroe Doctrine. 
96. What is? said of Mississippi, Alabama, and Illinois ? 



Monroe's A dministration. 



263 



tory. Its upper part, a strip twelve miles wide, was ceded 
by South Carolina (§ 11). Its lower part, from the thirty- 
first parallel to tlie Gulf of Mexico, was claimed by 
the United States as a part of the Louisiana Pur- 
chase (§ 40). Spain's cession in 1810 gave us a clear title 



New States. 



to it (§ 04). All the rest of the territory was ceded by 
Georgia. Mississippi became a State in 1817, as did Ala- 




bama two years later. Both were slave States. Between 
these, in 1818, came Illinois, which, by the Ordinance of 
1787, was a free State (§ 11). 

97. Meanwhile the first of the great debates in Congress 
touching slavery was well under way. It began over a pe- 



97. What reques^ts came from Maine ? What two objections were made ? State 
the facts in rehitionto the Mason and Dixon Line (note). 



26-i Jlonroe'^ Adnii)iisti'atio)i. ■ 

titioii from tlie people of Maine, who, luiviiig- adopted a cou- 
stitiitioii for a State government, asked to be admitted to the 
^^ j Union. An objection at once eame from the 
Missouri | Massachnsetts representatives. Maine, tliev said. 
Compr omise. | |^)eh>no-od to Massacduisetts, the connection dating 
as far back as the colonial times (maj) 5).* Presently a more 
serious objection Avas raised. This time it came from rep- 
resentatives of the slave States. The constitution which the 
people of Maine had adopted contained a clause against 
slavery. To admit Maine would be to increase the power of 
the free States in Congress, f 

98. The discussion was complicated by a movement on 
the part of the people of Missouri, who, willing to have 
shivery in their midst, also asked for admission to theFnion. 
At length an agreement was reached, which is often referred 
to as the Missouri Compromise, or the Compromise of 1820. 
No restriction was put upon Missouri in respect to slavery, 
but all the rest of the Louisiami Purchase north of 3G" 30', 
was set apart to be free territory, into which, it was declared, 
slavery should never be allowed to enter. The adoption of 
this agreement and the admission of ^[aine took jdace in 18'20. 
Missouri was admitted the following year (§ 110). 

99. Before ^lonroe retired from ottlce he had the great 



* In lt)35 the Plymouth Company divided its territory among its members, 
Ferdinando Gorsres g'ettins: tlie western part of Maine (p. 72). The ehiims 
of his heirs and of otlier parties to the other portions of Maine, were liouglit 
by Massaehnsetts in lt>77. 

t The phrase. Mason and Dixon's Line, began now to be heard. It 
originated with John Randolph, an eeeentrio member of Congress, from 
Virginia, and was soon eanght np and used in every part of the land. Though 
the lu)undary between Pennsylvania on the one side, and Maryland and 
Virginia on the other was at tirst intended, the phrase eame to mean the 
8ei)arating line between the free States and the slave States. It was derived 
fronx two surveyors. Mason and Dixon, by whom most of tlie boiuulary line 
was run (17tK>-9). 

98. Give the particulars of the Missouri Compromise. 

99. Give an accomit of Lafayette's visit in 1834. Of the b.ittlo of Brandywiuo. 



John Quincy Adams' 6 Adniinislration. 



2G5 



Lafayette, 

the Nation's 

Guest. 



])l(':isiii'(' of sJinkiiii;- hands with Aiiu'i'icirs (list iiiiiuisliod 
irieiul, the Marcpiis of Ijar<iyeiti', w ho, by resolution of Von- 
gress, had been invilt'd lo visit tho lIiiiliMl States. 
Acc^oinpaiiic'd by liis sou, (Jcoriii* \Vashiii^"toii 
LafMyctte, \w visited every one of the twenty- 
four States then eoiu posing- the Union (1S24). Every city, 
vilhiiie, and Iiainlet pouretl out- its iiduibitants to meet liini. 
On tlu' spot, wliere, just til'ty 
years before, a l)an(l of [)ati-iots 
repelled an army of Kini;- 
(ileori^e's well-trained soldiers, 
iu' laid the corner-stone of t he 
Bunker Hill m o n u m e n t , 
Daniel Webster, America's 
most iiifted oi-ator, completini;" 
the day's cei'emony with an 
eloquent a(hlress. l^'or his re- 
turn to I^'i'aiice, a national 
ship was pi'ovided. It was 
not forgotten that, fightinij; 
galhmtly beside Washington 

in the ])attle of I^randywdne, he had been severely wounded 
(}). ITl). 'I'he lunv shi[) was named the l^randywiiu'. in it 
lie embarked, and, as her sails wei'e hoisted to the breeze, aiul 
she left the waters of the I^otonuie, a thousand voices lillcHl 
the air with parting cheei's. 




.AFAYKTTK. 



doiiN (^)riNr(Y Adams's Admin istkation. 

100. 'riie next election for Pr(\sident had very litth^ of a 
political natui-e in it. Monroe's wm'sc i)olicy had neai-Iy wiped 
out party lines. The electoral votes were cast for four can- 
didates, and were consequently so divided as to give no one 
a majority. The duty of completing the election then went 



100. Cive an account of the election of Joim (^»iiincj' Adams to tiie presidency. 



266 



John Quincy Adams's Administration, 



to the House of Representatives (Appendix, page 20) ; and 
John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, eklest son of the 
nation's second President, was chosen, llis term commenced 
on the 4tli of March, 1825, as did that of John C. Calhoun, 
the Vice-President. 

101. We may be certain that it gave the father much 
pleasure to see his son occupying, as he had done himself, 
the highest position in the nation's gift. But it 
was not his privilege to enjoy this satisfaction 
numv months. On the 4th of July, 182G, John 



Death 

in 

High Places. 



Adams died, and on that very day, the fiftieth anniversary of 
American independence, the venerable Thomas Jefferson, the 

Father of the Declaration, 
also died. What a wonderful 
coincidence I The one had 
written the Declaration, the 
other, by argument and elo- 
quence, had done more than 
any other man to secure its 
adoption (p. 101). Each had 
since been \^ice-President and 
l*resident, and now, full of 
honors, they departed together 
just as the nation had reached 
its half-century of growth. 

102. As yet there is not a 
railroad in the United States, if 
we except a rude affair, two miles long, built to convey blocks 
of granite from the quarries of Quincy, Massa- 
chusetts, to tide-A\^l^. Its cars were drawn by 




)HN l^l'IM'V ADAM^ 



First Railroad. 



horses. A few steamboats were on t^e rivers and lakes (§ 49). 



101. What is said of the death of two ox-Presidents ? Uas the death of any other 
ex-Prosident occurred on our national anniversary? Ans. Monroe died on the 4th of 
July, 1831. 

102. What is said of our fir.st1laiiri)ad ? Of our first ocn-an steanisliip ? 



John Quincy Adams's Admmistratio7i. 267 



One, built at Now York and named the Savannah, had been 
to Euro2)e, and was thus tlie first steamship that crossed the 
Atlantic (1819). As she approached the coast of 
Ireland the people on shore thought she was on 
fire, and a king's cutter was sent to her relief. 



First Ocean 
Steamboat. 



She carried sails, just as did the first English steamers that 
entered the port of New York about twenty years afterward ; 
and these sails she set when the wind was fair, just as every 
ocean steamer has done from that day to this. 

103. Of canals, there are only three or four in use, the 
largest, in fact the longest in the world, being the Erie Canal, 
just opened for traffic (1825). It is three hun- 
dred and sixty-three miles long, extending across 
the State of New \"ork from the Hudson River 



Internal 
Improvements. 



at Albany to Lake Erie ; and is one of the means for making 
the city of New York the greatest commercial city on the 
continent. To the untiring efforts of the State's enterpris- 
ing governor, De AYitt Clinton, was its construction princi- 
pally due. 

104. This Erie Canal was built by the State of New York, 
and is one of the numerous works that come under the name 
of ^^ internal improvements.'^ Though many persons in the 
early history of our country, Ijclieved that the right of the 
general government to make such improvements was confined 
to very narrow limits, Congress, with the hearty approval of 
President Adams, the younger, directed a number to be 
made. Millions of dollars were spent to better the means of 
getting from one part of the country to another. A road, 
for the use of Western emigrants, was built during Monroe's 
administration from Cumberland, Maryland, to Ohio. 

105. All through Adams's administration there was a deal 
of ill-feeling among the men avIio had voted against him. 

103. What is said of the Eric Caual ? Of De W^itt Clinton ? 

104. Repeat what i.s said of internal improvements. 

105. What is said of the formation of political Pirties? Of Jackson's election ? 



268 Administrations of Jackson and Van Buren. 

They thought that his election had been brought about un- 
fairly, and that the people preferred Jackson. This, with 
other causes, led to the formation of two parties, 
the friends of Jackson being called Democrats, 
those of Adams were known as National Repub- 
licans or Whigs. A most animated canvass followed, ending 
in the success of the Democrats. Jackson entered upon his 
administration on the 4th of March, 1829, Calhoun, for a 
second term, being in the Vice-President^s chair. 



Eleventh 
National Elec- 
tion. 



Administratioxs of Jackson and Yak Buren. 
106. There was nothing timid or halting in Jackson's way 
of doiiig business. He acted promptly and with vigor. Be- 
lieving, as was expressed in 
•ifter years, that ''to the vic- 
tors belong the spoils, "" he 
turned out of ofiice the men 
who had not voted for him 
and put in his friends. In 
two years he made as many 
removals as his six ^^I'edeces- 
sors had made in forty. Thus 
l)egan the custom called ''rota- 
tion in ofiice.'' 

107. Jackson took a bold 
stand as'ainst the United States 

ANDREW JACKSON. ^ 

Bank (§ 8). He said that it 
had too much influence upon the affairs of the country, and 
was getting more powerful and dangerous every year. Con- 
gress voted to renew its charter, but he vetoed the bill. In- 
stead of depositing the money belonging to the government 




106. What is said of rotation in office, its beginning and evil ? Has anything ever 
been done to check the evil ? Ans. A reform was begnn in 1883, when Congress passed 
an act giving the President power to appoint Civil Service Examiners, and to make 
appointments on their recommendation. 

107. Give an account of Jac'ksdn's war against the United States Bank. 



Wild 
Speculation. 



Administrations of Jackson ancl Van Buren, 269 

in its vault, as had been the custom, he sent it to certain 
of the State banks, which, because they were thus favored, 
came to be called Pet Banks. These institutions, being now 
in possession of large amounts of gold and silver coin, freely 
lent the money to merchants and others. 

108. 80 much money in circulation had the effect of mak- 
ing everything dear. A wild spirit of speculation followed. 
Men, striving to become rich suddenly, under- 
took to buikl new cities -in a few months. They 
bought farms and laid them out into building lots, 
which, in the frenzy that prevailed, were sold at fabulous 
prices. The purchasers themselves, in most cases, were specu- 
lators. They did not intend to build. Tliey bought, expect- 
ing to sell at higher prices, giving their notes, instead of 
cash, in payment. Do we not foresee the end ? It did not 
come at once, but when it did come it was with a mighty 
crash (§ 114). 

109. Congress had more tlian once altered the tariff, that 
is, had changed the duty on imports. The duty on articles 
formerly taxed was not only increased ; other 
articles were brought under the tariff. This was 
done to increase the revenue (§0). A secondary object was to 
encourage the manufacturing industries of the country, hence 
the law with that intent came to be known as a protective 
tariff. The South, in early times, favored such a tariff ; the 
North did not. The cotton of the South was sent to the 
North, and thence transported to England to be manufac- 
tured. The South began to manufacture its own cotton. A 
new vision unfolded itself to the men of New England. Said 
they: '*'If the South can prosper by running factories, why 
cannot the North ?^' Cotton-mills were accordingly started 
in New England, and they flourished. Then the North and 
the South exchanged convictions. The North favored the 

108- What is said of the wild speculation during his administration ? 

109. What is said of the tariff, and discussion and changes in relation thereto ? 



The Tariff. 



270 Admuiistrah'o}is of Jaclson and Van Buren. 





protective principle in tlie tariff ; the South did not. The 
Southern phmters sent cotton and tobacco to Europe, and, in 
return, received cotton fab- 
rics, harness for their horses 
and mules, and otlier things 
on wliic'li a lieavy dut}- was 
paid. Tliev wanted the duty 
to be reduced. The North- 
ern manufacturers objected, 
saying that "if that Avere 
done their business would be 
ruined, for the ini])ortc(l 
goods could be sold at 

a less price than 

they could '^fft>rd^^^^ .^^^1^^^ ^^ '^"^ ^^ r o u g h t 
to sell their own J|||E SP' "^^^^^^ forth the doc- 
goods." n|^l^^^ "^^^^K ^^'^^^^ ^^ State 
110. T hen HHH^ ^^"^^^^M Rights, or State 

Sovereignty. It 
was no new doc- 
trine (§ o-l) ; but 
now it liad for its 
advocates two of the 
South's most able j" 
statesmen, Robert ^ 
Y. Ilayne and John C. Cal- 
houn, both of South Carolina. 
They asserted tliat the "United 
States were a confederacy, its 
parts being held together by a 
treaty or league. " From this it 
M-as argued that • ' a State had 
the right to disobey any act of Congress which, in its opin- 



State Rights. 



JOHN C. CALHOUN. 



HKNHY CLAY. 



DAMKl. AVEHf^TEK. 



Administrations of Jackson and Van Buren. 271 

ion, Wtis oppressive, and so, by the disobedience, to annul it/' 
Jlence, those who so believed were called NuUitiers. 

111. The doctrine, we see, did not stop here. It meant 
that a State had tlio right to leave the Union. Hayne made 
several speeches in Congress, to which Daniel Webster re- 
plied with so much aljility as to win for himself the title of 
Expounder of the Constitution (1839). His words, ''Liberty 
and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable," were 
often repeated by those who were opposed to the doctrine of 
State Kights. Ilayne left the United States Senate to be 
governor of Soutli Carolina, and Calhoun, resigning the vice- 
presidency, was elected to till tlie vacant place in the Senate. 
A convention of (hd(\gates, elected by the people of South 
Carolina, declared the tariff law to be null and void, and re- 
solved that if any attempts were made witliin the limits of 
the State to collect the duty under it, tlie State would se- 
cede from the Union. 

112. President Jackson was prompt to act. Said he : 
"Nullification is treason. The Union must be preserved." 
He issued a proclamation against the Nullifiers, in which 
argument, advice, and warning were wisely blended (Decem- 
ber, 18o2). He sent General Scott to Charleston, and ordered 
war ships to be stationed before the city. It was feared that 
the next movement would be the beginning of a civil war. 
Meanwhile Henry Clay, in Congress, was trying to effect a 
compromise. Calhoun accepted Clay's offer, the tariff was 
modified, and there was no war. 

113. The next President, Martin Van Buren, of New 
York, had been in public life since his eighteenth year. 
During Jackson's second term he was Vice-President. Both 

110- What was the doctrine of State Right? ? Who were Nullifiers ? 

111. What is said of Ilayne? Calhoun? Webster? What stand was talven 
by South Carolina ? What reasons were given for so doing ? 

112. Give an account of President Jackson's course. IIow was the trouble averted ? 
Where did we meet Scott before (§ 75) ? 

113. Who was the next President ? What is said of liini ? 



272 



Administrations of Harrison and Tyler. 



men were of the same political faith, and between them 
a warm friendship existed. It was said of Van Buren, as 

President, that •• he trod in 
the footsteps of his illustrious 
predecessor/' 

114. The new administra- 
tion had hardly begun. ^larch 
4, 1837, when the financial 
crash came of which we have 
spoken (§ 108). AVild specu- 
lation and overtrading did it. 
To satisfy the demands of 
creditors, property of every 
kind was sold as fast as pos- 
sible. Merchandise, stocks, 
houses, and lands were dis- 
posed of for whatever they 
Thousands of men, who, a short time before, 
thought they were rich, now found themselves without a 
cent. The banks, having lent so much coin. 




:»IAKT1N VAN JU KEN. 



would bring. 



Financial 
Distress. 



notes in gold or 



were unable to redeem their 

silver as jjromised ; nor were they able to meet 
other obligations. In consequence, the government became 
embarrassed, and Congress had to provide for the safe-keep- 
ing of its money in sub-treasuries. It was Van Buren's 
boast that, at the end of his administration, March I, 1841, 
the countrv did not have a national debt nor a national bank. 



Admixistratioxs of Harrisox axd Tyler. . 

115. The election of AVilliam Henry Harrison, of Ohio, 
to the presidency, was a triumph of the AVhigs. He owed 



114. Give an account of the events during Van Buren's administration. 

115. Who succeeded Vau Buren as Presidi-nt? Where did we meet Harrison before 
(§ 55» ? When did his administration begin and end? State wh t you can of him and 
his death. When and by whom was he succeeded in the presidential chair ? 



Adiniiiistratiuns of llarritiun and Tyler. 



273 



his election, in l;irge part, to liis military reputation. Like 
Jackson, he had fought the Indians and the British, aiul was 
a hero (§ 73). lie entered the White House on 
the -Ith of March, 1841, but was permitted to oc- 
cui)y it only one month. Sickness, the result 



General 
Harrison. 



of worry and fatigue, and of a change in his habits, pros- 
trated him. Office-holders beset him. lie did not like to 
see men dismissed from office, and in the delirium of his last 
hours he would cry out: "My dear madam, I did not know 




WILMAM HENi;\ 



that your husband was turned out. It is wrong. I will not 
consent." Death came to his relief, April 4th, and the Vice- 
President, John Tyler, then became President. 

116. Though Tyler owed his position to the Whigs, he 
was soon out of favor with them. They wanted to establish a 
national bank, but he vetoed two bills passed by 
Congress for that purpose. All the members of 
his cabinet resigned, except Daniel Webster, who 



Tyler 



President. 



remained only long enough to bring to an end, by treaty, a 



116. How did Tyler disappoint the Whigs ? What is said of the treaty with En- 
gland ? Where have \vc met Webster before (§ 111) ? 
18 



Arkansas 

and 
Michigan. 



274 Ad mi ft ifif ratio/is of Ilitrrisofi and Tyler. 

long and angrv dispute with England (184">^). l>v this treaty 
tlie nortliern boundary line of the United States, from Maine 
to the Koeky Mountains, was agreed upon.* 

117. Two States had joined the Union sinoe tlie admission 
of ^lissouri. The first, Arkansas, a slave State, admitted in 

183(.) (ma}> (>). was fi>rn\ed from the Louisiana 

and Purehase (§ 40). The other, ^[iehigan, a free 

State (map o), lollowmg a year later, was the 
fourth }Meee from the Northwest Territory (>jll). Now 
eame a recjuest from Texas for admission to the Union. 

118. Texas was onee a part of Mexieo, and ^Eexieo be- 
longed to Spain. A revolt took plaee, and ^Lexieo became in- 
~ 1 dependent ,18*2"J\ Settlers from the Southern 

Tex&s. 

. I part of the United States Hooked to Texas, the 

most noteil among them being General Houston {hu'-sfuft). 
A large number, being slaveholders, took their slaves with 
them, llenee Texas, wiiieh, as a part of ^lexieo, did not 
contain a single slave. Siu^n eame to have many. Presently 
the people of Texas set up a government of their own (ISoo). 
After hard tighting their sueeess was assured, though ^lex- 
ieo, without eontinuing the contest, still refused to give up 
its claim to the territory. 

119. The ipu'stion was now ]>resented to the United 

* Duriuii this year ^1^2) a fon.*ible attempt, known as the Dorr Robolliou. 
was made in Khodo Island to do away with the charter form of government 
granted by Charles II.. in t(5tvi. which had been the fonudation law of the 
Slate the greater part of two centnries: and in its place to adopt a form of 
government which wonld extend the voting rights to a larger nnmber of the 
pei>ple. Though the attempt failed, and its leader, Thomas W. Dorr, was 
kept in prison a longtime, it hastened the adoption of the Constitution under 
which the State is now governed. 

117. What is s,<»id of Arkansas ? Of Miohiiiau ? Of Texas ? 

118- ^'ivo rho prtnious history of Texas. 

119. What question came up': Who favortxl it. ami why? Who oppostnl it. and 
wliy * What other objection was made 5 Afi.<. It was lvlieve<i that th.e annexatiou of 
Texas to the I'nited States would K\ul to a war with Mexico. How stixnl the creat bixiy 
of the |vo]ile at the North * Who wen^ Abolitionists ? 



Folk's AdniinUhation. 275 



Htatos : Should 'I\'xus bo auiioxcd to the Union ? The |)('o[)lo 
of the South, dosiriiii;' to strcngtheii the shivc })o\V('r in Con- 
gress, said yes. The [)(m:)})Ic ot* tlio Korth, h)()kin_i;' upon 
shivery as an evil, said no. ('alhoun, ari;-uin<;- in favor of 
annexation, deehired shivery to he "a })()sitive <;()()(L" Wil- 
liam I-iloyd (larrison, editing an "abolition i)aj)er" in J^os- 
ton, ealled it "a sin and a eiirse." (Jari'ison and thosc^ like 
him, in favor of giving freedom to all the shives, thus 
abolishing slavery, were called Abolitionists. The great ma- 
jority of the northern people, howevei-, wci'e not Abolitionists. 
They believed that they had no right to interfere with 
slavery in the States where it existed. So believing, they 
said : *' We are willing to let slavery be where it is, but we 
do not want any more slave territory '' (§ 120). 

120. On this issue the next canvass for I^-esidcnt was 
mainly carried on. "Fifty-four forty or fight," was also a 
watchword of the Democrats, who asserted that our title to 
the Pacitic region as far north as the latitude of 54° 40' was 
su})erior to England's. The Democrats, favoring the an- 
nexation of Texas, nominated James K. Polk, of ''I'ennessee. 
Of liis Whig opponent, Henry Clay, it was said that '' he was 
not j)ro-slavei'y enough for the South nor anti-slavery enough 
for the North. ^' The Abolitionists had a candidate for whom 
they cast sixty thousand votes. Polk was elected, and began 
his administration on the 4th of March, 1845. By resolution 
of Congress, Texas, "The Lone Star State,^' was added to 
the Union before the close of this year (December 20), about 
ten months after the admission of Florida (March 3). 

Polk's Administration. 
121. The Rio Graiule and the Nueces {nwd-seez) are two 
rivers that flow into the Gulf of Mexico, the former being 

120. What, two questions entered into the prcBidential canvass ? Who were the 
candidates ? What is said of the election ? Admii((lion of Texas and Florida? 

121. Descril)e the Rio Grande (map p. 277). The Nueces. What territory was in 
dispute ? Exphiin the dispute. Describe the two battles that took place in May, 1840. 



276 



Polh ^s A dm inistration. 



the more southoni. The Texans asserted that the boundary 
between their territory and Mexico was the Kio Grande. 
Tlie Mexicans said it was the Nueces. General 
Taylor, in command of an army of four thousand 
men, sent by President Polk to protect Texas 



War 
with Mexico. 



against invasion from Mexico, advanced, by orders of the 
President, across the disputed territory to the Kio Grande. 
This brought on war. The lirst attack was made by the 

Mexicans upon a party of Tay- 
lor's dragoons (April 2(1, 184G). 
Congress then voted t h a t 
• • war existed by the act of 
the republic of Mexico '" (May 
13). Meanwliile, in two bat- 
tles on the disputed ground, 




one at Palo Alto (pah'-lo 
(ihl'-fo), the other at Resaca de 
la Palma (ra-sah'-kah da lah 
paliV -mall) , the ^I e x i c a n s 
were defeated (May 8th and 
Dtli, 184()). 

jAMKs K. roLK. 122. The news from the 

seat of war produced great 

excitement in all parts of the United States. It was feared 

that Taylor's little army would be overwhelmed. Volunteers 

were quickly sent to him. Crossing the Rio 

Taylor's Grande Avith his increased force, Tavlor took 

Campaign. ' .. 

possession of Matamoras, and thence advanced 

along the river's bank, and westward to the fortitied city of 
Monterey (mon-td-7'aij'). A siege and a series of attacks 
ended in the capture of that city (September '-3 -4, 184()). 



122. How is Matamoras situated (map p. 277) ? Monterey ? State what took place 
nt both places. What officer. aftey»u-d gre-itly distinguished, fought in the throe bat- 
tles already mentioned? Ans. 6 -> ^ral U. S. Grant. In what other battles did he 
light? J/Ks\ In every one of Scott's oxican battles. 



PoWs A dministration. 



277 



123. Here, wliile resting, Ttiylor received an order from 
Genenil Scott, liis superior in command, wliicli deprived him 
of many of his best troops. In the full expectation of crush- 
ing Taylor's army, in its 
weakened condition, 
Santa Anna, the IVesi- 
dent of the Mexican re- 
public, marched against 
it. At Buena Vista (bwa- 
na vees'-ta), a mountain 
pass to which the little 
army had advanced, the 
two forces met. Santa 
Anna summoned his ad- 
v e r s a r y to surrender. 
The reply was : " General 
Taylor never surrenders.^' The battle that followed Avas long 
and desperate. Disappointed and vexed, the Mexicans gave 
up the contest, and escaped further defeat by making a night 
retreat (February 23, 18-i7). 

124. Meanwhile the Americans were winning success in 
other parts of the Mexican domain. General Kearny, lead- 
ing an expedition across the wilderness from 
Missouri to Santa Fe, nearly a thousand miles, 

took possession of Xcav Mexico (map 0). Leav- ' 

ing a force to keep possession of the country, he set out 
to repeat his success in California, then a part of Mexico, but 
John C. Fremont, '^The Pathfinder of the Rocky Moun- 
tains," was ahead of him. 

125. Before the breaking out of the war Fremont was 
sent to make western explorations. At length, needing sup- 




New Mexico 
Taken. 



123. In what direction is Monterey from Buena Vista ? Give an account of the 
battle of Buena Yi^ta. ^f^ 

124. (Jive an account of Kearny's succe-'s. WIjcjc is Santa Fe (inai> (i) '! Wliat 
knowledge of Santa Fe have you previously gained (p. 47^ ? 



278 



Polk's Administration. 



plies, lie luade his way into Ccilifuriiia. The war was then 
in progress, but he did not know it. The days for sending 
messages along telegraph wires had only just be- 
gun. In a short time he received news of the hos- 
tilities, and, at the same time, orders from Wash- 
He was directed to protect the interests of the 
United States in California, there being reason to believe, so 

it was asserted, that En- 



California 
Taken. 



ington 



OSaTi 







*^Cu.eriur 



SCOTT'8 
CAM PAI G-N 



was 



gland, taking advantage 
of the Avar, would try to 
get possession of that 
country. Orders, like 
those sent to Fremont, 
were also sent to the 
commanders of war ships 
on the Pacific coast. 
Many of the American 
settlers in California de- 
termining to set up a new 
government, F r e m out 
took sides with them 
(June, 184G). Mean- 
while the war ships were 
in full possession of the 



not idle, and soon California 

Americans (August, 1846). 

126. It has been asserted that the reason Santa Anna did 

not spend more time fighting Taylor was because of reports 
that reached him about a great expedition under 
Scott. This expedition, it was reported, was on 

i its way to capture Vera Cruz, and thence march 

against the Citv of Mexico. Thinking that less was to be 



Scott's 
Campaign. 



125. What is said of Fremont and his doings ? W^hat was accomplished on the 
Pacific const ? ^ 

126. Give an account of the c#ture of Vera Cruz. E-attle of Cerro Gordo. How 
are tliose two places located ? Where did we meet Scott before (pp. '2b'2, 271) ? 



Folk's A dministration. 



279 



feared from the little army of Taylor than the big one of 
Scott, Santa Anna turned his etl'orts to oppose the latter. 
The fleet conveying Scott's army arrived near \'era Cruz, the 
troops were landed, and, after a bombardment from ships and 
land batteries lasting several days, the city was compelled to 
surrender (March, 1847). The march to the Mexican capi- 
tal was not easy. Santa Anna was a wily foe, and his army 
was large. At the mountain pass of Cerro Gordo the Mexi- 
cans were strongly intrenched. Tlie Americans cut a road 
around and up the mountains, and then made a daring as- 
sault. '^J'he Mexicans fled, and in so much of a hurry that 
Santa Anna, to escape capture, was obliged to leave his 
wooden leg behind (April 18). 

127. The next day Scott entered the town of Jalai)a 
{liali-lali'-])ali). Advancing, he occupied the ancient city of 



PKINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO.- THE AMERICANS 
WERE SUCCESSFUL IN EACH. 



Dates. 


Battles. 


Commanders. 


FoKCES Engaged. 




American. 


Mexican. 


Amer. 


Mex. 


1846. 

May 8, 
May 9, 
Sept. 24, 
Dec. 25, 


1. Palo Alto (map) .... 

2. Resaca de la Palma. 

3. Monterey 

4. Bracito 


Taylor 

Taylor 

Taylor 

Doniphan.. 


Arista 

Ari-ta. 

Anipudia 

De Leon 


2,300 

2,200 

G,GOO 

500 


0,000 
5,000 
10,000 
1,200 








1847. 

Feb. 23, 
Feb. 2S, 


5. Buena Vista 

G. Saciamento 

7. Vera Cruz 

8. Cerro Gordo 

9. Contreras 

10. Cliurubnsco 

11. Molino del Hey 

12. Chapultepec." 

13. Huamantla 


Taylor 

Doniphan . . 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Scott 

Lane 


Santa Anna 


4,700 
900 
12,000 
8,500 
4,0U0 
8,000 
3,.500 
7,200 
500 


17,000 
4,000 


March 27, 
April 18, 

Aug. 20, -j 

Sept. S, 
Sept. 13, 


Morales 

Santa Anna 

Valencia 

Santa Anna 

Alvarez 


r),ooo 

12,0(K) 
7,000 
25,000 
14,000 
25.000 


Oct. 9, 


Santa Anna 


1,000 



4,6. General Kearny, maicliing from Missouri, took possession of New Mexico; 
and a division of his army under Colonel Doniphan, continuing tlie march, defeated the 
enemy at Bracito and Sacramento. 9-12 were positions fortiliedby the Mexicans for the 
protection of the City of Mexico (map p. 278). General Worth distinguished himself 
while in command of the attack upon the Molino del Rey. 13. General Lane, on his 
march with recruits for Scott, was attacked by Santa Anna, after the latter's flight from 
the City of Mexico. 

127. Give an account of Scotfs further march and success. In what direction 
from Vera Cruz is the City of Mexico (mai) p. 278) V 



280 Polk's Administratio?i. 

Puebla {j)wd'-Uah), where, waiting for more troops^ he re- 
mained three months. Resuming the niarcli, toward the 
middle of August he caught sight of the capital, the city that 
Cortes had captured more than three centuries and a quarter 
before {^. 30). The approaches to it were guarded by power- 
ful batteries on rocky hills; but these Avere captured, one 
after another, after a month of severe fighting ; and on the 
14th of September the victorious army entered the city. 

128. There was not much fighting after this. A treaty 
was agreed to by which the l\io Grande was made a bound- 

treaty I ^^T ^^^^^ between the two countries, and a vast 
with territory between Texas and the Pacific, in- 

___^^^: J eluding the present State of California, was sur- 
rendered to the United States (map 8). The treaty was 
signed by agents of the two governments in the little town of 
Guadalupe Hidalgo (gwah-dah-loo' -jja he-dahl'-go), about four 
miles from the City of Mexico (February, 1848). In return 
for this territory the United States paid Mexico fifteen mil- 
lion dollars ; and, in addition, assumed the debts due from 
Mexico to American citizens, amounting to about three mil- 
lion dollars. 

129. David Wilmot, a member of Congress from Pennsyl- 
vania, did not like the treaty. There Avere no slaves in the 

territory acquired from Mexico, and he had hoped 
that the treaty would declare that there never 
should be any. It did not. President Polk had 



Wilmot 
Proviso. 



asked for money to enable him to negotiate a peace with 
Mexico. To a bill in Congress in favor of the request. AVil- 
mot offered a proviso, the object of which was to exclude 
slavery from the territory forever. The bill, with the pro- 
viso, was passed in one branch of Congress, but not in the 
other. That, however, did not end the mission of this Wil- 
mot Proviso. It greatly helped to bring into existence the 

128. Wliat treaty closed the war ? What territory did we gain, and how much did 
we jjay for it ? 

129. Repeat all that is stated of the Wilmot Proviso. 



PoWs Administration. 



281 



Free Soil Party, whose motto was " Free Soil, Free Speech, 
Free Labor, and Free Men" (§ 134). 

130. The close of Polk's administration saw thirty States 
in the Union, Iowa (map 6), taken from the Louisiana Pur- 
chase, having been admitted in 181G (§ 40), and 
AVisconsin (map 5), taken from the Xorthwest 
Territory, in 1848 (§ 11). It also saw the loco- 
motive, the iron horse, running on six thousand miles of 
roads, and telegraph Avires stretched in many directions. Who 



Railroads 

and 
Telegraphs. 




F. B. M()118K. 



thought out the first plan by which messages could be sent 
by electricity along a wire is not 
known. We have records of suc- 
cessful experiments made by Pro- 
fessor Henry and others, but the 
invention of Professor Morse, an 
American, was certainly the first 
of any practical importance. His 
telegraj^h between Washington and 
Baltimore, a distance of forty miles, 
was first put to use in 1844. The 
idea of liaving telegraphic com- 
munication with Europe by means 
of a cable stretched across the 

Atlantic was conceived by Cyrus W. Field, a New York mer- 
chant. After two failures a cable was laid upon the bed of 
the ocean from Europe to America, but it worked only a few 
weeks (1858). The project, however, was kept alive by 
Field, whose faith was of the kind which removes mountains 
and abolishes oceans. In 1800 his untiring efforts were 
crowned with perfect success.* 

* The telephone is a more recent invention. The first was made in Ger- 
many, but only musical, not articulate, sounds could be sent by it. The tele- 
phones now in common use throughout the world are American inventions, 
for which we are indebted to R. E. Morse, A. G. Bell, T. A. Edson, Prof. 
Gray, and others. 

130- What is said of Iowa ? Wisconsin ? Railroads ? Telegraph ? 



282 



Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore. 



Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore. 

131. Two distiuguislied Whigs, Clay and Webster, had 
been a long time, and were still, the idols of their part3^ It 
was thought, however, by the party managers, that the 
chances of the party's success in the next presidential elec- 

tii'iiiiliiiiiiiiiiiii»i!iiiiimHif^" 




ZACIIAltY TA\\LOi;. 



MILLAUU FILLMORE. 



tion would be best with Zachary Taylor as their standard 
bearer. Taylor had won bright laurels in the war with Mex- 
ico and was very popular with his soldiers, who loved to call 
him '^ Plough and Eeady.'' He was also popular with the 
people in every part of the country. The nomination was 
accordindv made, and he was elected. On the 5th of March, 
1849, the -Ith being Sunday, he was inaugurated. 

132. At this time a wonderful excitement was spreading 
to all parts of the world. Gold had been discov- 
ered in California. A Swiss settler in the val- 
ley of the Sacramento, while digging a trench. 



The Gold 
Excitement. 



noticed that the sand contained shining particles (1848). 

131. What is said of General Taylor and his election to the presidency ? Give Taj'- 
lor's previous history (pp. 262, 27(i, 277). 

132. How was the gold excitement started ? Give an account of the rush to the 
gold region. What is said of San Francisco ? How is San Francisco located (map 6) ? 



Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore. '1^'^ 

Tlicy were gold. " Gold was everywhere — in the soil, in the 
river sand, in the mountain rock/' As fast as reports could 

travel the exciting news spread. 
Men rushed to the gold region. 
They went across the continent. 
They went across the Isthmus of 
Panama. They went around Cape 
Horn, In a short time the pojDula- 
tion of California rose from twelve 
thousand to a quarter of a million. 
The growth of San Francisco was 
a marvel. In its capacious harbor, 
which had given shelter in past 
days to only a few vessels other 
than whalers, were now to be seen ships from every part of 
tlie Avorld.* 

133. California soon applied for admission to the Union. 
This led to another violent agitation of the slavery question, 
for the Constitution of the new State prohibited 
slavery. While the discussion was in progress 
President Taylor died, after a sickness of only 




Death 
of Taylor. 



four days, and was succeeded by the Vice-President, Millard 
Fillmore, of Kew York (July 9, 1850). 

134. The discussion in Cono^ress took a wide raiise, em- 



* Its first house was built in 1835, and its first name was Yerba Buena (good 
herb). In 1846 a war ship of the United States took possession of it (§ 125). 
Next year its name was changed to San Francisco, when it contained just 4.59 
inhabitants. Six jears later its schools had a street procession, one thousand 
children being in the train. In 1800 there were eighteen Spanish missions of 
the Catholic Church in California. After shaking off the yoke of Spain (1822) 
Mexico took possession of the lands belonging to these missions, and the mis- 
sions were then gradually abandoned. 



133. What is said of the death of Taylor ? Of Millard Fillmore ? 

134. What was the Compromise of 1850 ? What did Mr. Clay offer ? Ans. A bill 
known as the Omnibus Bill. It was not adopted as a whoh;. It was divided into five 
bills and so adopted. Where did we meet Mr. (lay before (pp. ^Tl, 275, 282) ? What is 
said of the Fugitive Slave Law ? Of the difflcnlty of enforcing it ? 



281 Administrations of Taylor and Fillmore. 

briieiiig sevenil questions beside the admission of California. 

To satisfy botli sides^ the pro-shiveiT men and tlie anti- 
shiverv men, the "Great Pacificator " and Avon- 
derful orator, Henry Chiy, offered a compromise. 
As a result, California was admitted as a free 



The 

Compromise 
of 1850. 



State, no more slaves were sold by public auction in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, and a Fugitive Slave Law was enacted 
(§ 14t)). This slave law was passed to satisfy slave' owners, its 
object being to make it certain for them to recover their 
"property," as they called their slaves, when such property 
escaped to the free States. They already had this right, 
under the Constitution, so they asserted, but the growing- 
feeling against slavery in the Xorth made it difficult for 
them to exercise it. The Abolitionists would manage to hide 
slaves, and send them away even to far-olf Canada (§ 1:^0). 
The new law made it the duty of every citizen, when called 
upon by an agent of the government, to help capture runa- 
way slaves. 

135. Among tlie people of the Xorth the law soon became 
very odious, for. by its action, a number of free colored men 
were seized, and taken to the South into slavery. This, of 
course, was an abuse of the law, but it gave to its opponents 
the opportunity to say that "it interfered with the sacred 
right of personal liberty," a right given by the Constitution. 
They demanded protection for the free negroes. In some of 
the States their demand was heard, and Personal Liberty 
Bills were passed, which secured a jury trial to every person 
seized as a fugitive slave. 

136. The compromise, of which the Fugitive Slave Law 
was a ])art, in its eifects reached Utah and New 
Mexico by giving to each a territorial govern- 
ment (map G). But already in Utah a religious sect, called 

135. WHiat further is snid of it ? Of Pers^oual Liberty Bills ? 

136- Give the history of the Mormons. How is Salt Lake City located (,i"ap ") ? 
Give the bomularies of Utah (^map G). 



The Mormons. 



Fierce\^ A dminUtration. 



285 



Mormons or Latter Day Saints, was firmly established (1848). 

Some years before, its founder, Joseph Smith, made a settle- 
ment in Missouri. Owing, how- 
ever, to the hostility of the peo- 
ple about him, he left that State, 
and, in Illinois, began to build 
tlie City of Nauvoo 




(1840). Four years 
later, in a melee he 
was shot, and, under 
a new leader, the 
Mormons prepared to 
move to the Rocky 
Mountain region. In 
the Salt Lake Valley 
of Utah they at last found a home, which they called Deseret, 
but, in 1850, Congress clumged the name to Utah. There 
the Mormons cultivated farms, founded a city, and, aided by 
their missionaries in Europe as well as in the United States, 
rapidly grew in numbers, wealth, and power. 

Pierce's Administration. 

137. The Whigs were very unfortunate. The two men 
they had elected to the })residency, Harrison and Taylor, 
died in office ; and now, with Genend Scott as their candi- 
date, they were badly defeated. Franklin Pierce, the nom- 
inee of the Democrats, was chosen, and on the 4th of March, 
1853, was inaugurated. 

138. Hardly had he assumed the duties of his office when 
a dispute arose with Mexico. It was in respect 
to the ownership of a tract of land in the Me- 
silla Valley, adjoining New Mexico. The land 
was finally purchased by the United States for ten million 



The Gadsden 
Purchase. 



137- What is said of the next Presidential election ? 

138. What was the Gadsden Purchase ? What are its boundaries (map 8) ? 



286 



Piercers A dm in istra t ion. 



Repeal of 

the Missouri 
Compromise. 



dollars (1853). As Mr. Giiclsdon was the American agent in 
niakino- the bargain, the tract is known as the Gadsden Pur- 
chase. It forms part of Arizona and New Mexico (map 6). 
139. Before this dispute was fairly ended, another, much 
more serious, began. This related to the future of the region 
west of Missouri and Iowa. In Congress a bill 
was introduced for organizing Kansas and Ne- 

braska as Teri-itories. It A\as opposed by Free 

Soilers (§ 129) and Northern Whigs, because, if adopted, it 
would repeal the Missouri Compromise, a compact tluit had 

been regarded as uiade for all 
time (§ 08). The measure was 
known as the Kansas-Nebraska 
\V\\\. 

140. That compact, the 
t'ompromise of 1820, shut out 
shivery from all the nation's 
domain, Missouri excepted, 
1 "^^^g^^^ j nortli of latitude 36° 30'. The 

*" ' new bill made it the duty of 

every Territory, in taking steps 
to become a State, to ascertain, 
by vote of its inhabitants, 
whether they were willing to 
have slavery in their State or 
not. Slaveholders meanwhile were to be permitted to settle 
with their slaves in any Territory, it being asserted that 
" AN'herever the flag of the Union goes it carries slavery with 
it." Notwithstanding the decided opposition, protracted 
through a discussion lasting four months, the Kansas-Ne- 
braska Bill was passed (1854). The consequences, however, 
Avere not as the Southern leaders had expected. They 




i'KANKLIN I'IKHCE. 



139. What was the Kansas and Nebraska Bill ? AVhy was it opposed? 

140. What is said of the Compromise of 1S20 ? W^hat provision of the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill is mentioned ? AVhat did the people of the two sections want ? 



Constitutional Period. 287 

wanted Kansas and Nebraska to be slave States. Tlic people 
of the North wanted them to be free States. The contest 
that followed was chiefly carried on in Kansas. 

141. Emigration companies were formed at the North, 
and a steady stream of settlers was poured into Kansas, th(; 
most consjiicuous of the new-comers being John Brown, ac- 
companied by four of his sons. The South did not send 
many settlers. Kansas was a next neighbor of Missouri, 
and the pro-slavery Missourians in great crowds crossed the 
border, not, however, to make their home in the new land, 
but to outvote and drive away the Northern settlers. Civil 
war ensued, and during the larger part of six years Kansas 
was a scene of disorder and violence.* 



REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Presidents' Cabinets.— Tlioso first comprised the heads of the three dc- 
partnients, State, Treasur}', and War (§7). Afterward the Attorney- 
( General and the Postmaster-General were added, the latter in 1829. When 
the Navy Department, in 1798, and the Department of the Interior, in 
1849, were established, their heads were also admitted. 

United States Banks.— The first was chartered in 1791 for twenty years. 
The second, chai-tcred in 1810, was also for twenty years. When this 
second charter expired .Jackson woidd not consent to its renewal. Dur- 
ing Tylers administration Congress passed two bills to establish a na- 
tional bank, but he vetoed l)oth. 

Treaties— The first under the Constitution was made with Great 
Britain in 1794. It was for commercial and other purposes. The sec- 
ond, for peace, was with Algiers, in 1795, The third, for boundaries 



* With a view to the promotion of commerce, an expedition had l)een sent 
to .Japan, a country then ahnost unknown to Americans, and but little known 
to Europeans. The elforts of its commander, Commodore Perry, brother of 
the "Hero of Lake Erie," were crowned with success. Two ports were 
opened as harbors of refuge and trade (1854), By treaties afterward made, all 
the ports of Japan are now open to the commerce of the United States. 



141. Give an account of whnt followed in Kansas, 



288 Constitutional Period. 

and commerce, was with Spain, in 1795. The fourth, for peace and 
commerce, was with France, in 1800. Jay's treaty with England, ratified 
in 1795, gave offense to France (§ 27). Other treaties were made to 
settle boundary and fishing disputes, for the purchase of Louisiana, 
Florida, and Mexican territory, and for other objects. 

TariiFs.— Acts for imposing duties on goods brought from other 
countries were early passed (§ 6). A protective tariff, passed in 1816, was 
favored by the South but not by the North. The cotton-mills of the 
North brought a change of views. The protective tariffs of 1828 and 
1832 w^ere disliked by the South, and out of this feeling grew the nullifi- 
cation troubles in South Carolina. 

State Rig-hts.— When the Constitution was adopted men said that cer- 
tain rights still belonged to the States ; they had not been surrendered to 
the general government (p. 205). This assertion found force during the 
nullification troubles in South Carolina (p. 270), and at other times. 

Compromises.— There were several, beginning with the Constitution. 
The tariff and slavery were the main subjects involved. The first com- 
promise permitted slaves to be imported till 1800. The first ten amend- 
ments to the Constitution may be considered as the result of the second 
(Appendix, p. 28). The compromises of 1820, 1832, and 1850 are the 
most noted. 

Political Parties.— The first, Federal and Anti-Federal, grew out of 
the contest respecting the adoption of the Constitution ; and, though 
questions concerning the tariff, commerce, national bank, and the 
French Revolution, blended party lines, these two names continued to be 
used thirty years. The Federalists succeeded in the first three presiden- 
tial elections, but, in 1801, their opponents, calling themselves Repub- 
licans, put Jefferson into the White House. The Republicans were suc- 
cessful in the next four elections. The next contest, 1828, mostly of a 
personal character, resulted in the election of J. Q. Adams. Two parties 
were then formed, the Democratic and the Whig. Their first contest 
made Jackson President (1829). He w^as a Democrat. Twice more, in 
opposition to a national bank, the Democrats were successful, but at 
length victory declared for their opponents and Harrison became 
President (1841). Four years later, the Democrats, in favor of annexing 
Texas, of "the whole of Oregon or none," and of a "low tariff," elected 
Polk (1845). The slavery question getting to be a disturbing element, 
the Whigs put Taylor into the presidential chair (1849). Next, with 
Pierce as their candidate, the Democrats succeeded (1853). 

Slavery.— When Washington became President there were about 
700,000 slaves in the United States, distributed in all the thirteen States. 



Constitutional Period. 289 

Though the Northern States abolished slavery within their limits, and no 
slaves were legally brought to the country after the year 1807, yet in 1800 
there were nearly four million slaves in the tlien fifteen slave States. 

Population, Productions, etc.— In 1790, when the first census was taken, 
the population was nearly 4,000,000, including the slaves. In 1860, the 
l)opulation had increased to more than 31,440,000. Of this number, 
44,000 were Indians, and 85,000 were Chinese. The cotton crop of that 
year was close upon 1,000,000 tons, the grain crop was 1,200,000,000 
bushels, and the tobacco crop was 500,000,000 pounds. 5,750,000 pupils 
were receiving instruction in 113,000 schools and colleges. 

Inventions, etc.— Whitney's cotton-gin, though by no means the first 
American invention, was the first of universal importance. The demand 
for cotton could never have been met without it or a like invention. 
Fulton's success with steamboats, Howe's with sewing-machines, Morse's 
with the telegraph, and Hoe's with printing presses, we may point to 
with pride. This year of 1860 shows 5,000 miles of canals and 80,000 of 
railroads. 

New Territory.— 1st, The Louisiana region ; 2d, Florida ; 3d, Texas ; 
4th, The Oregon region, California, New Mexico, etc. 

Formation of States. -Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, 
and Wisconsin are from the original territory. Louisiana, Arkansas, 
and Iowa are from the Louisiana Purchase. Florida develops into the 
State. Out of the former Mexican territory comes California. 

Wars with Indians.— The first grew out of the refusal of tribes in the 
Northwest Territory to do as they liad agreed. The third expedition 
against them, under General Wayne, brought them to terms. About 
fifteen years later, influenced by Tecuinseh, they were again hostile, and 
with the Creeks in the South, became allies of the British in the W^ar of 
1812. Jackson and Harrison brought them to terms. In 1817 the 
Seminoles made hostile incursions into Georgia, and from time to time, 
till 1842, continued their depredations. At last they were removed to 
the West. Meanwhile the Sacs and Foxes (map 1), refusing to occupy 
lands west of the Mississippi, as they had agreed, massacred white set- 
tlers. Tlicy were subdued and the Black Hawk War was ended (1832). 

War with England.— It had several causes, chief of which was the im- 
pressment of our seamen. What was lost by General Hull was recovered 
by Perry and Harrison. Our reverse at Queenstown was more than offset 
by the victories of Brown and Scott at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. 
MacDonough's victory gave us the control on Lake Champlain, and so pre- 
vented an invasion of the enemy by that route. The destruction effected 
by the British in Washington is recorded to their lasting disgrace. Their 
19 



290 Constitutional Period. 



repulse in the harbor of Baltimore, also before New Orleans, and their 
defeats on the ocean, convinced them that war is a i;:ame at which two 
can play. 

War with Mexico.- It was caused by the annexation of Texas. The 
series of victtn-ies gained by Taylor, Scott, and others resulted in a treaty 
by which peace was secured, and a vast domain was added to tlie property 
of the Tnited States. 



CHEOXOLOGICAL SUMMARY. 

1789. Washington- was inaugurated President (M) April 30. 

1790. Indians defeated General Harmar in Indiana i§ 15) Oct. 17, '-iO. 

1791. Vermont was admitted into the Union (j^ 10) March 4. 

Gray discovered the Columbia River (§ 16) \ May. 

Indians defeated General St. Glair in Ohio ^§ 15) Nov. 4. 

1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union (^ 13) June 1. 

1793. Whitney invented the Cotton-gin (J5 '-iO) 

1794. Wayne defeated tlie Indians on the Maumee (§ 15) August 20. 

1795. Wayne made a treaty with the Indians at Greenville {§ 15) August 3. 

1795. Jay's Treaty with Great Britain was ratified (^ 57) . .June 24. 

1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union (j^ 14) June 1, 

1797. John Adams avas inaugurated President (jJ 24) ]Marcli 4, 

1798. Alien and Sedition Laws were enacted (§ 32). 

1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon (^20) Dec. 14. 

1800. First Meeting of Congress in Washington City (j^ 34) .Nov, 17. 
Treaty of peace was concluded with France (,§30) Sept. 30. 

1801. Thomas Jefferson WAS INAUGURATED President (J; 3o). .March 4. 

1803. Ohio was admitted into the Union (^37) Feb. 10. 

The Louisiana Tekritory was rrRCHASED of France i§ ;J8i April 30. 

1804. Decatur destroved rhe fn>ate Philadelphia (§87) .Feb. 15. 

180i. The duel between Hainilt\>n and Burr (§ 44i July 11. 

1805. Lewis and Clarke descended the Goiumbia (§41) November. 

1807. Frigate Leopard attacked Frigate Chesapeake (J; 51). .June 22. 
Fulton's steamboat Clermont ascended the Hudson (§ 49» ^ August. 

1809. James ]Madison was inaigurated President (JJ 54) March 4, 

1811. Astoria. Oregon, was first settled (§42) April. 

1811. Battle of Tippecanoe, Indians defeated v§ 56> Nov. 7. 

1812. LcUISIAXA WAS ADMITTED INTO THE UnION (^ 05) April 30. 

War was declared against Great Britain (§ .\«!) June 19. 

Fort Mackinaw surrendered to the British ^§ 59) June 17. 

American frigate Essex captured British sloop Alert (§ ♦«. and p. 256). August 13. 

IIlLI. SCKRENDKREO DETROIT TO THE BRITISH (§ 59) AugUSt 16. 

Am. Fiiu.ATE Constitution cAPTruEi) the Gcerriere (§ ti2. !>. 2.")6).Aususl 19. 

Americans were defeated at C^ueenstown (§ 60. and p. 256) October 13. 

Am. frigate United Stares captured the Macedonian (§ 62, and p. 2."i6 .October 25. 

Am. frigate (,'t)nstii ution captured the Java (§ 62. and p. 2.".6) Dec. 29. 

1813. Americans captured York (Toronto) (§ 67. and p. 25ti) April 27. 

1813. Briri^li were repulsed at Sackelfs Harboi (§ 67. and p. 2,56i May 29. 

Creek War began by the massacre at Fort Mim> (.§74) August 30. 



Couditutional PerioiL 291 



1813. Battleof Lake Erie. 'Rhtttstt defeated (j^ 71, and j). 2r)()).Se|)t. 10. 

Battle of the Tliames. British defeated (k^ r.^, and p. ^50) October 5. 

ISU. Battle of Cliii)i)e\va, British (U'tVated (§ 75, and p. 25()) July .'5. 

1814. Battle of Lundy Lane, British defeated (§ 7(5, and p. 256) July 25. 

1814. British burn Purlic Buildincs in Washington (^ 70) . . .Au^. 24. 
Battle of Lake Ciiamplain, Biutisii defeated (§ 78, and p. 2.5f)). . .Sept. 11 

Battle of Fokt AUIIenuv, British defeated (§ 80, and p. 2.5(5) Sept. 13. 

Treaty of Peace was signed at Ghent (§ 83) Dec. 24. 

1815. Battle of New Orleans, British defeated (i^ 82, p. 25C).Jan. H. 
War was declared against Algiers (§85) March 2. 

1816. Indiana was admitted into the Union (>^ 1)0) Dec. 11. 

1817. James Monroe was inaugurated President (^ !)1) March 4. 

Mississippi was admitted into the Union (§96) Dec. 10. 

1818. Illinois was admitted into the Union (>^ 0(5) Dec. o. 

1819. A Treaty for the Purchase of Florida was made (J^ 04). Feb. 22. 
Alabama was admitted into the Union (§96) Dec. 14. 

1820. The Missouri (Compromise was passed (^08) March ?k 

Maine was admitted into the Union (§98)... March 15. 

1821. ]\[issouRi WAS admitted into the Union (i^ 08) Aug. 10. 

1823. The Monroe Doctrine was announced (§ 9.5) Dec. 2. 

1824. Lafayette visited the United States (§ 99) Aug. 15. 

1825. -ToHx QuiNcv Adams was inaugurated President (^ 100).March 4. 

lS2(i. T)e;itli of John Adams and Jefferson (§ 101) July 4. 

1826. First railroad built in the United States (§ 102). 

1829. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated President (^ 105). . .March 4. 

1830. Debat(! in Congress between Webster and Havne (§111) 

1832. The Black Hawk War occurred (note on p. 262) 

1S32. South Carolina adopted Xullitication Ordinance (§ 111) 

1S3.5. Texas declared her independence (§ 118) Dec. 20. 

1835. War with the Seminole Indians began (§ 92) Dec. 28. 

1836. Arkansas was admitted into the Union (i^ 117) June 15. 

1837. Michigan was admitted into the Union (^117) .Tan. 26. 

Martin Van Buren was inaugurated President (§ 113) March 4. 

1841. Wm. Henry Harrison inaugurated President (i^ 1 15). . . March 4. 

The deatli of Harrison occurred (§ 115) April 4. 

John Tyler was iNAiMiURATED President (§ 115i April 6. 

1842. The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island occurred (note to § 116).... 

1842. Treaty with England settled boundary line dispute (§ 116) August 9. 

1843. Whitman conducted caravan to Oregon (p. 298) 

1844. 1st Telegraph in practical Use in the U. S. (i^ 180). . .iMay 27. 

1845. Florida was admitted into the Union (§ 120) March 3. 

James K. Polk was inaugurated President (§ 120) March 4. 

Tkxas was admitted into the (Tnio.m (§120) Dec. 29. 

1846. Mexicans attacked American draixoons v§ 121) April 26. 

1846 Battle of Palo Alto, ^Mexicans defeated (§ 121, and p. 2r'.b May 8. 

1846. Battle of Kesaca de la Palma, Mexicans defeated (§ 121, and p. 279) May 9. 

1846. Congress decl'd "War existed by Act of Mexico" (i^ 12I).May 11. 

Oregon Boundary Treaty made with Great Britain (§ 298) June 1. 

Santa Fe occupied by Cnited States troops (§ 124) Aug. 1.5. 

Battle of Monterey, Mexicans defeated (§ 122. and p. 279) Sept. 24. 

Iowa was admitted INTO THE ITnion (§ 130) Dec. 28 

1847. Battle of Buena Vista, Mexicans defeated (§ 123. an«l p. 2n)) Feb. 23. 

1847. Vera Cruz captured ])y (ieneral Scott (§ 126, and p. 279) March 27. 

1847. Battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexicans defeated (§ 126, and p. 279) . . . .April 18. 

1847. City of Mexico surrendered to (jen. Scott (§ 127) Sept. 14. 



292 



Constitutional Period. 



1848. The Disch)very of Gold in California (^ 132) Jan. 

Treaty with Mexico, pe;ice and territory gained i§ 128) Feb. 2. 

Wisconsin was admitted into the Un:on (§ 130) Maj^ 29. 

1849. Zachary Taylor was inaugurated President (^^ lol) . . .March 5. 
1850. Tlie Death of President Taylor occurred (§ 133) \ July 9. 

1850. Millard Fillmore was inaugurated President (^ 13o). .July 10. 
California was admitted into the Union (§ 134t Sept. 9. 

1853. Franklin Pierce was inaugurated President (J^ 137). . .March 4. 
Treaty with Mexico, cedes Mesilla Valley to the U. S. (§ 138).. Dec. 30. 
1854. Treaty of amity with Japan (note to § 141) March 31. 

1854. Congress passed the Kansas and Nebraska Bill(§ 140). May 3. 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 



Biographical.— jH?// who they were, 
ivluit ecents they were connected. 



for what they were noted, and with 



page. 

Astor 234 

Black Hawk.... 252 
Blennerhassett.. .23() 

Boone 219 

Brown, Gen.. 247, 252 
Brown, John.... 287 
Burr.... 230, 2.35, 237 

Calhoun 270, 215 

Clay.271, 275, 282,284 

Clarke 234 

Clinton 267 

Crogan 247 

Decatur 2.59 

Dorr 274 



PAGE. 

.. 281 

7r, 278 



Field .... 
Fremont . 

Fulton 237 

Gadsden 286 

Garrison 275 

(ienet 226 

CJray 221 

Hamilton.... 215, 235 

Hayne 270 

Houston 274 

Hull, (ien 244 

Hull, Capt 245 

Jay 215,225,227 

Kearny 277 



Knox 

Lawrence . . 
Lafayette. . . 
Lewis. ..... 

Livingston.. 
MacDonoiigl 
Marshall.... 

Morse 

Miller 252 

Osceola 262 

Pakenham 255 

Perry, Capt 249 

Perry, Com 287 

Pike 247, 256 



AGE. 
. 215 

. 248 
. 265 
. 234 
. 233 
, 253 
229 
. 281 



PAGE. 

Pinckncy 228 

Porter 245, 256 

Quincy 266 

Randolph, E.... 215 

Randolph, J 264 

Ross 254 

Santa Anna. 277,279 
Scot t.252, 271, 277,285 

Smith 285 

Tecumseh...241, 251 

Wayne 209, 220 

Webster.265. 271,273 

Wilmot 280 

Whitney 223 



Geographical. - 

were connected. 

PAGE. 



Tell where they are located and with what events t/iey 



234 

254 



279 
253 



Astoria 

Baltimore 

Buena Vista. 
Cerro Gordo. 
Champlain,L, 

Chippewa 253 

Cumberland 267 

Detroit 244 

Fort Erie.... 252, 253 
Fort McHenry.. 254 

Fort Meigs 247 

Greenville 220 



PAGE. 

Guadalupe H... 280 

Ghent 257 

Hartford 244 

Jalapa 279 

Lundy's Lam. . . 252 

Marietta 247 

Mesilla Valley.. 285 

Matamoras 276 

Mobile 255 

Monterey 276 

Mexico Ciiy.... 280 

New York. ..... 213 



PAGE. 

New Orleans.247, 2.55 

Nueces R 276 

North Point 254 

Okeechobee 262 

Palo Alto 280 

Pensacola. . .25"), 261 
Philadelphia.... 225 

Pittsburgh 238 

Piatt sburgh 253 

Puebia 280 

Qneenstown . . . 245 
Resaea 276 



PAGE. 

Richmond 237 

Rio Grande 276 

Sackett'sH 247 

Santa Fe 277 

Sacramento . . . 279 
San Francisco.. 28^3 

Tii)pecanoe 242 

Trenton 214 

Tripoli 259 

Vera Cruz 279 

Washington 2.54 

York 247 



CofistitiUional Period. 293 

Historical. — 1. First Congress under the Constitution, when and where 
it met, whut it did, and who was its presiding officer in the Senate. — 2. 
Washington's cabinet, the duties of its members, and their previous his- 
tory. — 3. The Indian troubles during Washington's administration, how 
they were caused, the three expeditions against the Indians, previous his- 
tory of St. Chiir and Wayne, and the treaty made by Wayne. — 4. The Jay 
Treaty, when, where, and by whom it was negotiated on the part of the 
United States, the opposition at home and in France it met with, when 
and why it was ratified, and what it effected. — 5. The Whisky Insurrec- 
tion. — 6. The cotton-gin, its origin, inventor, use, and consequence. — 7. 
The thirteen original States in the order in which they adopted the Con- 
stitution, stating which adopted it after it went into effect. — 8. The his- 
tory of Vermont to the time of its admission to the Union. — 0. Of Ken- 
tucky, stating who was the former owner of its territory, when the State 
was admitted to the Union, and other important facts. — 10. Same of 
Tennessee. — 11. Ohio. — 12. Louisiana. — 13. Indiana. — 14. Mississippi. — 
15. Illinois. — IG. Alabama. — 17. Maine. — 18. Missouri. — 19. Arkansas. — 
20. Florida.— 21. Texas.— 22. Iowa.— 23. Wisconsin.— 24. California.— 
25. The Louisiana Purchase, its extent, how acquired, and other import- 
ant facts.— 2G. Same of Florida.— 27. Of Oregon.— 28. Of California, etc. 
— 29. Of the Gadsden Tract. — 30. The Lewis and Clarke expedition. — 
31. Wars with the Barbary States, with their preceding events. — 32. The 
Hamilton-Burr duel. — 33. Fii-st successes with steamboats. — 34. Causes 
of our second war with England, with events preceding it on the ocean. — 
35. Names, with dates, locations, commanders, and results, of ten of its 
most important land battles. — 36. Same, of ten naval battles. — 37. The 
treaty of peace, when, where, and by whom made, what it secured, and 
what important point it left untouched. — 38. The Seminoles and tlie series 
of troubles with them. — 39. The Monroe Doctrine. — 40. The Missouri 
Compromise, by whom and why made, how long it lasted, and other facts 
about it. — 41. Cause of the Mexican War, and how hostilities began. — 
42. Ten of the principal battles of the war, with dates, locations, com- 
manders, and results. —43. Two treaties with Mexico, when and where 
made, money paid, and what changes in the ownership of territory were 
effected. — 44. The Mormons. — 45. The history of Jackson previous to his 
election as President. — 40. Same of Harrison. — 47. Of Taylor. — 48. Name 
the first fourteen Presidents in the order of their succession, stating when 
each was inaugurated, and which succeeded to the position by reason of 
the death of their predecessors. — 49. The history of Washington's adminis- 
tration, naming every one of its important events that are spoken of in 
this book. — 50. Same of John Adams's administration. — 51. Jefferson's. — 



294 



Co72stitutionc(l Period. 



53. Madison's. — 53. Monroe's. — 54. John Quincy Adaniti's. — 55. Jack- 
son's. — 56. Van Buren's. — 57. Harrison's. — 58. Tyler's. — 59. Polk's. — 
GO. Taylor's. — 61. Fillmore's. — 62. Pierce's. — 63. In which of them ter- 
ritory was acquired, and what territory. — 64. In which wars occurred, 
what wars, and tlieir results. 

Questions on the Tables, Appendix (p. 33 to p. 40). — 1. Name the Presi- 
dents who served exactly one term of four years each. — 2. Name those who 
served less than one term each. — 3. Which of the Presidents served moi-e 
than one term each, but not two terms ? — 4. Which served exactly two 
terms each'? — 5. Which of the Presidents died while in office? — 6. Name 
the Presidents, who, in consequence of the death of their predecessors, 
became Presidents. — 7. Which of the Presidents, who, not being elected 
in the usual way, were elected by the House of Representatives (App. 20)? 
— 8. Name the Presidents who were born in Virginia. — 9. In New York. — 
10. In the other States. — 11. What wars occurred while Washington was 
President ?— 12. While Madison was President ?— 13. Polk ?— 14. Lin- 
coln? — 15. Tell what sobriquets were applied to the Presidents, with the 
reasons for such application. — 16. What States were admitted to the Union 
while Washiugton was President ? — 17. While Jefferson was President ? 
—18. Madison ?— 19. Monroe ?— 20. Jackson ?— 21. Tyler ?— 22. Polk ? 
—23. Fillmore ?— 24. Buchanan ?— 25. Lincoln ?— 26. Johnson ?— 27. 
Grant ? — 28. State which of the States came by annexation, which from 
purchased territory, and which from territory ac(]uired by conquest and 
purchase. — 29. State in whose administration each domain of acquired 
territory was procured, and how it was procured. 



CHIEF JUSTICES OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT 

1789 TO 1887. 



Name. 


State whence ap- 
pointed. 


Term of service 


Length of life. 


John Jay 




1780 to 1795 

1795 to 1795 

1796 to 1801 
1801 to 1835 
1836 to 1864 
1864 to 1873 
1874 to 


1745 to 1829 


John Rut ledge 

Oliver Ellsworth 


Sonth Carolina 


1739 to 1800 


Connecticut 


1745 to 1807 


John Marshall 




1755 to 1835 


Ro»er B. Taney 


Marj'land 


1777 to 1864 


Salmon P. Chase 


Ohio 


1808 to 1873 


Morrison R Waite 


Ohio. 


1816 to 









(For Tabukited Review see end of History.) 




1 / 


^-^ 




i i 


Z^^^^ 


^=^ 


J__ 


_____ 


__Jf 


'* 1 se 


. 1 

1 


--^ 


_ 


'J. 




o 


/ 


f^ 


® 


5 ri- 


c 


J 


n^ 




/ 


/ 




/ 

/ 


-^ C uj 



SECTION V. 

CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. 



PART II. 



ADMINISTRATIONS OF BUCHANAN, LINCOLN, AND JOHNSON. 

1. We are now on the eve of the presidential election. The 
Whig party is no longer in existence. There are three parties, 
the Democratic, the E, e - 
publican, and the American. 
The Democrats contend that 
^* wherever slavery finds its 
way by the people's choice '' 
it ought not to be disturbed. 
The Republicans, looking 
upon slavery as an evil and a 
danger, are not willing to have 
it go into the Territories. 
They do not want to have any 
more slave States. The ob- 
ject of the American party 
may be inferred from its 
motto, '^Americans shall rule 

America." The election being over, it is found that the 
Democrats have chosen James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, 
though his Republican opponent, John C. Fremont, received 
nearly as many votes. The inauguration takes place on the 
4th of March, 1857. 

1. What is said of political parties in the canvass of 1856 ? What further can you 
state of the object of the American party ? A71S. It wanted foreigners to live in our 
country longer before they could become naturalized. What was the result of the elec- 
tion ? When and where did we meet Fremont before (p. 277) ? 




JAMES BUCUANAN. 



The 
Dred Scott 
Decision. 



296 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

2. Two days after the iuaugiiratioii an important decision 
comes from the Supreme Court in rehition to a slave named 

Dred Scott. This decision is the opinion of a 
majority of the judges. Scott is dechired to be 
in hiw not a person, but a thing. Xo cokn-ed man 
can become a citizen of the Vnited States, and Congress has 
no more riglit to stop the carrying of shives from one State to 
another or into a Territory than it has to stop the carrying 
of horses or any other proi)erty. So, in substance, says the 
decision. Speaking for a majority of the Court, the Chief 
Justice asserts that when the Constitution was adopted, col- 
ored men "^had no rights which the white man was bound to 
respect.'' This decision, so at variance with the convictions 
and feelings of the great body of people at the North, conies 
with startling elfect. It sends men into the Eepublican party, 
for there and only there, it seems to them, can the stride of 
slavery be arrested. It unites the Republicans in a more 
compact body, and makes them more resolute. It is one of 
the agents working to divide the Democratic party into two 
factions, and thus making a Republican victory possible in the 
next presidential election (see note }). "^98). 

3. Already the parties are getting ready for that contest. 
Meanwhile a blow is struck at slavery by John l^rown, who, 

we remember, took part in the tight to make Kan- 
sas a free State (^ 141 \\ '.^8:). AVith about twenty 
men, including- two of his sons. Brown crosses 



John 
Brown's Raid 



the Potomac into Virginia. His object is to make war upon 
slavery. He wants to free the slaves. At night he enters 
the village of Harper's Ferry (map T), and seizes the arsenal 
there belonging to the general government (October, 1859). 
His plan is to make the arsenal a rallying place for slaves, 
with whose help he expects to begin the destruction of 
slavery. Before the close of the next day the arsenal is sur- 

2. What was the Dred Scott decision ? What was its effect ? 

3. Ciive an account of John Brown's raid. AViioro is Harper's Ferry iinap 4^ ? 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 297 

rounded by armed men from the Virginia militia and by 
United States forces. Brown is overpowered, some of his 
men are killed, and he, Avounded, is made a prisoner. His 
two sons are among the slain. He is tried by the State of 
Virginia, found guilty on three charges, and hanged (Dec. 2, 
1859). Two of his men succeed in making their escape ; the 
rest, six in number, are hanged (§ 17). 

4. Three States, all free, were admitted to the Union during 
Buchanan's administration. Minnesota (map G), the North 
Star State, was the first (1858). Part of its terri- 
tory lies east of the Mississippi ; the greater part 



Minnesota. 



is west. It thus took to itself the last of the Northwest Terri- 
tory (p. 218), and a part of the Louisiana Purchase (p. 233). 
5. The next State was Oregon (map 0). The region west 
of the Rocky Mountains, between California and British 
America, now belonging to the United States, was 
known as the Oregon Region. It was acquired, as 



Oregon. 



we have seen, by discovery (p. 221), exploration (p. 234), 
settlement (p. 23-1), and treaty with Spain (p. 262). Though 
our title to it was Avitliout a flaw Great Britain claimed it. 
The English had made explorations along its coast ; and an 
English fur company had trapped wild animals within its 
limits, and, by rei)orts, had long contrived to make it appear 
to the outside world that the territory was not fit for the 
habitation of man. 

6. Though the Indians were hostile, emigrants and mis- 
sionaries from the United States made their way up the Mis- 
souri, and through the mountain passes to the far-olf region. 
Only the strongest and the most persistent succeeded in get- 
ting there. Thousands never sav/ the promised land. They 

4. What is paid of Minnesota and its territory ? Bound the State. 

5. What was tlie Oregon region ? Name the four steps that gave us our title to it. 
State how our claim was opiiosed. What did the fur company do and say ? 

6. How was the fur company baffled ? Uow was the dispute with England settled ? 
When did Oregon become a State of the Union? What are its boundaries (map (U? 
How is the rest of the former Oregon region ik)\v divided ? 



298 AiImiNislraWous of Buchanan, Lincoh}, and Jolnison. 

fell by the way. and their comrades went on and left them. 
In 1843, Dr. Whitman conducted a caravan comprising two 
hundred wagons. Next year there were three thousand white 
settlers in the valley of the Columbia. In two years more 
there were twelve thousand, and they effectually decided the 
question of ownership. In that same year (184^) England 
gave up her claim to all the territory south of the -lOth parallel. 
The State of Oregon, formed from this region, was admitted 
in 1859 (§ G4). 

7. Next came Kansas (1801). The slavery strife there was 
at an end (p. 287). All the territory of the State, except 

the corner south of the Arkansas River (map 0), 

' had been derived from the Louisiana Purchase 

(p. 'Voo). That corner, of less than eight thousand square 
miles, Avas a part of Mexico's cession in 1848 (p. •-?80). 

8. The Southern leaders, believing that in the growing 
strength of the Republican party there was peril to slavery, 

and, as a consequence, to the power of the South, 
thought and talked of secession. They declared 
that in the event of Republican success at the next presiden- 
tial election, their States would secede, that is, would leave 
the Union. The threat did not deter the Republicans. It 
Avas thought to be mere brag and bluster. The Republican 
candidate was Abraham Lincoln, "whose early teachers were 
the silent forest, tlic prairie, the river, and the stars/" and he 
was elected (November, 18(30).* 

9. It was soon seen that the threat of the Southern leaders 



Secession. 



* The eaiulidate of the extreme pro-slavery party was John C. Breeken- 
ridiie. who had been Vice-President under Buchanan. The "Squatter Sov- 
ereignty " party nominated Stephen A. Dougkis. These two divided the 
Democratic party. The American party nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, 
with the simple jnirty platform, *• The Union, the Constitution, and the En- 
forcement of the Laws." 

7. WTiat is said vi K,*insas. its jxlmissimi. and territory ? 

8. What threat did the Southern leaders make * Why did they make it ? What is 
said of Lincoln and his election ? 

9. Give au account of the first movements toward succession. 



Ad^ninistrations qf Biichanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 299 



was not 5111 idle boast. They were sincere. At once the se- 
cession movement began, though Lincoln liad nearly four 
months before him ere he could enter upon the duties to which 
he had been elected. South Carolina passed the first secession 
ordinance (December 20, 18G0). The example was quickly 
followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, 
and Texas. These seven States then formed a Confederacy. 
Tiie doctrine of State Rights thus received practical illus- 
tration (p. 370). Said a distinguished South Carolinian : 
*'My first duty is to my State." 

10. In Fort Moultrie, near one side of the entrance to 
Charleston harl)or, was a garrison of United States troops, 
about eighty men in all, under the command of 



lana oi | 
3ar the L 



Fort Sumter. 








Major Anderson. On a little island ne 

other side of the entrance stood Fort Sumter in an unfinished 

condition. Seeing that 

preparations were being 

made to attack him, 

Anderson transferred his 

force secretly, at night, 

to Fort Sumter. There, 

he thought, his position 

would l)e more secure. 

'i'his act made the people 

of South Carolina very 

angry. They demanded 

that Anderson should 

return at once to Fort 

Moultrie, but he refused. 

Tlien their State sent the 

demand to President l^u- 

chanan. He also refused, and, after some hesitation and witli 




10- Where is Port Moultrie (map 2) ? Fort Sumter ? Give an account of Ander- 
son's movement, why it was made, and what followed. W^hat <(reat battle took place at 
Fort Moultrie nearly ninety years before (p ItiO) '; Describe it. 



When Lincoln 

began his 
Administration 



300 Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

reluctance, gave orders to have a steamer, the Star of the 
West, with supplies and troops, sent to Anderson. The 
steamer sailed from !N'ew York, but, as she was approaching 
Fort Sumter, she was lired npon by batteries from the shore, 
and driven back (January 9, 1801). 

11. Thus South Carolina began the war. Following up 
her success, the State erected batteries and formed an army 
under General Beauregard {ho-re-yard) to drive 
Anderson away. These preparations were in 

progress when Lincoln set out from his home in 

Illinois to be inaugurated in Washington. Threats that he 
would not be allowed to take the oath of office had been made. 

,, „ Secretly traveline: the last few 

I miles of his journey, he reached 

the city, where, protected by a 
large military force, he was 
inaugurated and began his ad- 
ministration (Starch 4. 18(11). 
P-y^j^- 'gn^B^iHBB ^^* ^^^ "\vhat a sad condi- 

^^^(BH^H^H| tion was the Seven 

.,^^^ ^H^^^^9hI States were united in a Con- 
federacy, of which Jetferson 
Davis Avas the rresident, ami 
Montgomery, Alabama, the 
capital. Other States were 
getting ready to join the Con- 
federacy : and four of them, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, 
and Xorth Carolina, did so before the beginning of summer. 
Sonthern members of Congress had left their seats in that 
body to aid the secession niovement, public trusts to a large 
extent were held by persons in sympathy with it. the few 




A15UAUA.M 



11. What further was done by South Carolina * What is rehUed of Lineoln's jour- 
ney to Wat^hinirion and his inauguration ? 

12. In what condition \va.< the country then ? liive the facts about tlie formation 
of the Confederacy, llow is Montixouiery situated (.map 4V? 



Administrations of Buclianan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 301 



vessels belonging to the navy Avere scattered in distant seas, 
there was no army to depend upon, and the treasury was 
empty. 

13. Fort Sumter was still held by ^lajor Anderson, 
though its provisions were nearly gone. Lincoln determined 
to send relief to the suifering garrison. It was 
too late. On the 12th of April the South Caro- 
linians opened fire upon the fort. ''That shot 
was heard around the world." The defense was feeble, owing 



Surrender 

of 

Fort Sumter. 



to the smalluess of the garrison and the scanty supply of 
ammunition. More than three thousand shot and shell struck 
the fort. Its upper ^^^ 

part was knocked 
to pieces, flames 
issued from every 
opening, s m o k e 
filled every space 
within its walls, 
and its defenders 
had but little more 
ammunition. An- 
derson capitulated 

(April 13). Next day, Sunday, the tattered flag of the 
United States Avas hauled down, and the flag of South Caro- 
lina, a silken emblem made by Charleston ladies, was run 
up in its stead. Anderson and his men sailed for New Y^ork. 
14. In Charleston the event caused great rejoicing. Men 
cheered, ladies waved their handkerchiefs, bells Avere rung, 
and guns were fired. **It was regarded as the 
greatest day in the history of South Carolina,'" 
said one of the South's best writers. The ncAvs, 




FOKT SUiMTER, IN 1 



Effect 
of 

the News. 



as it was flashed by telegraph to other parts of the State and 



13- (live an account of the attack upon Fort Sumter and its ivsn 
occur ? How many years asro ? 

14. How did the news of the event affect the Soutli ? 



It. When did that 



30'2 A(h)um\'<i rations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

to other parts of the South, was everywhere greeted in like 
manner. The South rejoieed. 

15. Far ditt'erent was tlie effect at the Xorth. There in- 
dig-nation, deep and wide-spread, took instant form. Party 
lines for the time were entirely swept away. In public meet- 
ings men denounced the South as being in rebellion. *• We 
are not rebels." came a voice from the South. '• We left the 
Union as we had a right to do, and formed a Confederacy. 
We are Confederates. This war is not between two j^arts of 
a country ; it is between two countries." (See p. '-^TO.) Lin- 
coln issued a call for troops. The response was quick and 
hearty. Merchants, farmers, mechanics, and professional 
men Jumped into the ranks. It was the feeling that the 
Union must be saved at all hazards and at every sacrifice. 
Two days after the call, Davis, by proclamation, offered to 
give authority to privateers to cruise against the commerce of 
the United States. Lincoln then declared the ports of the 
seceding States to be in a state of blockade, meaning that no 
commerce could be legally carried on with them. 

16. The city of Washington, it was reported at the 
North, was in peril. A raid, so said the report, Avas about to 

be made against it from \'irginia. Troops were 
hurriedly sent for its protection. The most 

direct route to the city from the Xorth was 

through Maryland, where, it was known, the secession feel- 
ing was strong. A body of the advancing troo}>s, a Massa- 
chusetts regiment, was attacked by a mob in the streets of 
Baltimore, and three of its members were killed and others 
injured. This took place on the 19th of April, the eighty- 
sixth anniversary of the battle of Lexington (p. lo*-^). The 
first blood in the great Civil AVar was shed. 



15. ITow did the now>j affoct tho North ? How did the Sonfh roasoti ? What is said 
of Liiu'olir^' call for troops < i>f Davis's proclamation ? Of Lincoln's rountor act ? 

16. What report rcspoctin;:: the nation's capital was pnt in circnlation ? Give an 
account of what followed. How is Baltimore situated uiu^) P- '-54 * 



First 
Bloodshed. 



Adini)iistralions of BiichaiUDi, Lincoln, and Johnson. 303 

17. Meanwhile the Virginians were not idle. An armed 
body marched to get possession of Harper's Ferry (map 7). 
The Union commander there, having heard of 
the movement against the place, blew up or set 
fire to the arsenal and workshops, and fled 



Affairs 

in 
Virginia. 



(April 18).* At Gosport, near the city of Norfolk, there was 
a great naval station. It contained foundries, ships of war, 
cannon, powder, shot, and shells. Troops belonging to the 
Virginia militia paraded in the streets of Norfolk. Fearing 
that the naval station, witli its workshops, ships, and war 
material, would be seized by these troops, the Union officer 
in charge set fire to its buildings, and did what he could to 
send the ships away or destroy them. One of the ships, the 
Merrimac, a fine steam frigate, he sunk. The Virginians, 
on gaining possession of the place, found that the buildings 
were not much injured, and that most of the war material 
was in good condition. The Merrimac was soon raised with- 
out difficulty (§ 29). In May (1861), ruchmond, Virginia's 
capital, was made the capital of the Confederacy. Not all of 
Virginia, however, was willing to join the Confederacy. Its 
western counties opposed secession, and were supported by 
General George B. McClellan, who defeated Confederate 
troops and drove them from tlie region. The people of the 
counties had an election, chose a legislature, and organized a 
State of their own. This, under the name of West Virginia, 
was admitted into the Union in 1863. 

18. It was believed in the North that the capture of the 
Confederate capital would end the war. " On to Richmond '' 



* Harper's Ferry by turns was in the hands of both parties (§ 35). 

17. Where is Harper's Ferry (map 7) ? Norfolk (map T) ? What was done at both 
places ? What fine ship did the North lose ? What was done by the people of West 
Virginia ? 

18. Oivc an account of the Battle of Bull Run. Describe the Bull Run Creek (map 
TV What influence did the result of the battle have upon the North ? What change in 
commanders was made ? Give the previous history of General Scott (pp. '^52, 271, 27T). 



of 
Boll Ron. 



301 Administrations of BuchiUMH, Lincoln, nfid Jo/mson, 

was the daily erv in the newspjipers. At hist, inlhieiioeJ by 
piiblio opinion, General Soott. tlie eomniander-in-ohief of the 
Union troops, ordered an advanee to be made 
under General MoDowell. >iear the little stream 
of Bull l\un, a large Confederate army was en- 
countered (map T). At fii*st the advantage was with the 
Xorthern army, but fresh troops coming to the aid of the 
Confederates, the ranks of the Union men were broken, and 
in a panic they tied. Xot till they reached the fortitications 
around Washington did they stop (duly 'M. IStU). This 
great disiister was a lesson to the people of the >^'orth. The 
task before them, it was now seen, was not as easy as they 
had imagined. Consequently they were aroused to greater 
exertion. Congress voted to raise a large sum of money, and 
enlist nunv troops. The aged Scott retired because of his 
bodilv intirmities, and McClellan was promoted to the com- 
mand. 

19. Meanwliile Missouri was a battle-tield. The Seces- 
sionists there tried to take the State out of the Union, but 
— ^^^^^ — their plan was frustrated by General Lyon, who 
in , captured their camp near St. Louis, and de- 
'"^'^ I feated them at Booneville, west of Jetferson City, 
on the Missouri Kiver (map 4). Xear Springtield he was 
confronted by a vastly su^xn-ior force. Fearing that a retreat 
would be fatal lo the Union eanse. he made an attack, but 
was defeated and slain (August 10). At Lexington, a little 
more than a month later. Colonel Mulligan, coiumanding a 
Union force, defended himself during four days against a 
force tive times as large as his own, but at last was compelled 
to yield. General Fremont, the chief in command of the 
Union forces at the West, issued an order setting free the 
slaves of persons in arms against the United States. Believ- 

19. Give .Hn aocvMint of the war in Mis^niri. Whon^ i? SpriUirfioUi vmap 4^ * W*hat 
action did Fn»mont take, and with what n>$nU ? Whon.> did wo iiuvl Fremont Ivfore 
vpp -irr. ^7S^ ? In what dirwtion frvMU St. Loui?; i# Loxinirton vmap 4> * 



Adminisiniliotis uf lUirlmimn, LiHCdln, ami JukiLstni. ;>()r> 



The 
Blockade. 



ini»- iliafc i\\i'. [)0()])lo wiiro not lu^jidy lor this nicasiin!, liiiutolii 
would not allow ii io yo into clTccI,. Said he: *' MMu; j)(M)|)lt! 
;\vv. Iii;hl iiiii," I'oi' I he riiioii, iiol, l,o ;iJ)olisli shivci'y. " l^'rciiioid, 
Wiis i-('li((V('d of his coiiiiiiaiid, bill, not loiii;- al'lcM", was 
a|>|>oini(Ml to MJiol licr coiiirnaiid. 

20. Ill till' Soiilli W(U'r I'oiii-oi- live inillioii hides of col, ton. 
Tiiis I he ('oid'(M|('i-;d(i ( Jovcninicnt li;i,d taken from the |»l;int- 
crs, i^ivini;" Ihcni |»a|»('r money in paynieid..'*' As 
last as j)ossihIe llu; cotton was sent to h]iiro|»e. 
l'\)|-some time llie hjockadeof IheSonlhern porls l 
was far from complete. In the (lai'kncss of nii^ht I'ast-sailin*^ 
steamers, calle(| hioidsade-rn nnei's, would Miana<i,'<J to i;-el .-iway 
and i;(^t hack a^ain. In this way the South, dui'inu," theeaj'ly 
months of the wai", I'eccivetl supplies of muskets, powder, 
clothiui;-, and other ntu'ded lliiii;:,s. (ii-adiudly tlu; l)lo(d\ad(! 
ho(;amc mor(MdV(M;tiv(^ ; and when the end came, it was found 
that neai'ly twelve hundred hlocka<le-ru nners, many (d' them 
line steanun-s, had Ixhmi (taj)tui-ed oi- sunk. More than S(!ven 
hu lid rod of them had sailed Troni British ports (§ 2)j). 



* " Money vvuK ko oiiHily j^ot, Jiiid itBvalno wan Routtorly mic<M-f,iuii, ilial, we 
were never able to (leteniiiiie what was a lair price for aiiytirni«^. VVc; lell into 
the hal)it of payinj;' whatever was aKked, knowini^ tliat to-morrow we, shoiihl 
have 1() i>ay more. I houyht eolTec; at forty doiiarK and tea at thirty dollai-K a 

|i nl on tlif siimc day. My dinner at. a h<»t,el coht nic t\vcnt,y dollars, and for 

hoiiu! wretched tallow candles I i)aid ten dollai's ;i |»ound. A facetious friemi 
iise«l to say ' prices wereso hij^h that nohody could see them. Before the war,' 
lie said, 'I went to market with the monc^y in my pocket, and brought back 
my purchases in a basket; but now I take the money in a basket an<l brini^ 
the things home in my |.oeket.' 1 belie\e tlie liiuhest, price, relatively, I evt^r 
saw paid, \\;is lor ;i p.iii- of boots. A cavaliy ollicer, enlcrint:; a little country 
store, found tiiere one jKiir <d' boots which litleij liim. lie in(piir(M| tin; pric<!. 
' Two hundred dollars,' said tin; merelnud. A live; Innnlred (h)llar bill was 
ottered, liul tiie luerchaid, ha viiifi" no smaller bills, couhl notelian^e it. 'Never 
ndnd,' said tin; cavalier, ' I'll take the; boots anyhow. Keep the chani;(! ; I 
never let a little matter r)f three hundred dollars stand in the way of a trade.' " 
— E(/(/l('.s(o)t,\H Jicbd liacollections. 



20. Wliat, is s.iid (if (lie Soiitirs cotton 'f 'I'Ik; tdock.ide y M,„„.y (note): 

20 



England's 
Conduct. 



306 Adinifiisf rations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

21. Before the war the hulk of the South 's i^rodiictions — 
cotton, tobacco, rice, and sugar — was sent to the Xorth. If 

the South were an independent power, would not 
its productions he sent to Europe instead ? The 

. I men who were managing Europe's great husiness 

enterprises were asking that question. They were not long in 
answering it, and their reply was a decided yes. This reply 
met with a favorable response from their governments on the 
Atlantic side of Europe. England was the first to acknowl- 
edge the Confederacy as a belligerent power, meaning a power 
having the right to carry on war (May 13, 1861). France, 
Spain, and Portugal quickly followed the example. These 
acts, it is true, did not give the South a place among nations, 
but they were the first step toward that end.* 

22. Thus encouraged, the Confederate Government ap- 
pointed Mr. Mason and Mr. Slidell commissioners, to go to 
England and France for aid. By means of a blockade-runner, 
the two men succeeded in getting to Havana (map 3). There 
they Avere taken on board the Britisli steamer Trent. Cap- 
tain Wilkes (tv ill's), commanding tlie United States war 
steamer San Jacinto (ja-sin-to), happening to be just then at 
Havana, determined to seize them. This, however, he could 
not do in a neutral port. lie, therefore, sailed away, waited 



* Durin<r the war, the French Emperor, Napoleon III., made ^lexieo an 
emjiire with Maximilian, an Austrian Archduke, on its throne. On the with- 
drawal of the French army, the Mexicans 2:ained control, and shot Maximilian. 
Said General Grant: "It is the fixed determination of the people of the 
United States that an empire shall not be established on this continent by the 
aid of foreiirn bayonets " (§ 95, p. 262). " He res:arded the establishment of 
the Empire of ^Maximilian as a part of the attempt to subvert our own repulr 
lie. The surrender of Lee (§ 54), it was believed, frustrated Napoleon's plan 
in Mexico." — Adam Badeau. 



21. What is said of the course of England, France, Spain, and Portugal ? Repeat 
what is stated in the note abnut .iffnirs in Mexico and the Monroe Doctrine. 

22. Give all the facts about the capture and release of Masou and Slidell. State how 
HnvHim !•< located (.map 3). 



Administrations of Biicha/ta/i, Lincoln, and Johnson. 307 

outside the luirbor for the Trent, stopped her, and by force 
carried olf the commissioners. At the North, Wilkes^s con- 
duct was heartily commended. Men said it was right. In 
Enghind it produced anger and resentment ; and ^^reparations 
for war were at once begun. The wise Lincoln took the right 
view of the affair. Said lie : '* Captain Wilkes undoubtedly 
meant well, but it will never answer. This is the very thing 
British captains used to do. They claiuied the right of 
searching American ships and taking men out of them. That 
was the cause of the War of 1812 (p. 23U). Now, we cannot 
abandon our own principles." In accordance with this 
sensible decision, the commissioners were given up, and 
England had no cause for Avar. 

23. The feeling of the North toward England was far 
from friendly. England had acknowledged the Confederates 
to be a war power, and her merchants were sendiug supplies 
to them. One of her leading statesmen made bold to say : 
'^The South is fighting for freedom, the North for power. '^ 
In England fast steamers Avere built for the Confederates. 
They were intended not only to run the blockade ; some 
were built to prey upon the commerce of the United States. 
The most destructive was the Alabama. Her commander 
was a Confederate, but **lier crew, her guns, and her gun- 
ners were British, and she found a Avelcome in British har- 
bors. She never Avas in Confederate Avaters, never saAV C-on- 
federate land, and she used the Confederate flag only Avhen 
in the last act of making a prize " (§ 48). 

24. It is right to say that many Englishmen Avere in 
hearty sympathy Avith the North. This friendly feeling ex- 
isted chiefly among the ^* middle classes," notably among the 
cotton spinners, Avho, though depending upon the cotton of 



23. What was the feeling of the North toward England ? AA'^hat reason ^^■as there 
for this feeling ? What is said of the Alabama steamer ? 

24. AA'hat is said of the friendly and unfriendly feeling on the i)art of Englishmen ; 
AA'hat was said by an American statesman ? 



808 Ad in in t\st rat ions of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

the South for their daily bread, and at hist thrown out of 
employment because Northern cruisers cut off the cotton 
supply, did not abate their sympathy. A few persons in 
high places sincerely shared in this feeling, but their number 
was small. It has been said that '* the contest on the part of 
the Xorth was threefold. It was a military one with the 
Confederates, a diplomatic one with England and France, and 
a llnancial one with the money powers of Europe.'^ 

25. At the beginning of the new year (18G'-i). live hundred 
thousand soldiers were in the Union ranks. More than two 
Captui^f ForiB^ hundred vessels, soon increased to six hundred, 

Henry were employed in the blockade. From a point on 
an ^j^^ Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo (kd'-ro), 

to the Gulf of Mexico, a distance, as measured by the river, 
of a thousand miles, both sides of the stream were in the 
possession of the Confederates (map 4). Great preparations 
Avere nuide by both parties, the one to hold the river, the 
other to gain it. It was also the design of the Unionists, as 
a part of their plan, to drive the Confederates from Kentucky 
and Tennessee. The plan required that the two strongholds. 
Fort Henry, on the Tennessee, and Fort Donelson, on the 
Cumberland, should be captured first. A combined force, 
consisting of an army under General U. S. Grant, and a fleet 
of gunboats commanded by Commodore Foote, proceeded 
against the forts (map 4). 

26. Fort Henry was attacked by the boats and captured 
(February G). The next task was not so easy. Fort Donel- 
son was besieged by land, and boml)arded by the boats from 
the river. At last, after a four days' contest, the Confeder- 
ates hoisted a white flag and asked for terms. Grant replied : 
'• No terms other than an unconditional and immediate 



25- What forces were arrayed airainst the Confederates ? What is said of the jjrcp- 
aratious to control the Mississippi ? Where is Cairo (map 4> ? 

26- Where was Fort Henry (map 4) ? Fort Donelsou ? State how both were cap- 
tured. 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and JoJinson. 309 



Battle 
of Shiloh. 



surrender can be accepted/' This terse reply gained for its 
author the title of U(nconditional) S(urrender) Grant. The 
fort was surrendered (February IG). 

27. The Confederates, losing the two forts, withdrew from 
other positions, and, at Corinth, Mississippi, formed a large 
army under the command of General A. S. J.ohn- | 
ston. Pittsburgh Landing, about thirty miles 

from Corinth, was a steamboat station in Ten- 

nessee, on the Tennessee River (map 4); It w^as soon occu- 
pied by a large force of Union troops who stretched their en- 
campment in the direction of Corinth, to the right and left of 
a little log-house known as Shiloh Church. Grant was in com- 
mand. On the 6th of April his troops were attacked by John- 
ston, aiul, though they made a stubborn defense and attacked 
in turn, they were driven to the river's brink. Thus far in 
the battle the Confederates were the victors, but Johnston, 
''the choicest of their soldiers," was slain. They could have 
better sj^ared thousands of their other soldiers. ISTight came 
on. General Buell,* having joined Grant with fresh troops, 
next day the Confederates, under Beauregard, were driven 
back. Twenty years afterAvard General Grant said: ''This 
Avas the most severe battle fought at the West during the 
war. " 

28. On the Mississippi the Union cause was also success- 



* In January of this year Buell was in command of a military department, 
his head-quarters being in Kentucky. On the 19th, at Mill Sprinc:, a division 
of his army under General Thomas defeated a Confederate force commanded 
by General ZollicolTer, who was killed. Four months after the battle of 
Shiloh, Buell and General Brao;fr fouo;ht a stubborn battle at Perryville, and, 
though the result was not decisive, Bragg retreated. A few days later, 
Buell was directed to transfer his command to General Rosecrans. 

27. Give the particulars of the battle of Shiloh. By what other name is it known ? 
Ans. Pittsburgh Landing. Where was that battle fought (map 4)? What said Grant 
ahout it ? 

28. What were Foote's further successes? Uow was Memphis captured? New 
Orleans? Where is Island Number 10 (map 4)? Fort Piilcnv ? Mempliis ? New 
Orlenn^; ? 



310 Adiuiiiisfrations of Bi(cJ/anan, Lincoln, (i)td John.^on. 

fill. Foote, with his gunboats, in co-operat*on with General 
Pope, captured Ishuid Xumber 10 ; and, further down the 
river, defeated the Confederate flotilhi before Fort 
PiUow (map -4). Foote having been wounded. 
Commodore Davis, taking- command of tlie fleet. 



Opening 
of the • 
Mississippi. 



attacked tlie Confederate boats that were protecting the city 
of Memphis. He was successful, and the city, in conse- 
quence, fell into his hands (June 6). Xear the mouth of the 
river the Union movements were attended with like result. 
A fleet, under Captain (afterward Admiral) Farragut, en- 
tered the river from the Gulf of Mexico, bombarded forts, 
ran by them, encountered rams and fire rafts, and. to the 
utter astonishment of the Confederates, anchored before New 
OrUnins.* On the first of May the city was occupied by 
Union troops commanded by General Butler. 

29. Meanwhile important operations were going on at the 
East. Expeditions from the Xortli were sent against forts 

B^ttig jf j and coast towns of the Carolinas and Georgia, 
the j and a wonderful naval battle Avas fought between 

°^ ^ two iron-clad ships, the Virginia and the ^loni- 

tor. The former vessel was originally called the Merrimac. 
When the government property at Xorfolk fell into the 
hands of the Confederates, she was a part of their gain 
(§ IT). They cut down her hull almost to the water's edge, 
covered it and her sides with railroad iron, fastened an iron 
beak to her bow, and gave her the new name. 

30. Steamins: out of Xorfolk, this iron-clad ram. the 



* "The sceue of confusion that ensued in New Orleans when the people 
awoke to the news that the enemy's fleet had passed the forts and was 
actually approaching: the city, defies all description. They went to the vari- 
ous cotton-presses, rolled out thousands of bales and applied the torch. 
Countless cotton ships were also sunk or fired, and steamboats by the dozen 
were in like manner destroyed." — Ibllard''s ZiOf't Cau^. 

29. Stale what is said of the iron ship Yirsrinia ? 

30. What is said of the iron ship Monitor ? Of the battle between the two ships? 
Where is Hampton Koads (.inap 7) ? 




M A R Y L A N 

AXD 
EASTERN PART OT 

VIRGINIA 



Admin is tratio7is of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 311 

Virginia, attacked the Union fleet in Hampton Koads, and 
destroyed the Cumberhmd and the Congress, two of the finest 
ships in the nav}' (map 7). Night coming on, the Virginia 
retired, intending to continue the work of destruction in the 
morning. That night, however, a newly invented fighting 
ship, the Monitor, arrived from New York. Next day was 
Sunday. As the Virginia, in the early Sunday morning, 
steamed toward the Roads, her crew discovered the new- 
comer. Some said she was "i^ cheese-box on a plank, ^' others 
that she was ''a tin can on a shingle." On her deck of iron, 
which rose only a few inches above the water, was an iron 
tower containing two heavy guns. ^'Insignificant as she ap- 
peared, she was at that moment the most powerful war ship 
in the world."' The two strange vessels met, and fought des- 
perately. History calls it a drawn battle, but the Virginia, 
in a disabled condition, put back to the harbor of Norfolk 
(March 9). 

31. The result of this combat lifted a load of anxiety from 
the hearts of the Northern people. They had feared that the 
Confederate steamer, the Virginia, would be able to enter 
their ports one after another, and destroy warehouses and 
shipping with little hindrance. The combat marks a notable 
change in the world's naval warfare. The day of wooden 
navies was over. Nations began to build war ships of iron 
and steel, instead of wood. 

32. Under the eye of McClellan a grand army had been 
formed. Its first object was the capture of the Confederate 
capital. " On to Richmond '' was still the cry 

4'om the North. The troops went by boats to 
ortress Monroe, whence they marched up the 



McClellan's 

Peninsular 
Campaign. 



peninsula, on the one side of which is the York River, on the 

31. Of what fear was the North relieved ? What change in building vessels was the 
consequence of the battle ? 

32. How did McClellan bc^in his campaign in Virsriuia ? Give an account of its first 
events. What change in Confc^derate commanders was made ? Where is Yorktown 
(map 7) ? Williamsburg ? 



812 Administrations of Budianan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 

opposite side is the James River (map 7). At Yorktown tliey 
met their first check (April 5). The Confederates^ after 
suffering a month's siege, evacuated the place, but at Williams- 
burg were overtaken and attacked (May 5). At night they 
retreated. McClellan took a position on the east and west of 
the Chickahominy River, '♦where he was attacked, but the 
Confederates, after hard fighting, — one day successful, the 
next defeated, — retreated toward Richmond (June 1). Their 
commander. General Joseph E. Johnston, being wounded. 
General Robert E. Lee was appointed in his place. 

33. McClellan, while engaged in these operations, asked 
for more troops, but the President did not comply Avith the 
request. What was the reason ? In the Shei^tidoah Valley a 
Confederate army under General T. J. Jackson was threat- 
ening AYashington. This brilliant leader had performed 
signal service for the South at the battle of Bull Run. " Look 
at Jackson's brigade ! ^' exclaimed a Confederate officer there. 
^'It stands like a stonewall." And '' Stonewall " Jackson 
was the name the people of the South thereafter delighted to 
call him. This skilful general so baffled the efforts of three 
Union generals, and so excited fears for the safety of the 
Federal capital, that no troops, it was thought, could be 
spared for McClellan. Jackson, having done the work re- 
quired of him, joined his forces to Lee's for the defense of 
Richmond. A series of terrible contests, known as the Seven 
Days' Battles, followed. After the last, July 1st, though Lee 
was repulsed, McClellan's movement against Richmond was 
abandoned. 

34. Richmond being now safe from capture, it was i^ | 
Lee's power to menace Washington. A march north war^^ 
and through Maryland was resolved upon. To oppose Lee 

33. What is said of Jackson and his achievements ? Name the three generals^ 
he baffled. Ans. Fremont, McDowell, and Banks. What is said of the Seven Days' 
Battles ? 

34. Give an acronnt of the battles of Cedar Mounfa'n and the Second Bull Run. 
Where are the two places (mai) 7) ? 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 318 



was an army under General Pope, who had been called from 
the West by General Halleck (§ 28), the General-in-chief of 
all the armies of the United States. At Cedar 
Mountain, Virginia (map 7), a division of 
Pope^s army encountered a division of Lee^s 



Lee's 

First Invasion 
of the North. 



(August 9). The result was not decisive. In the latter part 
of the month the Second Battle of Bull Run, also known as 
the Second of ^lanassas, was fought (August 30). The con- 
test was obstinate, but at length victory declared for Lee. 
More than twenty thousand men were killed or wounded. 

35. Lee's victorious army crossed the Potomac into Mary- 
land, a division of it, before doing so, capturing Harper's 
Ferry (§ 17) with eleven thousand men (September 15). 
McClellan, in command of a large army com})rising Pope's 
and his own, was sent to oppose Lee. Severe fighting took 
place at South Mountain, the result being to the advantage 
of the Union troops (September 14), but the two great 
armies in full force did not meet before the 17th of Septem- 
ber (18G2). Then, near a small stream that flows into the 
Potomac, called Antietam (an-te'-tam) Creek, one of the most 
desperate battles of the war was fought. Nearly five thousand 
men were killed. Four times that number were wounded. 
The result being in favor of McClellan, it was thought that 
he would continue the contest next day, but Lee recrossed the 
Potomac without being molested. Then Lincoln, confessing 
that ''events had controlled him," announced that if the 
seceding States continued the war a hundred days longer he 
would declare their slaves to be free. 

36. Nearly two months passed when Lincoln, anxious to 
have operations against Lee carried on more rapidly, directed 
McClellan to turn over his command to General Burnside. 



35. What is said of the battles of South Mountnin and Antietam ? State how both 
places aic located (map 7). 

36- Give an account of flie battle of Fredericksbnrc:. On what river is Fredericks- 
burg (map 7) ? What is said in tlie note nhoiit the two commissions '! 



814 A(i//u'itL'<fr((fions of BueJuoian, Lincoln, and Joh/h^^on. 



The Union troops then marched sontliward, their object be- 
ing to attack Lee and capture Kichmond. At Fredericksbni-o- 

another of tlie great battk^s of tlie war was fought. 

It lasted from morning till night (December 13). 

Burnside was defeated, losing in killed and 

winmded about eleven thousand men. •"■ Lee was taken to 



Battle 

of 

Fredericksburg. 




PREPA7?ET) FOU THE liATTLE.'' 



* The army ami the navy were not the only great auvnts employed diuinu- 
the war to sustain the Union eanse. Two commissions, the Sanitary and tlie 
Cliristian, sent men with litters, stretchers, and ambulances, into every battle- 
field, to care for the wounded. These commissions were supported by contri- 
butions from the jieople. The ladies, by means of fairs, took the lead in the 
noble work. Supplies worth nine million dollars were furnished, beside three 
million dollars in money. One-third of the money came from the Pacific 
States. 



Admi)iistrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 315 

task for not advancing from his defenses, and completing 
the destruction of the army opposed to him. Bnt he helieved 
that Burnside would renew the attack, and did not know- 
how heavy the Union losses had been, and he Avas nnwilling 
to risk the advantage of position which had already gained 
him so much/' 

37. The first day of the third year of the war came (Janu- 
ary 1, 1803). Remembering his promise, the faithful, patient, 
far-seeing Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proc- 
lamation. This declared all the slaves in the 
secedino- States to be free. He had said: "If 



Emancipation 
Proclamation. 



I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would* do 
it. If I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it. 
And if I could do it l)y freeing some and leaving others alone, 
I would also do tbat.*' As a ccnsequence of tlie Proclama- 
tion, "black regiments'^ were formed, which did l)rave work 
for the Union cause. During the war nearly two hundred 
thousand colored men fought in the Union ranks.* 

38. The force that Burnside commanded Avas called the 
Army of the Potomac. Its next commander was ( 
General Hooker, knoAvn, because, of his fearless, 
soldierlv conduct, as ''Fiorhtiup' Joe." With 



Battle 

of 

Chancellorsville. 



little delay Hooker set out, fully ex}iecting to capture Ricli- 



* " AA^e remember with what fidelity, for four j-ears, the ne2:ro 2:uar(le(l 
our defenseless Avomen and children, Avhose husbands and fathers were fig:ht- 
ing a,2:ainst his freedom. To his eternal credit be it said that whenever he 
struck a blow for his own liberty he fought in open battle, and when at last 
he raised his black and humble hands that the shackles might be struck oil, 
those hands were innocent of wrong against his helpless charges, and worthy 
to be taken in loving grasp by every man Avho honors loyalty and devotion.'' 
— From the spcccJi of Henry W. Grady, Editor of the Constitution newspaper, 
Atlanta, 6a., at the annual banqnet of the New England Society of New York, 
December 22, 1886. 

37. Repeat all that is said of the Emancipation Proclamation. 

38- AA'lio snccecdccl McClollati in the command ? AVho sncooeded Riinisid(>? AA^ho 
succeeded Ilooker (§ S9) ':* Give an account of the battle of Cliaiiccllorsville. State how 
that place is located (map 7). 



B\^ Administrations of BiichanaUj Lincoln, and Johnson. 

mond, but at Chancellorsville he was utterly defeated by Lee. 
The shaughter on both sides was terrible. Though the vic- 
tory was with the Confederates, the death of '* Stonewall " 
Jackson, caused by a mistake on the part of his own men, 
was looked upon almost as an offset (May 2, 3). 

39. Lee^s success opened the way a second time for his 
invasion of the Xorth. With one of the largest and best 
armies the Confederacy ever put into the field, 
he crossed the Potomac and marched across 
Maryland into Pennsylvania. The command of 



Battle 

of 

Gettysburg. 



the Union army, which Hooker had given up, was now in 
the hands of General Meade. At Gettysburg {get'-tiz-hurg) 
the two armies met, and a three days' battle, "the most stub- 
born in modern times,'' was fought (July 1-3). More tlian 
forty-five thousand men were killed or wounded (map 7). It 
proved to be the turning-point in the war. '' ^leade won the 
credit of defeating his enemy, but he lost the chance of 
destroying him." Lee, defeated, recrossed the Potomac, and 
was soon safe in Viro-inia.* 



* A little more than four months after, a c:reat concourse of men and 
women met on this battle-tield of Gettysburg to consecrate a part of it as a 
national ceineter\- for the remains of the brave soldiers who had fallen. Presi- 
dent Lincoln, addressing the sorrowing assemblage, said : " Fourscore and 
seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, 
conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created 
equal. Now, Ave are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, 
or any nation, so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. AVe are met 
on a great battle-field of that war. AVe have come to dedicate a portion of that 
field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that our nation 
might live. It is fitting that we should do this : but, in a larger sense, we 
cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struguh'd 
here, have consecrated it far beyond anything we can do. The world will 
little note, nor long remember, what we say here : but it can never forget what 
they did here. It is for us. the living, rather to dedicate ourselves to the 
unfinished work which thev, .who fought here, have thus far so nobly 



39. Give an accoinit ^f the battle of Gettysbnrsr. What is said of Meade's lost 
cliance ?. Of Lee's retreat ? Where is Gettysburg (map T) ? What took place there four 
mouths later (note^ ? Repeat Liucolu's speech. 



Administratioits of Buchanan, Liucohi, and Johnson. 317 

40. Next day, tlio uniiiversary of American Independ- 
ence;, the telegnipli sent news to the North that gave its 
people additional cause for celebrating " The 
Fourth." Lee was defeated ; and Vicksburg, the 
Gibraltar of the AVest, which had been besieged 



The 

Mississippi 

Opened. 



about two months by Grant, had surrendered on that very 
fourth of July morning. Port Hudson, the only stronghold 
on the Mississii)pi remaining to the Confederates^ held out 
five days longer, when it, too, surrendered. Within the next 
five days a steamboat, with a cargo of goods, sailed from 8t. 
Louis to New Orleans. The great river was open from its 
source to the gulf. 

41. Li Tennessee tlie Union general, Iiosecrans {ro'-ze- 
krance), was in command of a force called the Army of the 
Cumberland. He had won two victories in Mis- 
sissippi, at luka and Corinth ; and had fought 
General Bragg near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, 
and gained possession of that city (map 1). At Chick-a- 
mau'ga he was in turn defeated by that leader, and but for 
the stand made by General Thomas would have been totally 
routed (Sept. 20). Rosecrans then fell back to Chat-ta- 
noo'-ga, where Bragg besieged him. While the siege was in 
progress he was relieved from the command, and succeeded 
by Thomas. Grant, called from the West to take the com- 



Battles 

in 

Tennessee. 



advanced ; to consecrate ourselves to the great task remaining ; and to 
gather from the graves of these honored dead increased devotion to that cause 
for which thej- gave their lives. Here let us resolve that they shall not have 
died in vain ; that this nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom ; 
and that government (/the people, by the people, and/o/- the people shall not 
perish forever from the earth." 



40. What was Grant's success at the West ? To what did it lead ? How is Yicks- 
burg situated (map 4) ? Port Hudson ? 

41. Give an account of Rosecrans's operations. State whure luka, Corinth, and 
Murfreesboro are (map 4). What did Thomas accomphsli at Chickaniauca ? Give an ac- 
count of the battle of Chattanooga. On what river and in what State is Chattanooga 
(map 4) ? Same, of Knoxville ? 



18 Adniiuidrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson, 



luaiul. oil his way telegTiiplied to Tlionias to "liokl Chatta- 
nooga at all hazards/' The prompt reply was: "We will 

hold the town till 
we starve." The 
arrival of troops 
nnder G e n er al s 
Hooker and Slier- 
man pnt it into 
Grant's power to 
make an a 1 1 a c k . 
T h e Confederates 
oecnpied positions 
on Lookont Monn- 
tain and ^lissioiiary 
Ridge, high hills 
behind t h e town. 
They a 1 s o li a d a 
large force in the 
valley between these 
hills. Sherman be- 
gan the attack in 
the valley, while 
Hooker and Thomas advanced up the hills. With Hooker 
o\\ JA)okoiit Mountain, ""it was a battle above the clouds." 
The Confederates were driven from every one of their po- 
sitions and pursued several miles (November r23-x*(;). 

42. During the Avar there were many battles and other 
I events, which the scope of this book will not 

Minor Events. • , . - 1 1 i 

^^____ permit us to notice. U e may call them minor 
events, thouiih some were 1)V no means of small import- 




42. What took place at Knoxville ? In the city of New York ? \n Missouri ;.iul 
Kansas ? In Indiana and Oliio y liow did the raid end ? An,-i. After burning sawmills 
and factories, and killiuir. wounding, and tapturiug a groat many men. Morgan and his 
ft)ree were captured. Ciive an account of the Red River expedition i.n')teK Into what 
water does the Red River tlow unap 4) t Uow is Knoxville situated (^raap 4^ ? 



Administrations, of Buclianaii, Lincoln, and Johnson. 8ii) 



anco. Burnside repulst'd an attack upon liini at Knuxvillo 




t(-( \PE OF THE UNION FLEET." 



irici^ulai bands of Confederates 



^ caused much distress in Missouri 
^ ^ ' and Kautecis ; a bold raid was made 
by General Morgan, a Confederate 
partisan, into Indiana and Ohio ; and a riot, in opposition 
to a draft of men for the Union army, occurred in the city 
of New York. These took place in 1863. 



* Early in the followini!: year a Federal expedition was planned to open the 
Red River regi<jn, Louisiana, for trade. To carry out the plan, General Banks 
commanded a large bod}' of troops, and Admiral Porter sailed up the river 
with his fleet. Disaster and defeat attended the expedition, its one redeeming 
feature being a device conceived and carried out by Colonel Bailey, a Wiscon- 
sin lumberman. The vessels, in consequence of a fall in the river, were in 
danger of being captured. By means of a series of dams across the rocks in 
the river, the water w^as raised high enough to let the boats pass over the falls, 
and out of danger. "I do not believe there ever was a case where such ditii- 
culties were overcome in such a short space of time, and without any prepa- 
rations." — Admiral David D. Porter. 



320 Adi)iiiiistrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 



43. General Grant had fought liis way to the front. Pres- 
ident Lincohi, the Federal Congress, and the peo])le of the 
Xorth^ becoming convinced of liis eminent worth, 
the great leader was raised to the position next in 
military rank to that of the President (March, 



Grant 

in 

Command. 



18G4). His new title was Lieutenant-General. Xow, his 
military authority extending over all the Federal armies, he 
controlled a greater number of men than had any other gen- 
eral since the invention of fire-arms. All the war movements 
on the part of the North were thenceforth so united as to be 
in harmony with his plans. His most able antagonist was 
General Lee. In a history of the war written by an officer 
high in rajik in the army of the United States, the author 
says : " A dis]>assionate judgment places Robert E. Lee among 
the greatest generals of modern times.*' 

44. At once Grant planned two campaigns, one against 
Atlanta, to be comnumded by Sherman, the other against 
Richmond, to be conducted by himself, with Meade next in 
command (map 4). Atlanta, "the Gate City of the South," 
was a great railroad center. It was also a supply depot for 
the armies of the Confederacy. It had foundries and fac- 
tories, from wliich were sent guns, shot, and shell. 

45. Early in May the two armies were ready to move. 
*' Sitting on a fallen tree. Grant telegraphed to Sherman to 

advance." Sherman's march was begun in Ten- 
nessee. It was disputed by General Joseph E. 
Johnston, but in vain. Sherman won battles. 



Sherman 

takes 
Atlanta. 



and drove his adversary from one })osition to another, till, in 
Julv, he was lu^t far from Atlanta. The Confederate Govern- 



43. To what position was Greneral Grant promoted ? Why ? Who had held that 
position before ? Ans. No one but ^Vashington. Scott held it bj' brevet only. Who is 
at the head of the army and navy (Appendix, p. 25) ? Wiiat is said of General Lee ? 

44. What plan of action did Grant devise? What is said of Atlanta? How is 
Atlanta located (map 4) ? 

45. Give an account of Sherman's battles and lapture of Atlanta. Wh it change 
of Confederate commanders took phicc ? 



Adininisirations of Budianan, Lincoln, and Johnaon. 821 

ment, disliking what was called "Johnston's retreating pol- 
icy/' gave his command to General Hood, who at once began 
a series of furious assaults. Again and again Hood was de- 
feated, and finally compelled to al)andon the city (September 
2). "Atlanta is ours and fairly won," telegraphed Sherman ; 
and Lincoln, in reply, sent a letter of thanks. " The cam- 
paign ag[unst Atlanta," said Grant, "will rank among the 
most memorable in history." 

46. When Sherman begaii his march against Atlanta, 
Grant began his against Richmond. The capture of Rich- 
mond Avas not the first aim of Grant. " His ob- 
ject was to hammer at the Confedei'ate army 
until he broke it to pieces." This, he knew, was 



Grant against 
Richmond. 



not an easy thing to do. His antagonist was General Lee. 
The Battle of the Wilderness (May 5, fi) began a series of 
terrible battles in which Grant lost about sixty thousand men. 
While these battles were in progress, Grant, not daunted by 
ill-success, wrote to Edwin M. Stanton, Lincoln's Secretary 
of War : " I propose to fight it out on this line if it takes all 
summer." His troops often outnumbered his adversary's, 
but the latter '"were on the defensive, and in a country in 
which every stream, every road, every obstacle to the move- 
ment of troops, and every natural defense were familiar to 
them." The end of June found Lee in strong positions be- 
fore Petersburg and Richmond. There, till April of the 
following year, he was ever on the alert to anticipate every 
movement made by Grant. 

47. During all this time, however, Lee was not unmindful 
of opportunities in other directions. The valley 
of the Shenandoah being open, he sent General 
Early to make a raid through it into Maryland and 



Sheridan in 

Shenandoah 

Valley. 



Pennsylvania. He hoped that the expedition would capture 

46 Give an account of Grant's march, his battles, and famous message. 

47- Give ail account of Early's invasion and his success in Maryland. Of his cn- 
connters with Sheridiin. How is Chamhershurg located (map 7) ? Wliat took place 
there ? 

21 



o'2:2 Ailinini^trationt< of Bncltaiian, Lincoln, and Johnso)i. 

Wiishin2:ton. In Maryland Early defeated a foree sent against 
him from Baltimore ; and a detachment of his army, invad- 
ing Pennsylvania, set lire to Chambersburg, and most of tlie 
town was destroyed (Jnly 3U). l\eerossing tlie Potomac. 
Early met his master. Grant had luirried olf troops to the 
valley, jdacing (ieneral Sheridan over them. At Winehester, 
Sheridan routed the Confederates ( 8ei)tember 10); and, 
tliree days later, routed them again, pursuing them several 
miles. xVbout a month hiter Early turned about, and, while 
Sheridan was absent, drove the Union troops from their po- 
sition. Sheridan, who had heard the firing, rode ra2)idly to 
the scene, rallied his men. charged the Confederates, and for 
the third time routed them (October 10). No Confederate 
force after that marched through the valley to invade the 
North. 

48. The Alabama steamship, the terror of Northern com- 
merce, commanded by Captain Semmes [semz), had been 
cruising nearly two years (§ 'Zo). She had cap- 
- ^^^^ tured about seventy vessels, and destroyed the 

Operations. | ' . ' 

I most of them by tire. The steamship Kearsarge 

(keer'-sarj). Captain AVinslow, went in i)ursuit of her. Olf 
the nortliern coast of Erance the two ships met, and in less 
than two hours tlic Ahibania was sunk (June 10). Tlie Con- 
federate captain and forty of his crew were taken out of the 
water by a British yacht. By the rules of war it was the 
duty of the yacht to deliver the rescued men to the Kearsarge ; 
instead of doing so she steamed away as fast as ])ossible, and 
landed them on the English coast (§(i-l).* 



* " Thi$ Sunday naval duel was fouirht in theprosonco of nu>iv than tlftocn 
thousand spectators, who, upon the heights of Cherbourg- {s/iair-lH>or), France, 
and places in the vicinity, witnessed the last of the Alabama. An excursit)n 
train from Paris arrived in the morning, bringing hundreds of pleasure-seek- 
ers, who were unexpectedly favored with the spectacle of a sea-tiglit." — Jofin 
Al. Broie7ie. 

48. Give an account of tho soa-fijrht near tlio Ficncli c«>ast. 



dclmi?iistra lions of JJuchaua/t, Lincoln, and JoJuison. 823 



49. Not many days after, the Union navy scored another 
success. Admiral Farragut attacked the two forts at the en- 
trance of Mohile Bay, forced an entrance 
into the bay, and gained a com2)lete vic- 
tory over a fleet of gunboats and an iron- 
clad ram resembling the Monitor's famous 
antagonist (August 5). During most of 
the fight he was lashed to the upper rig- 
ging of his flag-ship, the Hartford, in or- 
der that he might be able clearly to ob- 
serve and direct the movements of his fleet. That famous 
ship, the Virginia, was no more. Fearing that she would fall 
into the hands of her enemies, the Confederates blew her up. 

50. Sherman remained in Atlanta till the middle of No- 
veniber (18()4). He was then ready to l)egin a, march across 
Georgia to Savannah. By his orders every in- 
habitant of Atlanta had been compelled to leave 
the city ; and everything, except the churches 




Atlanta 
Destroyed. 



and a few dwellings, had been blown up or torn down. No 
city during the war was so nearly ruined. Now the Con- 
federates could have but little motive for attempting to re- 
capture it. It was worthless for military purposes. Thomas 
had been sent into Tennessee to watch Hood. When She.'- 
man was well on his way from Atlanta, this " Kock of Chicka- 
niauga,'' Thomas (§ 41), who never lost a battle, waited at 
Nashville for his adversary. At Franklin, Hood overtook 
and attacked General Schofield, commanding a })art of 
Thomas's army, but was repulsed with heavy loss 
(November 30). Schofield then joined Thomas. 
Hood following, invested Nashville. Now Thomas 
was ready to strike. 



Battle 

of 

Nashville. 



The battle began on the 15th of He- 



49- Ciive an account of Farragiit's success. Where was Farragut duriiii,' tlic con- 
test ? What, became of the fislitinj,' ship Virginia ? 

50. What injury (lid Slicrman inflict upon Athmta ? Give an account of HoodV 
two defeats. How is Nashville located (map 4) ? Franklin ? 



32-i AdiiiLuistratiuns of Buchanan, Lincolu, and Johnson. 

cember. It ended in darkness on the Kith. The Oonfedemtes 

were defeated at every point. 

51. Sherman^s army marclied in four cohimns, leaving a 

waste track forty miles wide in their rear. It was a march to 
the sea. Two scouts were sent to communicate 
with the fleet at the mouth of the Savannah. It 
was a hazardous enterprise. Hiding in the rice 



Sherman's 

March 
to the Sea. 



swamps by day, and paddling down the river by night, they 

accomplished the task ; and 
thus gave the first direct news 
of Sherman since his departure 
from Atlanta. Fort McAllister, 
wdiich guarded Savannah, and 
in previous months had resisted 
several attacks from the sea, 
was now carried by assault in 
twenty minutes from the land 
(December 13). The city held 
out a few days. Its defenders 
fearing capture, escaped at 
night, and next morning it 
was occupied by the Union troops (December 21). Sherman, 
sending a report to the President, said : '" I beg to present to 
you as a Christmas gift the city of Savannah." 

52. Sherman's next plan was to march northward, so as 
to co-operate with Grant against Richmond. On the 1st of 
February, 18G5, he left Savannah. On the 17th, 
Columbia, South Carolina's capital, surrendered 
to him. The news of this reaching Charleston, 
the Confederate troops there, knowing that they would be 
captured if they did not leave at once, made a hasty retreat. 




Sherman's 

March 
Northward- 



51. Give an account of Sherman's march to the sea. Where is Savannah (map 4) ? 
Fort McAllister ? 

52. Give an account of Siiernian's march northward, its success, and consequences. 
Where is Columbia (mai) 4) ? Ciiarleston ? 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 325 



End 
of the War. 



Union soldiers, from an island in Charleston harbor, entered 
the city, and the national flag was raised over the heap of 
stones that still went by the name Fort Sumter. The ruin of 
the fort had been effected the previous year by Union ships 
and batteries. Sherman pressed forward, and in North Car- 
olina defeated an army commanded by General Joseph E. 
Johnston (March, 1805). 

53. The end was near. It was evident to Lee that if he 
did not abandon Kichmond, he would be captured. He 
therefore decided to join Johnston. Anticipating 
this, Grant ordered a general movement forward. 
Sheridan's advance led to the battle of Five Forks 
and to a victory for Sheridan (April 1). Two days later, in 
the early morning, a negro ran from Richmond to inform the 
Union troops that Lee's soldiers were leaving the city in great 
haste. Before noon the United States flag was floating over 
the Confederate capital. 

54. The retreating troops were hotly pursued. Tliere was 
no rest for them by day or by night. They had not a mouth- 
ful to eat, except some parched corn and what they were able 
to gather in driblets along the road. They were glad to get 
even the buds of the forest trees. Federal soldiers were on 
their right, on their left, and on their rear. Sheridan's cav- 
alry was near to cut ofl" their advance. If they could gain 
the mountains they could prolong the war and be able to 
command favorable terms for the Confederacy. But they 
were near the end of their efforts. They were overtaken, and 
at Appomattox Court-IIouse their faithful commander. Gen- 
eral Lee, surrendered to General Grant (April 9), and in 
heartfelt words to his brave troops, said: ^^Men! we have 



53. Give an account of Lcc's retreat. Sheridan's victory, and tlie fate of Ricli- 
mond. 

54- Oive an account of the pursuit of Lee, his surrender, and Grant's terms. Where 
is Appomattox Conrt-House (map 7) ? 

55- Wliat is said of the rejoicin<? at the North ? Of Lincoln's words ? Who was the 
Secretary of War dnrinj,' most of Lincoln's administration (§ 4(5) ? 



326 Adniinislrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Jolmson. 

fought through tliis war together. I have done the best I 
could for you/^ Not ten thousand of his men had muskets 
in their hands. Desertion, and losses by capture two days 
before, had reduced his army to about twenty-eight thousand 
men. These were paroled. Grant supplied them with food, 
and, allowing them to keep their horses, remarked: '^They 
will need them for their spring plowing and other farm 
work.^^* 

55. On every side at the North were signs of gladness. 
Houses were illuminated, flags were waved, bells were rung, 
and guns were tired ; but this great joy was soon 
and suddenly turned into mourning. Lincoln 
had been elected for a second term. Entering 



Death 

of 
Lincoln. 



upon it (March 4, 1865), he said: '^With malice toward 
none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right, let us 
finish the work we are in." More than half a million of men 
had laid down their lives in the war, three hundred thousand 
of them in defending the Union. 

56. Four days had passed since the surrender of Lee. On 
the evening of the fifth day, Lincoln, accompanied by his wife, 
went to a theater in Washington and took a seat in a box 
overlooking the stage. An obscure actor stealthily entered 
the box, placed a pistol at the back of the President's head 
and fired. The assassin then leaped to the stage, and, bran- 
dishing a dagger, shouted " Sic semper tyrannis ! the South 
is avenged." So saying, he rushed from the building. The 
dying President spoke not a word. \\\ unconsciousness he 
lingered till morning, and then passed away (April 15, 1865). 

57. The assassin was the leader in a small band of conspir- 
ators, one of whom at the very hour his chief was committing 



* " On this occasion Grant exhibited the greatest magnanimity. He de- 
clined to receive Lee's sword, and in his capitulation paroled him and his 
Confederates." — Alex. W. Ste»ens, Vice-President of the Confedcrary. 

56. Give the facts connected with Lincoln's death. 

57. What is said of the assassins, their trial, and fate ? 



Administrations of Buchanan, Lincoln, and Jolmson. 327 



the terrible crime in the theater, forced his way into the home 
and to the bedside of Mr. Seward, the Secretary of State, and 
tried to kill him. The chief conspirator eluded pursuit for a 
few days. Being tracked to his hiding-place and refusing to 
surrender, lie was shot. Eight persons were charged with 
being in the plot, and tried. The verdict was against four of 
them, including a woman, and they were hanged. 

58. For tlie third time in the history of the United States, 
the Vice-President, by the death of the President, succeeded 
to the highest office. Andrew 
Johnson, of Tennessee, was 
now the President. The peo- 
ple, however, were slow to ^nit 
aside their grief. The image 
of the wise, earnest, kind 
Lincoln was in their hearts. 
During many days their houses 
were draped in mourning ; 
and though the news of the 
surrender of Johnston (April 
26) and of the capture of Davis 
(May 10) reached them, they 
would not be comforted.* 

59. Congress had passed the Thirteenth Amendment to the 

* Davis fled to Georgia, was captured, and, after a long confinement in 
Fortress Monroe, was released. About twenty days before his capture he re- 
ceived a telegram announcing that Lincoln had been assassinated. This is 
what he says: "An influential citizen was standing near me at the time. 
After remarking to him in a low voice that I had received sad intelligence, 1 
handed the telegram to him. * «• * The man who invented the story of my 
having read the dispatch with exultation, had free scope for his imagination. 
* * * In view of its political consequences, it could not be regarded other- 
wise than as a great misfortune to the South." — Davis'' s Rise and Fall of the 
Confederate Government. 

58. Who succeeded Lincoln in the presidencj'' ? What is said of General Johnston 
and .Icfferson Davis ? What information does the note contain ? 

69. What was meant by the Reconstruction of the State?* 't What was the object of 
the Thirteenth Amendment ? Give its history. 




828 Administrations of Bvcha nan, Lincoln, and Johnson. 



Reconstruction 

of 

the Union. 



Constitution, forbidding shivery in tlie land, and had sent it 
to the States for ratification. In the course of the year it 
was adopted by a sufficient number of States to 
make it a part of the Constitution. Now, the 
war being ended, the new condition of aifairs 
must be met. As fast as possible the Union must be re- 
stored to its former condition, slavery excepted. This was 
called Eeconstruction. How should this be done ? In a cer- 
tain way, thought Congress ; in another way, thought the 
President. Congress was Republican. As Johnson had 
been elected Vice-President by Republicans, he was supposed 
to be in full accord with them. 

60. Day by day Congress made progress in the direction 
of reconstruction, not, however, without stubborn opposition 
from the President. The latter held that the States in the 
late Confederacy had never been out of the Union, hence 
that representatives sent from tliem to Congress should be ad- 
mitted into that body at once. Congress, not disputing the 
first part of this assertion, insisted as evidence of good faith 
on the part of such States that the negroes, including the 
former slaves, should be citizens of the United States, with 
the same right to vote that other citizens possessed. This 
led to the adoption by Congress and the States of two more 
amendments to the Constitution, the Fourteenth and the 
Fifteenth, and completed the legislation, so far as the Consti- 
tution goes, in relation to slavery. The Thirteenth Amend- 
ment emancipated the slaves, the Fourteenth made them citi- 
zens, and the Fifteenth gave them the right to vote (Appen- 
dix, p. 30). 

61. So opposed was the President to the stand taken by 
Congress that he did not hesitate to call it a New Rebellion. 
The breach between him and Congress grew wider until the 



60. Give an account of the dispute between Conjiress and President Johnson, 
What i;^ said of the tliroe amendments to the Constitution ? 

61. Give an account of tlie impeachment and trial of the President. 



Grdnfs jidministration. 32U 

House of lleprusentatives, believing tluit lie had been guilty 
of acts contrary to law^ impeached him. He was tried before 
the Senate, as provided by the Constitution (Appendix, p. 12). 
At the end of two months a vote was taken on some of the 
charges. A large majority of the Senators, but not two- 
thirds, were in favor of conviction. The Constitution says 
that ^'no person shall be convicted without the concurrence 
of two-thirds of the members j^i'esent.^^ It being evident 
that so many would not vote against the President, the 
Senate as a court adjourned (May, 18G8). 

62. While Lincoln was President a part of the territory 
acquired from Mexico in 1848 (map 6) was admitted to the 
Union as the State of Nevada (1804). More than 
two years later, Johnson then being President, ji 
part of the Louisiana Purchase was admitted as 



Nevada, 

Nebraska, 

and Alaska. 



the State of Nebraska (1807). In the same year the terri- 
torial property of the United States was increased by the 
purchase of Alaska (map 8). This vast tract, larger by far 
than the thirteen original States, was bought of Ilussia for 
seven million two hundred thousand dollars. At first the 
American people looked upon the far-olf region as nothing 
but rocks and ice. In derision, they called it '^Seward's Pur- 
chase," Mr. Seward, as Secretary of State, having favored the 
bargain. Soon they began to know that its waters swarmed 
with fish, that millions of seals valuable for their furs re- 
sorted to its islands, and that its forests would furnish tim- 
l»er when all the near forests had been exhausted. 

Grant's Administration. 

63. (General Grant, nominated by the Eepublican party 
for President, was elected by a large majority ; and, on the 



62. What is Baitl of Nevada ? Nebraska ? Alaska ? What are the boundaries of 
Alaska (map 8) ? 

63. Wliat is said of fJrant's eleetioii v Of T.xas ? Of Reconstruction ? 



330 



Granfs A dministration. 



4th of March, 1869, began his administration. Texas was the 
hist State to accept tlie amendments to the Constitution, and, 
consequently, to be admitted to representation in Congress. 
The Keconstruction of the Union was then complete (1870). 
64. And now the day of settlement with Great Britain 
could no longer be put off. There were several causes for 
just complaint, but overshadowing all others was 
the injury done to American commerce by the 
Alabama and other cruisers built in English 
sliip-yards (§ 48). At length a treaty was concluded in the 
city of Washington, hence known as the Washington Treaty, 



Settlement of 

Disputes 
with England. 



for the settlement by arbitration of all causes of difference 
between tlie two countries (1871). Under this treaty, five 
arbitnitors — one from each of the countries, Italy, Switzer- 
land, Brazil, Great Britain, and the United States — met in 
Geneva, Switzerland, 1872. They had full authority to ex- 
amine all the claims for losses inflicted by the Alabama and 
her English-built consorts, and to determine the damage. 
Their award amounted to fifteen and a half million dollars ; 
and that sum was promptly paid by the British Government. 

Next came the settlement of the 
dispute commonly known as the 
San Juan Question, respecting 
the northwestern boundary line 
(§ 6). This line, leaving tbe 
49th parallel, bends southward 
around A^ancouver Island, Init 
the exact location of the bend 
was in doubt. The question 
was referred to the Emperor of 
Germany, who decided that the 
claim put forth by the United 
States was perfectly right (1872). 

64. What was the Washing;ton Treaty ? State fully how tlic Alabama claims were 
settled. The San Juan dispute. 




Grant's Administration. 



331 



65. To settle the dispute respecting the right to fish otr 
NewfountUand and its neigliboring waters was not so easy. 
In order to understand that dispute we must go back to the 
treaty that ended our first war with England. The decision 
then reached gave to the people of the United States the 
right to fish in '^all the sea 
waters ^'' in and about the Brit- 
ish possessions in North Amer- 
ica (p. 201). From that time 
till 1814 there Avas no dispute 
concerning that right. When 
negotiations were carried on in 
1814 to end our second war 
with England, the British com- 
missioners, asserting that ''all 
treaties are put to an end by a 
subsequent war between the 
two parties," maintained that 
this second war had destroyed 
all the fishing rights conceded 

to us by the first treaty. As the American commissioners 
would not assent to this doctrine no mention whatever was 
made of the subject in the new treaty (p. 257). 

66. In consequence of this neglect the old controversy was 
soon revived. In 1818 a treaty was concluded which gave to the 
people of the United States the right to fish as formerly, but 
only outside of three miles from the land of the British domain. 
This, we see, was a concession to British demands. Our fish- 
ermen were observing the terms of this new treaty in good 
faith when their vessels in the fishing waters were molested 
and even seized. In 1845 another treaty was made, but, as 
it was not satisfactory to our fishermen, it was terminated 
twelve years later. This brings us to the Washington Treaty 

65. Kopt-at what is said of the fishery dispute to the elose of 1814. 

66. liive the further history of that dispute. 




882 Grant's Adminutration. 

of 1871, whicli provided for the formation of a commission of 
three persons to settle the dispute (§ G4). After a delay of six 
years one commissioner was appointed by President Grant, 
one by Queen Victoria, and one by the Emperor of Austria. 
By a majority vote, the American commissioner dissenting, 
it was decided that a treaty should be made for twelve years, 
during which time our fishermen should be allowed to fish as 
formerly ; but that for this privilege the United States should 
pay the sum of five and a half million dollars. This was at 
the rate of nearly four hundred and sixty thousand dollars a 
year. Though the award was known by our government to 
be far too much, the amount was paid (1878), and the dis- 
pute set aside for a time. 

67. Greneral Grant Avas the candidate of the Republicans 
for a second term, his competitor being Horace Greeley, " a 
distinguished journalist and leader of public 
opinion." Grant was elected (1872).* In this 
second term occurred the centennial of the na- 



The 

Nation's 

Centennial. 



tion's birth (187G). One hundred years before, in Philadel- 
phia's Old State House, the United States were declared to 
be free and independent. It was therefore fitting that in 
the Quaker City the centenary event should receive special 
attention. In that city's great park nearly two hundred 
buildings were erected, in which was held a World's Fair. 
Products from the farm and workshop of every State in the 
Union and from every important foreign country were ex- 
hibited in great profusion. Works of art, and other articles 



* Greeley was nominated by Republicans who did not like Grant's admin- 
istration. He was also nominated by a Democratic convention. Before the 
result was officially known, he died. The death of his wife, at whose bedside 
he had long watched day and niijht, added to the excitement and strain to 
which he had been subjected during the election canvass, broke him down. 



67. What is said of Grant's secoiul elecf ion ? What is said of Greeley (note) ? Of 
the nation's centennial ? Of the World's Fair ? 



GranVs AdminUtration. 333 



designed to show the workl's progress in science and educa- 
tion, were also exhibited. The fair was open six months, 
during which time ten million persons visited it. 

68. The growth of the United States in population had 
been truly marvelous. In the first year (177G) the number of 
inhabitants did not reach three millions. Four- 
teen years later, wlien the first census was taken, 
it was four millions. The census taken in 1870 



Growth 

of 

the Nation. 



sliowed a population little short of thirty-nine millions. 
Many thousands of these had come from Ireland, Germany, 
the British Isle, France, Italy, and other countries of Europe. 
Even far-oft' Asia was beginning to send the unwelcome 
Chinaman to our Pacific coast. The original territory covered 
an area of 000,000 square miles. AVith the acquisitions since 
made, we now liave 3,000,000 square miles. Colorado, "The 
Rock}^ Mountain Sister,'^ has just become a member of tlie 
Union (map G), earning for herself the title of the Centennial 
State, and raising the number of States to thirty-eight 
(1870).* 

69. It may justly be claimed that the discoveries of Frank- 
lin were among the important beginnings that led to the 



* There were several Indian troubles during Grant's administration. The 
Modocs, in Southern Oregon, refusing to go to a reservation set apart for 
them, massacred settlers, made war upon United States troops, and killed two 
peace commissioners sent to them. They found protection in the under- 
ground passages, miles in extent, among the lava beds of the volcanic region. 
Not till after a year's fighting were they subdued (1873). Three years later 
the Sioux (sewz), who had formally been hostile and killed hundreds of 
settlers, and then had become peaceful, renewed hostilities. General Custer, 
with only a cavalry regiment, suddenly came upon the whole tribe in Mon- 
tana, and, rashly making an attack, he and all his men were killed. Other 
troops soon arriving, the Indians were pursued, and the few not captured 
escaped into British America. 

68. What is said of the growth of the nation ? What is said of Colorado ? Of the 
Modoc War (note) ? Of Custer's defca' ? 

69. What i.< said of Dr. Fronklin'.-^ discovery ? Of the cotton-gin ? Of the sewing 
machine ? Of the printing-press ? 



Graui's A dmmislratioji. 



electro-magnetic telegraph (p. 204). In 1752 he made the 
memorable experiment that immortalized him. ''• He flew 

his kite to the thunder clouds, practically asking 

1_J the lightning whether or not it was electricity. 

The lightning came down the wetted twine to his hand, and 
])roclaimed its identity.'' The cotton-gin, as we have seen, 

was the invention of an Ameri- 




can (p. 223). The name of 
Eli as Howe is inseparably 
connected with the invention 
of the sewing - m a c h i n e . 
American ingenuity has also 
brought the 23rinting-2)ress to 
its j^resent wonder-Avork i n g 
condition. In great news- 
paper establishments the cyl- 
inder, with its type face, has 
taken the place of the flat 
plate with its type form. It 
is not easy to see how the 
great demand for newspapers could be met without this in- 
vention. The paper to be printed uj^on comes to the press 
in immense rolls, it being wound on a core just as silk ribbon 
is wound on a spool. The ribbon of paper is from four to 
five miles long. This the machine unwinds, prints on both 
sides, cuts and folds for mailing — all at the rate of eighteen 
thousand cojnes an hour. Five ncAvspapers every second ! 

70. In this jubilee year, 1876, eight thousand magazines and 
newspapers are published, beside many thousand books and 
pamphlets. Nearly fifteen thousand books, big 
and little, are entered for copyright. Edgar Allen 



EI. IAS !1()\VK, JR. 



Writers. 



Poe, romancer and poet ; William H. Prescott, a brilliant and 
artistic historian ; J. Fenimore Cooper, author of novels 

70. What is said of magazines, books, and newspjipors ? Of Edgar Allen Poe ? 
Of Prescott ? Of Cooper ? Of Irving ? Of Hawthorne ? Of Simms ? 



Granfs Adminidration. 335 

intensely Americjin in spirit, scenery, and characters ; Wash- 
ington Irving, '' tlie fatlier of American literature,"" the earli- 
est classic and most popnlar American writer of his day ; 
Nathaniel Hawthorne, one of the great modern masters of 
English prose ; and William Gilmore Simms, whose brain 
produced fifty historic novels in twenty years ; — these, all 
these, with others of note, have drop^ied their pens, and taken 
their i^laces '^'u\ the silent halls of death/" 

71. We have still with ns, in this year of rejoicing, a num- 
ber of writers for whom we may justly claim a place with the 
most celebrated of all countries. Among our eminent his- 
torians are John L. Motley, John G. Palfrey, George Ban- 
croft, and Francis Parkman. Motley is the author of the best 
history of Holland. Palfrey has written the most complete 
Hidory of England. Pancroft"s great work is the standard 
History of the United States. " Parts of it,"" says an able 
critic, ^'may be reckoned among the most splendid in all 
historical literature."" Parkman"s volumes, under the gen- 
eral title of France and England in America, exhibit a 
charming combination of the talents of the historian with 
those of the novelist. 

72. Of our poets we may also be justly proud. William 
C. Bryant"s Thanatopsis, the English poet, Wordsworth, 
learned by heart, and often repeated. Henry \\^. Longfel- 
low"s Evangeline, his Hiawatha, and his minor poems, have, 
it is thought, made him the most popular poet in the 
hind (p. 113). ''The Quaker Poet,"' John G. Whittier, 
contends witli Longfellow for the palm of popularity. '^ \i 
Garrison may be considered the prophet of anti-slavery 
(p. 275), Wendell Phillips its orator, Mrs. Stowe its novelist 
(i^ 73), and Charles Sumner its statesman, there can be no 
doubt that AVhittier was its poet."" Washington Allston, the 
greatest of American painters, is also a graceful i)oet. Said 

71. What is said of Motley ? Of Palfrey ? Of Bancroft ? Of Parkman ? 

72. What is said of Bryant ? Longfellow ? Whittier ? Mrs. Stovvc ? Allston ? 



336 Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur. 

Edwin P. Whipple, *' the hest critic America has produced/' 
'^ We cannot see that the American poet is one whit inferior 
to his accomplished English contemporary in tenderness, 
grace, and ideal charm," 

73. Ralph Waldo Emerson, poet and essayist, "is the 
most incisive writer and the most original thinker in Amer- 
ica." Oliver AV'endell Holmes, as a writer of songs and 
lyrics, both liumorous and serious, stands in the first rank. 
His novels and his magazine contributions are also of the 
highest order. Tlie works of James Russell Lowell overflow 
with wit, fancy, and imagination. Harriet Beecher 8towe, 
of whom we have just spoken, is best known by her Uncle 
Tom^s Cabin, tlie most widely circulated novel ever published 
in our country. It was a story of life at the South, intended 
to show the wrongs of slavery. By its appeal to the heart and 
imagination of the people, it overturned every argument on 
the other side of the question. It was one of the great agents 
that built up the Republican party and i)ut Lincoln into the 
presidential chair (§§ 1, 2, 8). 

74. The speeches of many of our great orators have not 
been preserved. Of the orations of Otis, Avliich were described 

-| as *■ fiames of fire," we have oidy meager reports 
I (}). 144). We judge of the eloquence of Patrick 
Henry by the liistory of its effects (p. 144). The passionate 
appeals of John Adams, "■ which moved his hearers from their 
seats," are not in ])rint (p. lOl). Of the great orators of later 
days, Webster, CUay, Calhoun, Everett, and others, the 
reporter's skill and the newspaper's enterprise give us the 
means of forming correct opinions. 

Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Artiiljl 

75. The canvass for the next election for President took 
place in the latter half of this centennial year. The Repub- 

73. What is said of Emerson ? Holmes ? Lowell ? Uncle Tom's Cabin ? 

74. What is said of Otis ? Henry? John Adams ? Webster? Clay? Calhoun: 
75- Give an account of the twenty-second election for President. 



Orators. 



Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur. 337 



licans nomiiuited Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. The Dem- 
ocrats put in nomination Samuel J. Tilden, of Xew York. 
As all the Southern States took part in the election, and as 
many Republicans were not 
satisfied Avith their party man- 
agers, the contest was not so 
one-sided as before. 

76. In several States the vote 
was so close as to give rise to 
serious disputes. These Con- 
gress agreed to refer to a com- 
mission consisting of Senators, 
Representatives, a n d Judges 
of the Supreme Court. The 
decision av a s in f a v o r of 
Hayes, who, next day, March 3, 
1877, took the oath of office. 
The following day Avas Sun- 
day. On Monday the inaugural ceremonies took place in 
the open air in the presence of many thousand persons. 
The new President had been a general in the Union army 
in the late Civil War, and Avas afterAvard a member of Con- 
gress, and Governor of Ohio. One of his first acts as Presi- 
dent Avas to relieve the South from the presence of Federal 
troops. These had been sent to protect the authorities in 
the Avork of reconstruction. All the States of the South 
Avere noAv in the full enjoyment of their rights as before the 
Civil War. 

77. While that Avar Avas in progress, tlie banks as Avell as 
the government found that they did not have 




lUTHEIlFoni) 



Money Affairs. 



enough gold and silver money to meet the extra- 
ordinary demands upon them. They Avere, therefore, com- 



76. What disputes grew out of that election, and how were they settled ? What was 
one of the first acts of President Haj-^es ? What did it accomplish ? 

77. What is said of the greenbacks, and flnctiiative value of paper money ? 



22 



888 Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur, 

23elled to stoj) making "specie payments/^ and, instead, to 
issue "paper money/' These money notes of the govern- 
ment, being printed with green ink, came to be known as 
"greenbacks." They were freely used by the people, for they 
were a "legal-tender," that is, the law made them valid in 
the payment of debts. Gold, however, was regarded as the 
standard of value. Its value, as compared with the value of 
the notes, became very great. In the darkest hour of the 
war, two hundred and ninety dollars in paper could pur- 
chase only one hundred of gold. Gradually the difference 
in the two values became less. On the 1st of January, 1879, 
it was nothing, for on that day the government and the banks 
resumed specie payments. A .paper dollar again bought as 
much as a gold dollar. 

78. In one respect a great convenience had been secured. 
The government had established a system of National Banks. 
Before the war the bills issued by a bank were generally used 
only in its neighborhood. Nobody at a distance would take 
them, except at a discount. After the National Banks came 
into existence, their bills were received in every part of the 
land, and are so received at the present day. 

79. Not the least imjiortant act of Hayes's administration 
was the making of a treaty with China. In California and 

other parts of the AV^est a feeling of alarm had for 
some time existed because of the rapidly increas- 
ing immigration of Chinese. The new-comers 



Treaty 
with China. 



were employed in building railroads, in working mines, and 
in many other ways. As they worked for small wages, they 
deprived American Avorkmen of employment, except, as was 
asserted, "at starvation rates." Said Americans there: "The 
Chinese injure our country. They come here as seekers after 
the golden fleece. They acquire all the trades, and drive us 
out by underselling. They do not come here to stay. They 

78. Explain the money conveniencies now enjoyed. 

79. What treaty was made with China, why was it made, and wliat are its effects ? 



Administrations of Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur. 339 



do not become citizens. They get what they can and go back 
to their own country to spend it/"* The treaty with China 
puts it into the power of our government to check the emi- 
gration of the Chinese to our shores. 

80. The twentieth President was James A. Garfield, of 
Ohio. This new President, aifectionately called the '^^ Teacher 




JAMES A. GARFIELD. 



CHESTER A. ARTHUR. 



President/' was a typical American. His early boyhood was 
spent on a farm. Later, he earned his bread by working in 
a carpenter shop, by chopping wood, and by driving horses 
on the canal towpath. His great ambition was to obtain a 
college education. At the age of eighteen he was a school- 
teacher, at twenty-five a college professor. Within the next 
six years he came to be in succession a college president, a 
State Senator, a general in the Union army during the Civil 
War, and a member of Congress. Now, on the 4th of March, 
1881, he was the President of the United States.* 

* His election was a Republican triumph. His competitor was General 
Winfield Scott Hancock, who won distinction in the Mexican War, and, for 
his good conduct at Getty sburg(§ 39), in which battle he was severely wounded, 
was awarded the thanks of Congress. He died in 1886. 

80. Who succeeded Hayes as President ? Repeat what is stated of Garfield's pre- 
vious life. Of Hancock (note). 



340 Cleveland's Administration. 

81. Less than four months hiter he accejited an invitation 
to visit friends in New England. With no thouglit of danger 
he reached the railroad station, when, without the least warn- 
ing, he Avas shot down by a disappointed office-seeker. The 
wounded man was carried back to the White House, and there, 
more than two months, was tenderly cared for. Then, in the 
hope that a change of air Avould effect a cluinge for the bet- 
ter in his condition, he was removed to Elberon, near Long 
Branch, a summer resort in New Jersey, on the Atlantic coast. 
It was all in vain. On the 19th of September he died. Not 
only did the people of his own land monrn. From every 
part of the civilized world came words of sympathy to the 
grief-stricken men and women of America. Never before 
was sorrow so universal.* 

82. As provided by the Constitution, the Vice-President, 
Chester A. Arthnr, of New York, became the President. It 

is recorded of him that he was the only Vice- 
President, who, having succeeded to the 2:>resi- 
dency by the death of the President, did not dis- 



Arthur 

as 
President. 



appoint those by whom he was elected. Just a month after 
he entered the White House, the centennial of the surrender 
of Cornwallis was celebrated at Yorktown (p. 199). Among 
the distinguished guests who honored the occasion with their 
presence were descendants of Lafayette and of other Euro- 
pean soldiers, German as well as French, who at that place a 
hundred years before had periled their lives to win freedom 
for America. 

Cleveland's Admin^istration. 

83. The next presidential election was the twenty-fifth. 

* Guiteau, the assassin, was tried, convicted, and hanged (June 30, 1882). 

81. State all the circumstances attending the death of Gai-field. What hccame of 
the assassin (note) ? 

82. Who succeeded Garfield as President ? What is said of tiie Yorlitown celebra- 
tion ? Where is Yorktown (map 7; ? State what took place there a hundred years be- 
fore (p. 199). 

83. What is said of the twenty-fifth presidential election and its result? When did 
Cleveland's term begin ? 



Cleveland's A dminisf ration. 



341 




GKOVEK CLEVELAND. 



It took place in the fall of 1884. The candidate of the Ke- 
pnl)licans was James G. Blaine, 
of Elaine ; that of the Demo- 
crats was Grover Cleveland. 
Governor of the State of New 
York. The Temperance, or 
Prohibition party, opposed to 
the '* liqnor traffic,'' had also a 
c a n d i d a t e . Cleveland was 
elected, and. on the 4th of 
March, 1885, began his admin- 
istration. Fifteen months later 
he was married, the ceremony 
being performed in the White 
Honse. Other weddings had 

taken place in that bnilding, but this was the first there of a 
President. Queen Victoria sent " congratulations and good 
wishes." 

84. In the summer of the same j^ear an event occurred 
which threw the people in every part of the country into 
mourning. This was the death of General Grant.* i ' 

From Mount MacGregor, near Saratoga Springs, ! _ ^eath of 
where the hero died (July 23), his remains were I 
conveyed to the city of New York, and, in solemn proces- 
sion, were taken to Riverside Park, overlooking the Hudson. 
The ^irocession numbered not less than fifty thousand men. 
In it were the President and two ex-Presidents of the United 
States, and representatives from every part of the Union and 
from distant lands. '^He was a great soldier, a faithful pub- 



* "He passed away quietlj' without a groan or a shudder, with no one but 
his wife and cliildren and medical attendants by his side. He had done most 
of the great things of liis life with calmness and composure, and in the same 
way he entered the long procession in which Alexander and Caesar and Wel- 
lington and Napoleon had preceded him." — Ailam Badeau. 



84. What is said of the death, funeral, and character of Graut ? 



342 



CJevehuuVs Adm in istration. 



lie servant. 



statue 

of 
Liberty. 



a devoted defender of public faith, and a sincere 
patriot." 

85. On Bedlow's Isl- 
and, in the harbor of 
New York, is a Statue of 
Liberty, the largest statue 
in all America if not in 
all the world. It was the 
gift of the people of 
France to the people of 
the Fnited States. Its 
^'' inauguration " took 
place on the 28th of Octo- 
ber, 1880, amid a scene of 
great rejoicing. National 
ships and hundreds of 
other craft encircled the 
little island, and, with 
voice of gun and steam- 
whistle, joined in the 
glad demonstration. In 
the presence of a multi- 
tude of persons gathered 
at the foot of the statue, 
the formal presentation 
was made by that enter- 
prising and untiring 
Frenchman, Count de 
Lesseps, the planner of 
The gift was accepted for 
bv President Cleveland. 




STATUE OF LIBERTY. 



the Suez Canal route to India, 
the United States 
Said one of the orators 
statue to the friendship 



^'AVe dedicate this 
of nations and the 



jDeace of the world.' 



85 What is paid of the Statue of Liherty ? Where is Bedlow's Island 



REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Cause-Events of the Civil War. — At the breaking out of the war there 
were fifteen slave States, whieh contained nearly 4,000,000 slaves. Tlie 
South, believing that slavery was right, but that the growing sentiment 
against it in the North was imperiling its existence, tried to increase its 
security by increasing the number of slave States from the Territories. The 
North objecting, a conflict of words and acts was carried on, which cul- 
minated in war. 

Fighting-Events of the War. — Before Lincoln took his seat as President 
a Confederacy of Sontiiern States w\as formed. In the streets of Baltimore 
the first blood was shed. The first deliberate blow was struck in Charles- 
Ion harbor. There a few men were holding a fort. C^onfederate guns 
drove away relief intended for them, and drove them out of the fort. 
Li Virginia, in Missouri, along the Carolina coast, and elsewhere, the war 
raged. Eleven States were in the Confederacy. They were the Soutli, 

The North believed that the capture of Richmond, the Confederate 
capital, would bring the war to a close. The thousands of brave men 
left on the battle-fields of Bull Run, Fair Oaks, Fredericksburg, Chan- 
cellorsville, and the Wilderness, were terrible evidences of the sincerity 
of that belief. The South believed that the capture of Washington, the 
Federal capital, would bring the North to terms. The. thousands of 
brave men left on the battle-fields in Maryland, in the Shenandoah Val- 
ley, and at Gettysburg, testify to the earnestness of that belief. 

In the Mississippi Valley, Grant, Foote, Pope, Farragut, and others, 
contended against A. S. Johnston, Beauregard, Pemberton, and others, 
for the mastery of the great river. The North gained Donelson, Shiloh, 
New Orleans, and Vicksburg, and thus gained the river. The Soutli be- 
lieved that for their cotton they could get in exchange from Europe ships 
to bring powder, shot, guns, food, and clothing. To prevent this tlie 
North blockaded Southern ports and captured the supply ships. The 
Confederates built great expectations upon their iron-clad ship Virginia. 
She, they felt certain, would destroy the blockade, and then turn her de- 
structive powers against Northern ports. The Monitor spoiled their plan. 
Confederate cruisers, built in English shipyards, di-ove the ships of 
Northern merchants from the ocean. Not till the Kearsarge sunk the 
Alabama did the scourge cease. 

Sherman's operations and march, comi)elling the Confederates to aban- 



344 . Constitutional Period. 

(Ion Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, and Charleston, brought Sherman 
within threatening distance of Richmond on the soutlieast. Grant, after 
desperate fighting, unfaltering determination, and long patience, was 
closing in upon the city from the north, east, and west. Lee retreated, 
was overtaken, and surrendered. 

Emancipation. — Lincoln's proclamation at the beginning of the third 
year of the war did not set free the slaves of Delaware, Maryland, and 
such other parts of the South as were not in arms against the Union. 
Thousands of colored men joined the ranks of the Union army after the 
appearance of that proclamation. Many of these had been slaves. They 
were now free. Thousands of colored men were yet in bondage. To set 
free every slave in the land the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitu- 
tion was adopted. This was followed by two other amendments, their 
object being to make colored men citizens, with all the rights of other 
citizens. 

Death in the White House. — The death of Lincoln by the hand of an 
assassin was tlie saddest event of the war. The death of Garfield, also by 
the hand of an assassin, sixteen years after, is the only event in the his- 
tory of our country that can be compared to it in sadness. 

Formation of States. — Seven States came into the Union during this 
period. Oregon was from what was previously known as the Oregon re- 
gion. One part of Minnesota belonged to the original domain, the other 
part to the Louisiana Purchase. All Nebraska, and part of Kansas and 
Colorado, were from the Louisiana Purchase ; tiie other part came from 
Mexico (p. ^0). West Virginia was cut off from the mother State 
(p. 303). 

Population. — Li 1880 the population was 50,155,783, including 00,407 
Lidians. and 105,405 Chinese. 

Treaties. — The most important were those made with Russia for the 
purchase of Alaska, with China for the regulation of immigration, and 
with England for the settlement of the Alabanui claims and the bound- 
ary and fishery disputes. 

Tariffs. — During the Civil War a tariff for revenue and protection was 
in force. Some of its duties were afterward lowered. Taxes were also 
imposed on incomes and manufactures : and revenue stamps were required 
for bonds, deeds, receipts, and other written instruments. 

Political Parties. — During a period of twenty-four years, up to the 
election of Cleveland, the Republicans were in control of the executive 
department of the government ; but both branches of Congress were not 
always Republican. When Cleveland was elected, the Senate was Re- 
publican and the House of Representatives was Democratic. 



TOPICS FOR REVIEW. 



Biographical. — 

what events they w 

Anderson ...299, 301 1 

Banks 312,319 | 

Bell, John 298 

Bragg 309,317 : 

Brown, John ... 296 

Buell 309 

Bimi6ide....313, 319 

Bntler 310 

Blaine 341 

D;ivis...3(X), 302. 327 



Tell u'ho they icere, for what they were noted, and with 
ere connected. 



Douglas . . . 


298 


Dred Scott. 


296 


Early 


.321, 322 


Fremont . . 


.295,304 


Foote 


.308,310 


Greeley . . . 


. . . 332 


Hooker . . . 


.315. 318 


Hood 


.321,323 


Hancock . . 


a39 


Jackson . . 


.312, 316 



Lessepp 342 

Lyon 304 

McDowell... ;i04, 312 

Mason 306 

Meade 316 

Pope 310,313 

Porter 319 

Rosecrans...309, 317 

Schofield 323 

Scott, General.. 304 



Seward 327,329 

Slidell 306 

Stanton 321 

Semmes 322 

Thomas ....309, 317, 
318, 323 

Tilden 337 

Whitman 298 

Wilkes 306 

Winslow ... 322 



Geographical. — 7>V/ irjtere they are located, and with tchat events they 
were connected. 

Antietam 313 

Appomattox. . . . 325 

Atl.mta 320, 32:3 

Baltimore 302 

Bedlow's Island, 342 

Booneville 304 

Bull Run.... 304, 313 
Chambersburg.. 322 
Ciiancellorsville, 316 
Charleston.. 301, 325 
Chattanooga ... .318 

Columbia 324 

Corinth 3<19, 317 

Donelson, Ft.... 308 



Elberon 


340 


Montgomery . . . 


;300 


Shenandoah Val 




Five Forks 


325 


Memphis 


.310 


ley 


321 


Fredericksburg. 


314 


Murfreesboro.. . 


317 


Sumter. Ft .299. 


.300, 


Franklin 


32:3 


Mobile B;iy 


323 


301 


325 


Geneva 


330 


Mt. MacGregor. 


341 


Shiloh 


.309 


Gettysburg 


.316 


McAllister, Ft.. 


.324 


South Mountain 


,.313 


Harper's Ferry. 


296, 


New York.... 319 


341 


Savannah 


324 


.303 


313 


New Orleans, 310,317 


Vancouver 1 s - 






306 

.308 


Norfolk . . 


.•503 
323 


land 

Vicksburg 


330 


Henry. Ft 


Na-hville 


317 


HamptOTi Roads 


,311 


Petersburg 


346 


Wilderness 


321 


luka 


317 


Pillow, Ft 


.310 


Williamsburg . . 


312 


Knoxville 


.319 


Port Hudson 


317 


Winchester 


322 


Lexington 


.304 


Richmond... 303 


.325 


Yorktown....312 


•M) 



Historical. — 1. The Oregon region, and the five successive steps by 
which the United States acquired a perfect title to it. — 2. Minnesota, its 
territory before it belonged to the United States, when the State was 
admitted into the Union, and other facts relating to it. — 3. Same of 
Kansas. — 4. Of West Virginia. — 5. Nevada. — 0. Nebraska. — 7. Colo- 
rado. — 8. Alaska, its early history and productions, and how and when 
acquired by the United States. — 9. Slavery, where it existed, what it 
produced, and how it brought on the Civil War. — 10. The Southern 
Confederacy, when and l)y whom formed, its object, names of its Presi- 
dent and two successive capitals. — 11. Particulars of the first two acts of 
actual war. — 12. An outline in chronological order of McClellan's con- 
nection with the war. — 13. Same of Beauregard's. — 14. Farragut's. — 15. 
A. S. Johnston's. — 16. J. E. Jolniston's. — 17. Sherman's. — 18. Sheridan's. 
—19. Lee's.— 20. Grant's.— 21. The ])lockade.— 22. The Alabama steamer, 



348 Constitutional Period. 



her origin, career, and end. — 23. The Akbania chiims. — 24. Tlie Moni- 
tor and the Merrimac, their history and fight. — 25. England's conduct 
during the war. — 26. The Mississippi, how it was closed and opened. — 
27. Emancipation Proclamation, why, when, and by whom issued, and 
with what consequences. — 28. The four successive commanders of tlie 
Army of the Potomac, their successes and failures. — 29. The three most 
important l)attles fought by that army, with the commanders on both 
sides, and the results. — 30. The process by war, President, and Congress, 
by which slavery was entirely banished from the United States. — 31. Re- 
construction, and the contest between Congress and the President. — 32. 
The Fishery Dispute. — 33. Compare the death of Lincoln with the death 
of Garfield. — 34. Names of all the Presidents, beginning with Buchanan, 
to the present time, when the term of each began and ended, and the 
most important event in the term of each. — 35. An account of four im- 
portant events in Grant's administration. — 36. The facts as to Hayes's 
election, and the events of his administration. — 37. Name, in chronolog- 
ical order, all the Presidents from Washington to the present time, stating 
which were soldiers, which died in office, which were killed by assassins, 
and which are still living. — 38. Three great wars in which the United 
States have been involved since the Revolution, their cause, when tliey 
began and ended, and which one was fought on foreign soil. — 39. How 
many and what wars Washington, Montgomery, Wayne, Scott, Taylor, 
and Harrison were engaged in. — 40. Five Americans who have gained 
distinction as inventors, naming their inventions, and the benefits derived 
from them. — 41. Name seven who have gained distinction as historians. 
— 42. Ten, as statesmen. — 43. Five as poets and five as novelists. Re- 
peat the notable sayings of which the following clews are given, stating 
when, where, by whom, and under what circumstances each was uttered: 
A sharp medicine (50), Here will I build (95), Great Spirit guards his 
life (112), God be praised (116), Ca?sar had his Brutus (143), Our last drop 
of blood (151), I am an American (151), In the name of the Great Je- 
hovah (154), The white of their eyes (156), The liberties of the country 
(158), These are the times (161), I have but one life (166), The boy cannot 
escape (171), Molly Stark (178), I will make a lord of him (189), North- 
ern laurels (191), Not for ten thousand (195), The most wonderful work 
(205), Aloof from European wars (226), Not a cent (228), Free trade (244), 
Don't give up the ship (248), We have met the enemy (250), I'll try, sir 
(253), War of movements (261), The Union must be preserved (271), Lib- 
erty and Union (271), Never surrenders (277), Rough and Ready (282), 
The white man was bound to respect (296), Unconditional surrender (309), 
Like a stone wall (312), On this line (321). 



TABULATED REVIEWS. 







From Africa. 




Voyages 


From Asia. 
From Iceland. 


d: 
h 

2 




From Norway 


P 

8 




Stone Ruins. 


Antiquities 


Earth Alouiids 






^ Otlier Things. 














Their Houses. 


IITANTS 




Domestic Life 




Employments. 
Disposition. 




Indians 


Weapons. 


►-I 

DC 
W 




Dress. 
Wars. 
Money. 


PC 





Barter. 










AVhere from. 




Northmen 


Explorations. 






Settlements. 



Tabulated Reviewt 



f „. , ,., ( When and where he was born. 

I His early life — ■{ , 

( His studies and occupations, 

f Shape of the earth and route to India. 
His great theory., i Evidences of the correctness of tlie theory. 

I Attempt to rob him of the honor of discovery. 

f In the republic of Genoa. 
His eflforts for aid. -[ With the kings of England and Portugal. 
I With Isabella, Queen of Spain. 



His voyages. 



First. 



His outfit and departure. 
Length of voyage and incidents. 
Land discovered and when. 
Return to Spain and reception. 



r HoAv many after the first. 
Otueks. < Lands discovered. 

I Wrons: idea about them. 



Closing events. 



f Mistreatment to which he was subjected. 
I The time and place of his death. 
I The several burials of his body. 
I The injustice done to his memory. 



Of what country the Cabots were natives. 
Their names and their relation to each other 



1st voyage. 



2d voyage. 



From what country they sailed. 

By what motive they were prompted. 
1 Land discovered and time of discovery. 
I Return to England and reception there. 

r By whom commanded. 
-I Explorations that were made. 
L Their importance to England. 






r The place of his birth. 
His first business in America. 



1st voyage . 



2d voyage , 



r Why he sailed from Porto Rico. 
I Land discovered by him and when the discov- 
-' er}^ was made. 

I Name given to the land and why so given. 
I His further explorations. 

C Why he made this voyage. 
-^ His experience in Florida. 
I His death, burial, and tomb. 



Ta bu lated Rev ietvs. 



For Spain. 



For England, 



h 

<: 

oc 1 
o 

X 
w 



For France 



For Holland 



By Narvaez. 
By De Soto. 
By Coronado. 
By Cabrillo. 
I By Cortes. 



By Drake. 
By Gilbert. 
By Raleigh. 
By Gosnold. 
. By Smith. 



C By Cartier. 
I By Champlain. 
By Marquette. 
L By La Salle. 



By Hudson. 
By May. 



Object in View. 
Starting Place. 
Preparations. 
Regions Explored. 
>■ Time of Exploration. 
Important Facts. 
Incidents, 
Direct Result. 
Consecjuences. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



New Ilainpsliire. 
Now York. 
New Jersey. 
^ Virginia. 

North C'aroliiiii. 
Soiitli Carolina. 
Georgia. 



r Pennsylvania. 
^ Delaware. 
Marvliind. 



Massachusetts. 

Rhode Island. 
i 
[ Connecticut. 



Kind of government. 
When 1 

Where 
Why 



Settled. 



Character of settlers. 
Noted persons among them, 
and why noted. 



Religious 

Political 

Indian 

Cause 
J Date 
Battles 
Results 

Agricultural 
Mechanical 
Commercial 
Fishing 



Facts about 



Troubles. 



Of wars. 



Employments. 



Education, 

Tobacco, 

Slavery, 

Servants, 

Poijulation. 



Other important facts. 



Tabulated Reviews, 



AVar of the Revolutioi^". 

r England's laws of navigation, trade 
J and manufacture, 

j Writs of Assistance. 
I Taxation without representation. 

Near S Stamp Act. 

I Tea Tax. 



Remote. 



When, where, consequences 



First Continental Congress. 

Battle of Lexington 

Capture of Ticouderoga. . . 



The Boston Massacre. 

The Boston Tea Party. 

The Boston Port Bill. ) 

I How composed. 

-s' Where assembled. 

( Measures. 

( When, 

■V Where, 

( Result and effect. 

\ Its hero, 

\ Consequence. 

Election of Washington to command the army, 
r When, 

Battle of Bunker Hill J Where, 

1 Commanders, 
*- Result antl effect. 
I- Montgomery's operations and defeat in Canada. 
Evacuation of Boston by the British. 

r Where fought, 
Forces engaged. 
Commanders, 
Result and effect. 



Battle of Fort Moultrie. 



Declaration of Independence. 



Battle of Long Island. 



By whom, when, and where made. 
Effect. 

2 Loss of Brooklyn and New York. 
g Battle of Harlem Heights. 



■3 Battle of Fort Washington. 

H 

i5 Execution of Hale. 

3 
m 

^ Retreat of Washington. 
( Washington's motive. 

Battle of Trenton J His crossing the Delaware. 

I Capture of Hessians. 
I Effect of the victory. 
Aid extended by Morris to the cause. 
23 



/ 



Tabulated Reviews. 





' Battle of Priueetou. 








Capture of Ticonderoga. 
Battle of Hubbardtou. 






Cause 


Battle of Oriskany. 






events. 


Arnold's operations. 
Battle of Bennington. 




Burgoyne's 


" 


Battles of Stillwater. 




Invasion. 


Surrender of Burgoj'ne. 








Northern part of New York in pos- 






Result 


session of the Americans. 






events. 


New England freed from isolation. 






^ Alliance with and help from Franc3. 






By Avhom conducted. 


0) 




By what route taken. 


S 




At what place landed. 




Expedition 
auainst 




Where and when, 




Pliiladelphia. 


Battle of 


Commanders, 






Brandy wine. 


Foreiii'n officers, 
^ Result. 






Battle of Paoli. 






' When, where, 




Battle of 
Germantown. 


and why f( 


jught, 



I and result. 

Washington's army at Valley Forge. 



Massacres at Wyoming and Cherry Valley. 
Capture of Savannah by the British. 

British evacuate Philadelphia. 
Battle of Monmouth. 
Battle near Rhode Island. 
Battle to recover Savannah (17T9). 
Surrender of Cornwallis (1781). 



Alliance 

with 
France. 



Consequence 
of 



Tabulated Beviews. 



Mctory on the Oceai 



Capture of Stony Point. 

r Why made, 
Expedition against tlie Indians. ' By whom conducted, 

[ Result. 
Where, 
When, 

Ships engaged, 
Commanders, 
Result. 

French and Americans defeated at Savannah. 

( Preliminary events. 
Capture of Charleston by the J Commanders, 

British. When accomplished, 

I Result and effect. 
Gates's Campaign at the South. 

Why he turned traitor, 



Arnold's Treason 



His correspondence and offer. 

When, where, how, and witli 
Avhom he conferred. 

Andre's route, capture, and exe- 
cution. 

Arnold in Virginia and Connecti- 
cut. His after life. 

When and where, 
Battle of Cowpens ^ The commanders, 

Result. 

Retreat from Cornwallis, 
Battle of Guilford C. H., 
Battle of Hobkirk's Hill, 
, Battle of Eutaw Springs. 
When and where. 
Forces engaged. 
Commanders, 
Result and effect. 



Greene's Campaign 

at the South. 



Surrender of Cornwallis. 



1783. 
1787. 



Treaty of Peace. 

Constitution of the United States framed. 



Tabulated Revieius. 



Second War with England. 

England's right-of-search claim. 
Impressment of American seamen. 
Seizure of American ships as prizes. 
War declared against England, 
f What was 

W^hen was it 

Where was it 

Wliy was it 

Bv whom was it 



" Surrender of 
Hull." 



Surrendered. 



I HulFs trial and pardon. 
Battle of QueenstOAvn. 

Captures by the Essex. 



Naval victories. 



By the Constitution 
(first). 



Recovery of 
Michigan 



Battle of Lalie Erie . . 



Battle of the Thames. 



.,( 



Capture of York. 



Operations 

Lake Ontario. 

L Sackett's Harbor saved. 

Action between the Shannon and Chesapeake. 



Names of the two ships. 

Tlieir commanders. 

Place of the battle. 

Result and effect. 

When and where. 

Commanders. 

" Don't give up the 

ship." 
Perry's dispatch. 
Result and effect. 
When and where. 
Commanders. 
Indian chief. 
Result. 
When and by whom. 

Pilve's fate. 



Tabulated Uevieivs. 



Invasion of C'an- 
atla. 



' Capture of Fort Erie. 
Battle of Chippewa . . . 

Battle of Limdy's Lane ^ 
Evacuation of Fort Erie. 



How begun. 
Forces engaged. 
Commanders. 
Result. 
How begim. 
Commanders. 
Forces engaged. 
Miller's act. 
Result. 



Campaign 
against Wash- 
ington and Bal- 
timore. 



B}- whom conducted. 
When Washington Mas captured. 
Excesses of the captors. 
Destruction of buildings. 
Forces against Baltimore. 
Events with the land force. 

Name of fort. 



Bombardment 



Length of attack. 
Result. 
Star-Spangled Banner. 



Jackson's campaign against the Creeks. 
His campaign against the British in Florida. 



Bi'itish invasion 
of New York, 



Treaty of Peac( 



1815. 



Battle of New 
Orleans. 



By way of Lake Champlain. 
Commanders on the Lake. 
Battle in Plattsburg Bay. 
Operations on the land. 
Result and effect. 

Where and when made. 
Names of Peace Commissioners. 
Terms of the treaty. 
L Defects of the treaty. 

When. 

Commanders. 
L Result. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



AVar with Mexico. 

Auuexation of Texas, 
Cause of the War. \ Invasiou of territory, 

Mexico's claim to territory, 



Taylor's 

Campaign. 



Battles of Palo Alto and 
Resaca de la Palnia. 



When, 

Where, 

Forces engaged, 

Incidents, 

Results. 



Taylor takes possession of Matamoras. 
Taylor captures the city of Monterey. 
When, 



Battle of Buena A'isti 



W^here, 

Commanders, 

HoM^ begun, 

Taylor neyer surrender! 

Result. 



Scott's Campaign. 



Battle of Cerro Gordo 



' How, when, and where he reached ^Mexico. 

Capture of Vera Cruz. 

When, 
Where, 
Commanders, 
Incidents, 
_ Result. 

Occupation of the city of Jalapa. 

Operations around the City of Mexico, 

The city entered by Scott's army. 



Oyerland expeditions. 
Operations on the Pacific coast. 



Where made. 
Treaty of Peace. . . ^ When made. 
Its terms. 



Tabulated Reviews. 



Great Civil AVak. 



Cause of the War. 



its first military contest. 



First Battle of Bull Run 



Capture of Fort Henry 
and Fort Donelson. 



Battle of Shiloh 



Capture of Island No. 10. 



Capture of New Orleans. 



Sieffe of Vieksbure: 



Near what city. 
Name of the fort. 
Commanders. 
Length of contest. 
Result and effect. 
When and where. 
How begun. 
Commanders. 
Result and effect. 
Where and when. 
Impoi'tance of the forts. 
By whom defended. 
By whom attacked. 
I Incidents and result. 
W^hen and where. 
Commanders first day. 
Result first day. 
Reinforcements. 
Commanders second day. 
Final result, and effect. 

Union commander. 
His forces engaged. 
How he proceeded. 
Forces opposed to him. 
The contest and residt. 
L^nion commander in the city 
Location of Vicksburg. 
Commander of its defenses. 
L'nion commander. 
Incidents of the siege. 
When ended and result. 
Surrender of Port Hudson. 



The war in Missouri. 

McClellan's campaign against Richmond. 

Battle between the two iron ships. 



Tabulated Revieios. 



Lee's first invasion 
of the North. 



Second Battle of Bull J 
Run. 1 

Battle of South Mountain. 
Capture of Harper's Ferr}^ 

Battle of Antietam 



When, where. 
Commanders. 
Result. 



When, where. 
Commanders. 
Result. 
Lee's Retreat. 



Battle of Freder- 
icksburg. 



When and where. 
Union commander. 
His object. 

Confederate commander. 
^ Result. 



Emancipation Proclamation. 



Battle of Chancel- 
lorsville. 



Where and when. 
L^nion Commander. 
His object. 

Confederate commander;; 
Result. 



Lee's second inva- 
sion of the North. 



Battle of Gettysburg. 



Where and when. 
Commanders. 
Result. 

Importance of result. 
L Lincoln's speech. 



Contest in Tennes- 
see and Georgia. 



Battles of Chickamauga 
and Chattanooga. 



' Where and when. 
Commanders. 
-I Incidents. 

Distinguished officers. 

Result. 

Its importance. 



Tabulated Eevieivs. 



m 



Sherman's Campaign -< 



Union victories at Franklin and Nash- 
ville. 



Battle between the Kearsarge and the 
Alabama. 



From what place started. 
At what time. 
Its first object. 
Battles. 

Capture of Atlanta. 
Fate of the citj'. 
March to the Sea. 
Incidents of the march. 
Fort McAllister. 
Capture of Savannah. 
Capture of Columbia. 
Capture of Charleston. 
Northward march. 

When, 
Where, 
Commanders. 

Previous history of the Alabama. 
When and where did the battle take 

place. 
Incidents of the battle. 
Result and consequence. 
The Alabama claims. 



Sheridan and Early in the Shenandoah Valley. 

When and how begun. 
Object of the campaign. 

Grant's Campaign in Virginia -{ Battles and incidents. 

Petersburg, Richmond. 
Appomattox Court-IIouse. 



Closing events of the war. 



APPENDIX. 



THE DECLARATIOJS^ OF INDEPENDENCE. 

A Declaration by the Eejn'esentatives of the United States of America in 
Congress assembled, Jidy 4th, 1776. 

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one 
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them Avith 
another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate 
and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God en- 
title them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that 
they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; 
that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; 
that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That 
to secure these rights, governments are instituted an:iong men, deriving 
their just powers from the consent of the governed ; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right 
of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in 
such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and 
happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long estab- 
lished, should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, 
accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed 
to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing 
the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of 
abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariabiy the same object, evinces a 
design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is 
their duty,. to throw off such government, and to provide new guards 
for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of 
these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them 
to alter their former systems of government. The history of the pres- 
ent king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpa- 
tions, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute 



Appendix. 



tyranny over these States. To prove this, let faets be submitted to a 
candid workl : 

He has refused his assent to laws tlie most wholesome and necessary 
for the public good.* 

He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing- 
importance, unless suspended in their operation till ]iis assent should be 
obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to 
them.f 

He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- 
tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish tlie right of represen- 
tation in the legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to 
tyrants only. % 

He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfort- 
able, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole 
purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with liis measures. § 

He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. || 

He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 
to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remain- 
ing, in the meantime, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, 
and convulsions within.^ 



* That i^^, laws passed by the Colonial Assemblies, in relation to commerce, finance, 
etc. 

tSome of the Provincial governors endeavored to conciliate the Indi.m tribes by 
treaties of alliance and other measures ; but the king, fearing that the colonists would 
thus acquire too much strength, and be less dependent upon the British crown, in- 
structed the governors to desist from all such measures till his consent should be 
given ; and failed subsequently to give such consent. 

X In 1774. a bill was passed uiiich took the government of Massachusetts out of the 
hands of the people, vesting the nomination of judges, etc., in the crown. It also 
abridged the privilege of popular election. The people then demanded the passage of 
laws for the " accommodation of large districts of people,'" but were told that they must 
first '• relinquish the right of representation in the legislature." 

§ This has reference to the passage of the Boston Port Bill, by which the Custom- 
House, Courts, etc., were removed to Salem ; while the public records were kept at 
Boston. 

I! The Colonial Assembly of Massachusetts, in 1768, invited by circular the other 
Assemblies to join it in opposing the urgent measures of Great Britain, and was dis- 
solved for so doing. Other Assemblies were dissolved for similar reasons, and in the 
same arbitrary manner. 

«[ This was the case in regard to the Assemblies of New York and Massachusetts, 
which were dissolved by royal authority, and not permitted to reassemble for several 
months, the States in the mean time being in great peril of '• invasion from without, and 
convulsions within." 



Appendix. 



He has endeavored to prevent the popuhition of these States ; for that 
purpose, obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners ; refus- 
ing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the 
conditions of new appropriations of lands.* 

He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent 
to laws for establishing judiciary powers. f 

He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for tlie tenure of 
their oflfices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. % 

He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent liither swarms of 
officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. § 

He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the 
consent of our legislatures. || 

He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior 
to, the civil power. •]" 

He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to 
their acts of pretended legislation : ** 

For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us; ff 

For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment, for any 
murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States \XX 

For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world ; §§ 

For imposing taxes onjus without our consent ; |||| 



* The king dreaded the increasing power of the colonies, as well as the advance of 
democratic ideas in them. The German immigration was especiallj-^ checked by ob- 
stacles and di>couragements. 

t By the act of 1774, Massachusetts was deprived of its own judiciary, the judges 
being appointed by the king. 

X The salaries of the judges were paid under the royal authority, from moneys 
obtained fro.ii the people. 

§ The passage of the Stamp Act, and the other similar acts, gave rise to the appoint- 
ment of swarms of tax-collectors, etc. 

I! The armies emploj'ed in the French and Indian War were continued in the colonieti 
after the treaty of 1763. 

^ Thus General Gage, a military commander, was made governor of Massachusetts : 
and the military were employed to enforce the Boston Port Bill. 

**The Board of Trade was created to act independently of colonial legislation, and 
almost absolute power was conferred on the king. 

tt Large forces were levied and sent over by vote of the English Parliament, to con- 
trol the inhabitants. 

XX In 1768, some mariners were tried in Annapolis, Md., for the murder of two citizens, 
and in the face of clear proof of their guilt were acquitted. Similar instances occurred 
in other places. 

§§ Such had been the result of the Navigation Acts. The British navy was also 
employed to break up the colonial trade with the French and Spanish West Indies. 

Iljl Such as the Stamp duties, the tax on paper, painters' colors, tea, etc. 



Appendix, 



For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury ; * 

For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offences ; f 

For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring prov- 
ince, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its 
boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for 
introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : % 

For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments ; § 

For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves in- 
vested with power to legislate for us in all cases wliatsoever. || 

He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his pro- 
tection, and waging war against us.^ 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
destroyed the lives of our people.** 

He is. at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries 
to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun, 
with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most 
barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation, ff 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on tlie high 
seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of 
their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by tlieir hands. ^4 

* In trials for violation of the revenue laws, under the Commissioners of Customs, 
the accused were not allowed the benefit of a jury. 

t Persons charged with riot, resistance to the magistrates, might, bj' a law passed in 
1774, be transported to Great Britain or other places for trial. 

X The law of 1774 (referred to on p. 159) abolished the popular legislature in Canada, 
and api)ointed royal officers to make laws for the province, except to raise taxes. 
This gave the British a firm hold of Canada, and enabled them to use it to advantage 
against the colonies during the Revolution : hence the efforts of Congress to gain pos- 
session of that province in 1775. 

§ This was done in the case of the judiciary of Massachusetts, already referred to. 
Other officers besides judges were made dependent on the crown, in opposition to the 
chartered rights of the people. 

11 After the dissolution of the colonial legislatures, before mentioned, several of the 
governors presumed to legislate arbitrarily for the colonies, giving to their proclama- 
tions the force of laws. 

•I^ The king, in 1775, declared the colonies in open rebellion : and he sanctioned the 
acts of the governors in employing Indian warfiire against them. He also employed 
German mercenaries to war against them. In these acts he .abdicated the proper func- 
tions of government, and pl.-iced the colonies beyond the pale of his protection. 

** These acts were performed by the naval commanders. Charlestown was burned 
by the British fleot. 

t+ This is covered, in a general way, in the article already referred to. 
XX The crews of American ships captured by the British, were, by Act of Parlia- 
ment, treated not as prisoners of war. but as slarex^ and were impressed into the king's 
service. 



Appendix. 



He li'ds excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and lias en- 
deavored to bring on the inliabitants of our frontiers the merciless 
Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished 
destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.* 

In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in 
the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been answered only 
by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every 
act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 

Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We 
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legis- 
lature to extend an unw-arrantable jurisdiction over us. We have re- 
minded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. 
We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have 
conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these 
usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and cor- 
respondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and con- 
sanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which de- 
nounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, 
enemies in war, in peace, friends. 

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in 
general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the 
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the 
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and 
declare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free 
and independent States ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to 
the British crown, and that all political connection betw^een them and 
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and 
that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, 
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all 
other acts and things which independent States may of right do. And, 
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection 
of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our 
fortunes, and our sacred honor. 

The foregoing Declaration wa;?, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the 
following members : JOHN HANCOCK. 



* Dunmore, in Virginia, endeavored to excite the slaves to rise against their mas- 
ters. The Indians were, nnder instructions from the British ministry, instigated by 
several of the colonial governors to attack the colonists. Dreadful massacres were the 
consequence. 

The Declaration was signed by the president (John Hancock) and secretarj' of Con- 
gress, and so published. The other signatures w^ere afterward appended. 



Appendix. 



Xew Hampshire. 
Josiah Bartlett, 
William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Massachusetts Bay. 
Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat Paine, 
El bridge Gerrj', 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 
William Eller}\ 

Connecticut. 
Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington, 
William Williams, 
Oliver Wolcott. 

Neio York. 
William Floyd, 
Philip Livingston, 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 



New Jersey. 
Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis Hopkinson, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Pennsylvania. 
Robert Morris, 
Benjamin Rush, 
Benjamin Frauklin, 
John Morton, 
George Clym^r, 
James Smith, 
George Taylor, 
James Wilson, 
George Ross. 

Delaioare. 
C«sar Rodney, 
George Read, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Maryland. 
Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 



Thomas Stone, 

Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. 

Virginia. 
George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

North Carolina. 
William Hooper, 
Joseph Hewes, 
John Penn. 

Sordh Carolina. 
Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Hey ward, Jr., 
Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
Arthur Middleton. 

Georgia. 
Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, 
George Walton. 



THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES 
OF AMERICA. 



Steps that led to the Union of the Colonies. — In 1643, four of 
the New England colonies united to protect themselves ag:ainst the hos- 
tility of the Indians, Dutch, and French. ]More than a hundred years 
later, delegates from the seven colonies north of the Potomac met at 
Albany, N. Y. (1754). Their object was to make a treaty with the Six 
Nations of Indians, also to agree upon some concert of action against the 
inroads of the French. A plan for a union of all the colonies, proposed 
by Benjamin Franklin, a delegate from Pennsylvania, was accepted, but, 
being submitted to them and to the king, was rejected. The colonies 
thought it gave too much power to the king; the king thought it gave 
too much power to the colonies. 

The Stamp Act, passed by Parliament in 1765, was followed the same 



Appendix. 



year by a Congress in the city of New York, in which nine of the col- 
onies were represented. A Declaration of Rights was adopted, and 
appeals were made to king and Parliament. The wrong measures of 
Parliament, particularly the claim of the right to tax the colonies, were 
followed in 1765 by what is known as the First Continental Congress, in 
which all the colonies, except Georgia, were represented. Philadelphia 
was the meeting place. As before, a Declaration of Rights was adopted, 
and a petition was sent to the king. No redress coming from England, 
but, instead, regiments of the king's troops to overawe the colonists, the 
Second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia. All the colonies 
being represented, the title of The Thirteen United Cotonies began to 
be used (Sept., 1775) ; and ten months later (July 4, 1776), they were 
declared to be The Thirteen United States of America. 

Colonial Forms of Government. — Up to this time the colonies had 
not been ruled alike. When they threw oif the king's yoke, New Hamp- 
shire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, 
and Georgia w^ere under the control of governors appointed by the king, 
who did their royal master's bidding. This kind of government was 
called jrrovincial or royal. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland, 
having been granted to persons called proprietors, were under proprie- 
tary rule. To Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut had been 
given charters which secured to them certain political rights, hence they 
were under charter rule. 

Articles of Confederation. — The Declaration of Independence made 
the colonies States. Eight days after, a committee of Congress reported 
a draft of Articles of Confederation for the government of the thirteen 
States. These were discussed and amended, but not approved before 
November of the following year (1777), when they were submitted to the 
States for ratification. They could not go into effect without the ap- 
proval of every State. Maryland was the last to meet the requirement, 
and when her delegates signed the Articles, jMarch 1st, 1781, the Confed- 
eracy was comj)lete. 

Defects of the Articles. — The war had been carried on already 
nearly six years. The Articles, it had been expected, would give to 
Congress the necessary power to procure all the money needed to carry 
on the war with vigor. They did not, nor did they give Congress power 
to regulate commerce, or even to punish law-breaking. Several years 
passed, the war was over, when delegates from all the States except 
Rhode Island met in Philadelphia to so alter the Articles as to remove 
their great defects. Discussion soon proved that it would be far better 
to reject the Articles entirely, and in their place adopt something very 
24 



Appendix. 



different. The result was the Constitution of the United States, the 
same, witli amendments made in after years, that we now have. 

Adoption of the Constitution. — The Constitution, completed by 
its framers on the 17th of September, 1787, was at once submitted to the 
States for ratification, the approval of nine States being necessary before 
it could go into operation. It met with stout opposition. Its friends, 
the friends of a strong federal government, were called Federalists, Its 
opponents, unwilling to take certain great powers from the States and 
give them to the general government, were called Anti-Federalists. 
Three of the States, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, adopted 
the Constitution before the end of the year. All the others. North 
Carolina and Rhode Island excepted, adopted it the next year. 

First Congress under the Constitution. — The Second Continental 
Congress, though changed from time to time in its membership since its 
first session fourteen years before, was still in existence. After nine 
States had adopted the Constitution, this old Congress ordered an election 
for President and Vice-President, and for members of a new Congress; 
and decided that its own existence should end on the 4th of March, 1789. 
On that day the new Congress ought to have met, but a quorum of its 
members had not arrived. A quorum at length appearing, the electoral 
votes were counted. Washington had received every vote. lie w^as 
declared the President elect. John Adams had received a sufficient 
number to entitle him to the next place. He was declared the Vice- 
President elect. On the 30th of April, 1789, in the city of New York, 
Washington was inaugurated. 

The CoNSTrruTioN was Adopted as Follows by: 

Delaware Dec. 7,1787 Maryland April 28, 1788 

Pennsylvania Dec. 12, 1787 South Carolina-. May 23, 1788 

New Jersey .Dec. 18, 1787 New Hampshire June 21, 1788 

Cieorgia Jan. 2,1788 Virginia June 26, 1788 

Connecticut Jan. 9, 1788 New York July 26, 1788 

MassachuL^etts Feb. 6,1788 North Carolina Nov. 21, 1789 

Rhode Island May 29, 1790. 



" The inauguration of Washington was delayed for several days by a question which 
had arisen as to tlie titlu by which the President elect was to be addressed. The ques- 
tion had been mooted without Washington's privity, and contrary to his desire, as he 
feared that any title might awaken the sensitive jealousy of Republicans at a moment 
when it wiis all-important to conciliate public good will to the new form of government. 
It was a relief to him, therefore, when it was finally resolved that the address should be 
simply 'the President of the United StJites.' "— Ibving's Life of Washington. 



THE CONSTITUTION. 



Preamble. 

We, the people of the Tnited States, in order to form a more perfect 
union, establi;^h justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the 
common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings 
of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this 
Constitution for the United States of America. 

ARTICLE I. The Legislative Department. 
Section I. Congress in General. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of 
the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

Preamble.— What gives to the Constitution of the United States its supreme impor- 
tance ? Ans. It is the foundation law of the United States : no other law can come in 
conflict with it. By whom was it ordained and established ? How is that true ? Ans. 
The men who framed the Constitution, and those who voted to adopt it in the State 
legislatures, represented the people. What do we learn from its Preamble ? How manj- 
and what purposes are named-2 What may we therefore infer as respects the discarded 
Articles of Confederation ? 

How many and what are the most common forms of government in the world ? 
Ans. Tln-ee : the monarchic, in which the supreme power is in one person ; the aristo- 
cratic, in which the supreme power is in a few persons; and the democratic, in which 
the supreme power is in the people. Under which form do we live ? Is ours a perfect 
or pure democracy ? Why not ? Ans. All the people do not meet in one assembly to 
make and execute the laws. What particular form of government is ours ? Ans. It is 
called a democratic-republic, tlie supreme power being in the hands of persons chosen 
by the people. By what name is our government commonly called ? Ans. The Federal 
Government. Why is it so called ? Ans. Because several States are federated or united 
into one union under it. By how many and what great departments is the Federal Gov- 
ernment carried on? An^. Three: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. 
What are their duties? Ans. The legislative department makes the laws, the executive 
puts them into execution, and the judicial decides cases in dispute under them : the 
Articles of Confederation had no executive or judicial departments. 

ARTICLE I.— Sec. I. By what name do we call the legislative department of the 
United States ? Of how many and wliat parts does it consist ? Whom do they repre- 
sent? Ans. Both represent the people ; the Senate in addition represents the States. 
Are we in the habit of saying the Senate and the House of Representatives when speak- 
ing of the two bodies ? Ans. We oftener say the Senate and the House. What is the 
ol)ject of having two houses rather than one? Ans. To prevent hasty legislation. Of 
how many houses did Congress consist under the Articles of Confederation? Ans. 
Only one. 



10 Appendix. 



Section II. House of Bejyresentatives. 

Ist Clause. The House of Representatives shall be composed of 
members chosen every second year by the people of the several States, 
and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for 
electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature. 

2d Clause. No person shall be a Eepresentative who shall not have 
attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of 
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of 
that State in whicli he shall be chosen. 

M Clause, representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned 
among the several States which may be included within this Union, ac- 
cording to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by add- 
ing to the wliole number of free persons, including those bound to ser- 
vice for a term of years, and, excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths 
of all other persons. (See Article XIV. of the Amendments.) The 
actual enumeration shall be made within tliree years after the first meet- 
ing of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent 
term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thou- 
sand, but eacli State shall have at least one Representative ; and until 
such enumeration shall be made, the State of Xew Hampshire shall be 
entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New York six, New Jersey four, 
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North 
Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 



Sec. II.— 1.sV Clause. Of whom is the House of Representatives composed ? What 
do you understand by an elector ? What qualifications give him the right to vote for a 
member of tlie House ? 

id Clause. What three qualifications must a Representative possess ? 

M Clause. How were Representatives apportioned before the Constitution was 
amended ? By what rule was the apportionment then determined ? Srate, again, who 
were and who were not included. What was meant by "all other persons"? Ans. 
Slaves. How do you understand the count as regards the slaves? Aus. Five of them 
counted as three free men. Why was that so arranged? Ans. Though slave-owners 
called their slaves " propertj'," they were unwilling to lose representation in Congrer^s : 
tlie three-fifth arrangement was a compromise. Is that now the law ? (See the 14th 
Amendment.) What change did the 14th Amendment effect? When was the fir?t 
census taken ? The second ? How often is the census taken ? When will the next be 
taken ? With what objects is it taken ? How doe^ the census, as last taken, helj) the 
people ? Can a State be deprived of representation in the lower house of Congress ? 
What is the exact law on that point ? How many members were in the first House ? 
Which State sent the largest number ? Which the smallest ? How many members are 
in the present House ? 



Appendix. H 



AtJi Clause. Wlieii vacancies happen in the representation from any 
State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill 
such vacancies. 

iifh Clause. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker 
and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

Section III. The Senate. 

1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of 
two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six 
years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. 

2d Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in conse- 
quence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be 
into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the first class shall be 
vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at the 
expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expiration of 
the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and 
if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the 
legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary 
appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then 
fill such vacancies. 

M Clause. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained 
to the age of thirty yearns, and been nine years a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State 
for which he shall be chosen. 

4:th Clause. The Vice-President of the United States shall be presi- 

Uh ClavM. In what manner are vacancies in the House filled ? 

5<A Clause. How does the House ;;;et its presiding officer ? By what title is he 
known ? Ans. The Speaker. What are his duties ? Wliat sole power does the House 
possess ? What is meant by impeachment ? An». The act of accusing an officer of mis- 
conduct in office. Who are subject to impeachment ? Ans. The President, the Vice- 
President, and all civil officers of the government. What nutable impeachment case can 
you recall ? (History, p. 329.) 

. Sec. \\\.—\st Clause. How many members compose the present United States 
Senate ? How do you know that ? Who sent them to the Senate ? For how long are 
they sent ? How does the process of choosing a Senator diflEer from the process of 
choosing a Representative ? What difference is there in their terms of office ? What 
right has a Senator as respects voting ? 

M Clause. Did every Senator chosen for the first Congress seive six years ? Ex- 
plain what was done, and <:ive the reason. How are vacancies in the Senate filled ? 
Explain how the Senate is a continuous body. 

M Clause. What is required as to the age of a Senator ? His citizenship ? His resi- 
dence ? How do these requirements compare with those for a Representative ? Why 
should they be greater in one case than in the other ? 

Ath Claim. What connection has the Vice-President of the United States with Con- 
gress ? When may he vote ? 



12 Appendix. 



dent of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally 
divided. 

bth Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also 
a president pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he 
shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 

Wi Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeach- 
ments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all be on oath or 
affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the chief- 
justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the con- 
currence of two-thirds of the members present. 

Ith Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend 
further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and 
enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but 
the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indict- 
ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. 

Section IV. Both Houses. 

1st Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for 
Senators and Kepresentatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the 
legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make or 
alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, 
and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they 
shall by law appoint a different day. 

Section V. The Houses Separately. 
1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns. 

5//i Clavse. Has he a right to vote in the Senate when he acts as President of the 
United States ? Who then tai<es his place in the Senate ? How long can the Senate's 
presiding oflicer, so elected, occupy the place ? .-l//^<!. He may be removed any time by a 
vote of the Senators. Now state how under three different circumstances the presiding 
officer of the Senate is elected. 

Wi Clause. What is the Senate's position respecting impeachment ? What prelimi- 
nary act must the Senators perform ? How many votes are necessary to a conviction ? 
How is the Senate organized when the President of the United States is on trial ? (His- 
tory, p. 329). 

1th C/aifse. What punishment may be inflicted by the Senate in impeachment cases ? 
What further punishment may be inflicted ? 

Sec. IV.—lsi Clause. How is the power of Congress limited in the matter of clioos- 
ing Senators ? What has Congress done in respect to the election of Representatives ? 
Ans. The election is now by districts in every State and Territory on the first Tuesday 
after the first Monday in November of every " even year." 

2cl Clause. How often must Congress meet ? On what particular day ? What is 
said about changing the day ? 

Sec. Y.—\st Clause. Of what is each House the judge as respects its members ? 



Appendix. 13 



and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall con- 
stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn 
from day to day, ajid may be authorized to compel the attendance of 
absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house 
may provide. 

2d Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, 
punisli its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of 
two-thirds, expel a member. 

M Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and 
from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in their 
judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

4:th Clause. Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, 
without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor 
to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. 

Section VI. Privileges and Disabilities of Jlembers. 

1st Clause. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a com- 
pensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, 
felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their 
attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and 
returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, 
they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

2d Clause. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for 
which he was elected, be appointed to any civil olfice under the authority 

IIow many members are a quorum ? What power does a quorum possess ? What two 
things may a less number do ? What is the difference between a plurality and a 
majority ? 

2d Clmise. What power does each House possess over its rules and members ? 

M Clause. What is the duty of each house as respects its journal and vote of its 
members ? 

Ath Clause. What restriction is imposed respecting adjournment ? 

Sec. VI.— 1*^;; Clause. What pay does a member of Congress receive ? Ans. $5,000 a 
year ; he also receives mileage, that is, a certain sum per mile for his travelling expenses 
to and from Congress. Who pays him? What special privileges has he ? In what 
cases has he no such privileges ? What is treason ? (See Art III., Sec. III.) What is 
felony ? Why have members of Congress those privileges ? Ans. That the people who 
elected them may not be deprived of their services. How far are they responsible for 
what they say in Congress ? Why is this ? Ans. That they may be perfectly free to 
say what they think ought to be said. 

2d Clause. How are they shut out from other office ? What check is imposed upon 
national office- holders ? 



14 Aiopendix. 



of the United States, which sliall have been created, or the emoluments 
whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person 
holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either 
house during his continuance in office. 

Section VII. Mode of Passing Laivs. 

\st Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House 
of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments as on other bills. 

2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Represen- 
tatives and tlie Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the 
President of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not 
he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have 
originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and 
proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that 
house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with the objec- 
tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and 
if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in 
all such cases the votes of both liouses shall be determined by yeas and 
nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall 
be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall 
not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after 
it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like man- 
ner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 

3<^ Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence 

Sec. \ll.~\st Clause. May a revenue bill be started in the Senate ? What is the 
law on the subject ? Why is this so ? Arts. Because the House represents the people 
more directly. What control has the Senate over revenue bills ? What is meant by 
revenue bills ? 

2d Clause. After a bill has been passed by Congress, what is done with it at once ? 
Why is it sent to him ? Is he compelled to sign it ? How does his signature affect the 
bill? Can a bill become a law without his signature ? Name the two events. If the 
President returns a bill to Congress with his objection, what is the act called ? Ans. A 
veto. If he permits it to die after the adjournment of Congress without act on his part, 
what is his course called ? Ans. A pocket veto. Now state the difference between 
a veto and a pocket veto. Describe the proceedings of Congress when a vetoed bill is 
considered. State fully the three ways in which laws are made. In what ways may 
bills passed by Congress fail to become law ? Which has the higher authority, the Con- 
stitution or the laws enacted by Congress? Why ? 

M Clause. What papers of Congress besides law bills are sent to the President ? 
What further is done with them ? Why should such papers be sent to the President ? 
Ans. To prevent wrong legislation : Congress might pass a law calling it an order, 
resolution, or vote, and so put it beyond danger of being vetoed. What act of Congress 
need not be referred tt) the President for his approval ? 



Appendix. 15 



of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on 
a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the 
United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved 
by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of 
the Senate and House of Eepresentatives, according to the rules and 
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

Section VIII. Potvers granted to Cotigress. 

The Congress shall have power — 

1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to 
pay the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare 
of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform 
throughout the United States ; 

2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; 

'Sd Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among 
the several States, and with the Indian tribes ; 

4th Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uni- 
form laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; 

5th Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of for- 
eign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; 

Sec. VIII.— 1s< Clause. What is a tax ? Ans. A duty laid by the government, for 
its use, on persons, or on the property or income of persons. Why are the words 
taxes, duties, imj^m'ts, and excises used in the Constitution ? Ans. To cover all the 
usual methods of taxation. What power has Congress in this matter? How many 
kinds of taxes are there? Ans. Two; direct and indirect. What do we commonly 
mean when we use the word taxes ? Ans. Direct taxes, such as are laid on persons, 
the same being called poll-taxes, and on property and incomes. Duties? Ans. Indirect 
taxes, meaning such as are laid on goods imported or exported* (See Sec. IX., 5ih clause.) 
Imports ? An^. Taxes on goods imported. Excises ? An=>. Taxes on goods pro- 
duced and used in this country. How were taxes paid in Virginia in the early colonial 
times ? (See p. 123.) How are taxes now imposed by the United States Government ? 

2(1 Clause. What power has Congress in respect to boirowing money ? 

^d Clause. In respect to regulating commerce ? 

Aih Clause. In respect to naturalization ? What is meant by naturalization. Ans. 
The act of giving to aliens the rights and privileges of citizens. Who are aliens ? Who 
are citizens of the United States ? (See 14th Amendment, p. 30.) When may an alien 
become a citizen of our country ? Ans. After he has lived here five years. Now, state 
fully how a foreigner may become a citizen. What power has Congress in respect to 
bankruptcies ? What are bankruptcies ? An^. Cases in which persons are not able to 
pay their debts : by the action of a bankrupt law, a bankrupt, on giving up all his prop- 
erty to his creditors, is discharged from the payment of his debts. 

^ih Clause. What power has Congress as to the coinage and value of moncj', and 
over foreign money ? How has Congress exercised this power ? Ans. In place of the 
awkward system of pounds, shillings, and pence, we now have in every part of our land 
the convenient decimal system of dollars and cents : no State can coin money. What 
is a mint ? Ans. The place where money is coined. Is coin the only money we have ? 



16 Appendix, 



6th Clause. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the 
securities and current coin of the United States ; 

7th Clause. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; 

8^^ Clause. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by 
securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries ; 

9th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court ; 

10/7? Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed 
on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; 

llfh Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, 
and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; 

12th Clause. To raise and support armies ; Ijut no appropriation of 
money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 

IWi Clause. To provide and maintain a navy ; 

lAth Clause. To make rules for the government and regulation of the 
land and naval forces ; 

15/^ Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the 
laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions ; 

l&h Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the 

Ans. United States notes, national bank notes, State bank bills, and other currency 
used in buying and selling come under the term money. What may Congress do in 
respect to weights and measures ? 

6(h Clause. What, in respect to counterfeiting ? 

7th Clause. In respect to post-offices and post-roads ? What is a post-road ? Ans. 
One over which the mail is carried : by law all railroads are post-roads. 

8th Clause. In what way does Congress help science and useful arts? What are 
the laws for tliat purpose called ? Ans. Copyright Laws and Patent Laws. How is an 
author encouraged ? .4;v,>j»A copj^ight gives him the sole right to print and sell his 
work in the I'nited States for a period of twenty-eight years, at the end of which tiaie 
he can have it continued fourteen years longer. How is an inventor encouraged ? 
Ans. His iiatent secures to him the sole right to make, use, or sell his invention in the 
United States for a period of seventeen years, and, if renewed, for the additional period 
of seven years. 

9^^ Clause. What may Congress do in respect to inferior courts ? 

\Oth Clause. What is said about piracy, felony, and other offences ? What is 
piracy ? Ans. Robbery on the high seas. What is understood by the term high seas ? 
Ans. The ocean to low water-mark. 

IWi Clause. What is said about war, letters of marque, and captures ? What are 
letters of marque and reprisal ? Ans. Letters granted by the government during war, 
giving authority to the ships named in them to prey upon the enemy's commerce : such 
ships, not belonging to the government, are called privateers. By whom is war 
declared ? 

12th to l&th Clause. What is said about armies and appropriations for them ? About 
a navy ? Rules for army and navy ? Employing the militia ? Fitting and governing 
them ? What is the ordinary way of securing men for both services ? Ans. By volun- 
tary enlistments. When there is not a sufficient number, what may Congress do ? 



Appendix. 17 



militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the 
service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the ap- 
pointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia accord- 
ing to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; 

\1ith Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, 
over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of 
particular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the 
government of the United States ; and to exercise like authority over all 
places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which 
the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock- 
yards, and other needful buildings ; — and 

18^/i Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers 
vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or 
in any department or officer thereof. 

Section IX. Powers denied to the United States. 
1st Clause. The migration or importation of such persons as any of 
the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited 
by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, 
but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding 
ten dollars for each persoii. 

Ans. Order a conscription or draft. What can j^ou state of a draft made during the 
great Civil War ? (See the History, p. 319.) What wise restriction enables Congress to 
keep control of the armies ? What is meant by the militia ? Ans. Soldiers enrolled bj' 
State authority for service in emergencies only. To what extent does the power of 
Congress extend over the militia ? What rights are reserved to tlie States? Who is 
the head of the army and uavy ? (Art. II., Sec. II., 1st Clause.) Did President Lincoln 
exercise such command during the Civil War ? Why not ? 

nth Clause. What is the capital of the United States ? How is it located ? Where 
is the District of Columbia ? Why was it so named ? Ans. In honor of Christopher 
Columbus. Give^ts early history. Ans. At first it comprised two plots of land, one on 
the north side of the Potomac, that had been a part of Maryland, the other on the south 
side, that had been a part of Virginia ; Maryland ceded her part to the United States in 
1788 ; next year Virginia ceded her part. The District was then a square, each side of 
which was ten miles long ; in 1846, the part south of the Potomac was ceded back to 
Virginia. What large city is in the District ? What control has Congress over the 
District ? Over what places has Congress like authority ? Before government can 
acquire land in any of the States, what process is necessary to make the title good ? 

18^^ Clause. What general law-making power does Congress possess? 

Sec. IK.— 1st Clause. What was meant in this clause by the term such persons ? 
Ans. Slaves. What was the object of the clause ? Ans. To put an end to the importa- 
tion of slaves. What did Congress do to give effect to it ? Ans Passed an act pro- 
hibiting the importation of slaves after the 1st of January, 1808. Was not this legisla- 
tion another compromise ? 



18 Ap2^e^di^' 



2d Clause. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus sliall not be 
suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety 
may require it. 

'dd Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

4th Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in 
proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be 
taken. 

5th Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from 
any State. 

6/^ Clause. No preference shall be given by any regulation of com- 
merce or revenue to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall 
vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

7fh Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in con- 
sequence of appropriations nuide by law ; and a regular statement and 
account of the receii)ts and expenditures of all public money shall be pub- 
lished from time to time. 

8th Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; 
and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, 
without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign 
state. 

2d Clause. What is the meaning of the term habeas corpus ? Ans. You may have 
the body. What says the Constitution on this subject ? What is eminently true of the 
writ ? Ans. It is the most famous in the law. What is its great object ? Ans. To 
bring to a speedy end illegal imprisonments of every kind. How does it operate ? 
Ans. Under it a person restrained of his liberty is taken before a court of justice, and if 
it is found that he is wrongly imprisoned, he is set free. When may a prisoner not 
be able to avail himself of the writ ? 

M Clause. What is said of a bill of attainder ? Of an ex ])ost facto \a,\v ? What is 
a bill of attainder ? Ans. Under it a man convicted of high crimes is pronounced so 
attainted or stained that he can no longer have any civil rights : and the stain passes to 
his children. What is an ex j)Ost facto law ? Ans. A law that makes an act punishable 
which was not punishable before the law was passed. 

4th Clause. What is a capitation tax ? Ans. A poll-tax. How is Congress restricted 
in the matter of direct taxes ? 

bth Clause. In respect to export duties ? (See Sec. VIII., 1st Clause.) 

6f.'i Clause. In respect to port favoritism ? In respect to vessels bound from one 
State to another ? 

1th Clause. What check is put upon payments of money ? What is required as 
respects receipts and expenditures ? 

%th Clause. What is said about titles of nobility ? About presents to office-holders ? 
Why are these restrictions imposed ? Ans. To prevent distinctions of rank euch as 
exist in many countries, also undue foreign influence upon our officials. Under what 
circumstances might an office-holder accept a gift from a king, prince, or foreign power ? 



Appendix. 19 



Section X. Powers denied to the States. 

1st Clause. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or eon- 
federation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills 
of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment 
of debt ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

2(7 Clause. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay 
any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be abso- 
lutely necessary for executing its inspection laws; and the net produce of 
all duties and imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be 
for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall 
be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 

M Clause. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any 
duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into 
any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or 
engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as 
will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. The Executive Department. 

Section I. President and Vice-President. 

1st Clause. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 

United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of 

four years, and, together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same 

term, be elected as follows : 

Sec. X. — Ist Clause. How are the States restricted respecting treaties, alliance?, and 
confederations ? Respecting letters of marque and reprisal ? Coining money ? Bills of 
credit ? Legal tender for debt ? Bill of attainder ? Ex post facto laws ? Obligation of 
contracts ? Title of nobility ? What are bills of credit ? Ans. Notes issued as money. 

2d Clause. What duties may a State lay on goods ? Does not this interfere with 
the power of Congress ? (See Sec. VIII., 1st Clause.) How burdensome are the State 
duties ? Ans. Only sufficient to pay for the inspection of such commodities as flour and 
meat. What is the object of the State inspection laws? Ans. To protect purchasers 
from deception. IIow may the abuse of this power be checked ': 

M Clause. What restriction is imposed upon the States in the matter of tonnage 
duty ? As to the keeping of troops? As to war sliips ? Agreements or compacts? 
War operations ? What is a duty of tonnage ? Ans. A duty on ships reckoned on the 
number of tons of freight they can carry. 

ART. II.— Skc. l.—\st Clause. Who is the chief executive officer of the United States ? 
What is the length of his term of office ? Can he serve only one term ? Ans. The 
Constitution does not limit the number of terms. Who was the first President of the 
United States? How many terms did he serve ? Why did he not serve longer ? (See 
History, p. 224.) Wliat has been the eft'eei of his example ? Mention the Presidents 
who have served two terms each. (See Table.) One term. Who is now the President ? 
Who Vice-President ? How and when was the Vice-President elected ? Whose term is 
the longest, the President's, a Senator's, or a Representative's ? What is the difference ? 



20 Ap2jendix. 



2d Clause. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legisla- 
ture thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number 
of Senators and Kepresentatives to which the State may be entitled in the 
Congress; but no Senator or Eepresentative, or person holding an office 
of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an elector. 

THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION.* 

1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, 
shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall 
name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct 
ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make dis- 
tinct lists of all persons Aoted for as President, and of ail persons voted 



* The former Method of Electing a President.— The original clause of the 
Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the President and Vice-President were to be 
elected, was repealed in 1804, and the twelfth amendment (as given above) was adopted 
in its place. By the original clause, the electors vt)ted for two persons without naming 
their choice for the higher position, " the person having the greatest number of votes " 
being declared President, and the next, Vice-President. Washington, John Adams, and 
Jefferson (for first term) were so elected. 

2d Clause. What is the duty of the States in the matter of appointing electors ? 
How many electors are appointed ? What do we understand as the meaning of the 
word appoint in this case ? Ans. At first, some of the State legislatures appointed or 
chose electors : now, by law of Congress, all the electors are elected by the people. 
When does the election take place ? Aits. On the Tuesday next after the first jNIonday 
of November, in all the States. Who are then elected ? Ans. The Presidential elect- 
ors. What persons cannot be such electors ? 

12th Amendment.— !.*;< Clause. When do the Presidential electors meet ? Ans. On 
the first Wednesday of December. Where? At what place in New York? Ans. 
Albany, the capital of the State. Describe their process of voting, for whom they vote, 
the lists ili2V prepare, and how the lists are made valid and disposed of. What restric- 
tion is imposed upon the electors as to the two persons for whom they vote ? ]\Iay the 
electors of one State, as Ohio, vote for two inhabitants of another State, as New York ? 
What does the President of the Senate do with the electors' certificates? How, then, is 
the result ascertained ? When does the House of Representatives choose the President? 
How are the votes then taken, and how many Stales and votes are necessary to a 
choice ? What length of time is given the House for the purpose ? What follows in 
the event of the House making no choice ? When and why was the 12th Amendment to 
the Constitution adopted ? Ans. In 1804, to take the place of the original clause which 
compelled the electors to vote for two persons without naming their choice for either 
position : the one who received the largest number of votes, such number being a ma- 
jority, was declared the President elect: the person who received the next largest, such 
number being a majority, was declared the Vice-President elect. Which of the Presi- 
dents were elected by the first method ? Ans. Washington, twice ; John Adams, once ; 
and Jefferson, once. Give the particulars of the two elections made by the House. 
(See the Hist. pp. 230, 266.) In what emergency can another such election occur ? 



Appendix, 21 



for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, wliich lists 
they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the govern- 
ment of the United States, directed to the president of the Senate ; — the 
president of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all tlie certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; 
the person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the 
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons 
having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted 
for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, 
by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall 
be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to 
a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Presi- 
dent whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as 
President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of 
the President. 

2d Clause. Tlie person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- 
President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, 
tlien from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose 
the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds 
of the wliole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number 
shall be necessary to a choice. 

3c? Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 

4:th Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the 
electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day 
sliall be the same tliroughout the United States. 

^th Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of 
the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, sluill 
be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible 

2d Clause. Describe the manner of electing the Vice-President. 

36? Clause. How do the qualifications for President and Vice-Piesident compare ? 

Alh Clause. What may Congress do as to the time for clioosing electors, and the 
electors' time for voting ? What uniformity as to the voting day must be observed ? 
What has Congress done in that respect ? (See above.) 

bfh Clause. What are the tlu-ee requisites to make a person eligible to the office of 
President ? How do they compare with those for Vice-President ? United States Sen- 
ator ? Representative ? Alexander Hamilton was born on one of the West India 
islands : could he have been elected President ? Give the reason. 



22 Appendix. 



to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, 
and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

Qtli Clause. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of 
his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of 
the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President ; and the 
Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, 
or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what 
officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, 
until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 

lith Clause. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his ser- 
vices a compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not 
receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, 
or any of them. 

^th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 
the following oath or affirmation : — 

"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my 
ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United 
States." 

Section II. Powers of the President. 

\st Clause. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army 
and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, 
when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require 
the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive 

&fh Clause. What four causes are named, any one of which would he sufficient to 
vacate the office of President ? If there should happen to be i o President or Vice- 
President, who would act as President ? Ans. The succession passes to and through 
the cabinet in the following order: 1. Secretary of State ; 2. Secretary of the Treasury ; 
3. Secretary of War ; 4. Attorney-General ; 5. Postmaster-General ; G. Secretary of the 
Navy ; and 7. Secretary of the Interior. How long would such officer continue to act ? 

1th Clmise- What is said about the President's salary and his other gain? What is 
his salary ? Ans. $50,000 a year, together with the use of the " Wliite House " and its 
furniture. What is the Vice-President's salary ? Ans. $8,000 a j'ear. 

8//i Ctause. By what solemn obligation is the President bound ? Repeat it. 

Sec. II.— 1.<< Clause. What is the President's relation to the army and navy? To the 
State militia ? What may he require of the heads of departments ? Is he compelled to 
be governed by such opinions ? What executive departments are referred to ? Ans. 
The six established by Congress, namely : Of State, of the Treasury, of War, of the 
Post-Office, of the Navy, and of the Interior : the heads of these, with the Attorney- 
General, compose the President's Cabinet. By whom are these heads appointed ? Ans. 
By the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate. Wliy were those great 
departments created ? Ans. To aid the President in the performance of his duties. 
What power has the President in respect to reprieves and pardons ? What is the limit 
of this power ? 



Appendix, 23 



do[>artni('iits, upon any subjoct relating to tlio duties of their respective 
ofliees, and lie shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for 
offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 

2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent 
of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators 
l)resent concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and 
consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers, 
and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the 
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, 
and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest 
the a})pointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the 
President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. 

'ijil Clause. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, 
which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

Section TIT. Duties of the President. 

ITe shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the 
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures 
as he sliall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary oc- 
casions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagree- 
ment between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may 
adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive am- 
bassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be 
faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United 
States. 

Section IV. Impeachment of the President. 

The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United 

2d Clause. By whom are treaties made ? Why are they made ? Ans. For peace, 
promotion of commerce, transportation of tlie mail, return of escaped criminals, and for 
other objects. Name some important treaties. (See pp. 287, 288.) How are ambassa- 
dors appointed ? What other officers are in like manner appointed? How are inferior 
officers appointed ? Who are public ministers ? Am. Officers sent to foreign courts to 
represent their government. Who are consuls ? 

M Clause. What may the President do as respects vacancies ? How long do such 
appointments hold ? 

Sec. III. What is the President's duty in respect to information and recommenda- 
tions for Congress? To the reception of foreign ambassadors? To the execution of 
the laws ? To the granting of commissions ? In what way does the President give 
information and advice to Congress ? Ans. By means of written messages. What was 
the previous practice ? Ans. Washington and John Adams read their messages in the 
presence of both houses of Congress. Jefferson commenced the practice of sending 
written messages. 

ISec. IV. What is meant by the term Civil Service? Ans. It includes all the jjersons 

25 



24 AjJj^endix. 



States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction 
of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. The Judicial Department. 
Section I. The United States Courts. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme 
Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time 
ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior 
courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated 
times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be 
diminished during their continuance in office. 

Section II. Jurisdiction of the United States Courts. 

1st Clause. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and 
equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, 
and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all 
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls; to all 
cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to which 
the United States shall be a party; to controversies between two or more 
States; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of 
different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, 
and foreign states, citizens, or subjects. 

in the employ of the United States, except those in the army and navy. Senators, 
Representatives, and Territorial Judges are also excepted. When must a civil officer 
1)e removed from his position ? 

ART. III.— Sec. I. Which of the judicial courts is the highest in our land ? What 
other national couits have we ? Atis. Circuit Courts and District Courts. By wiiom 
were these courts established ? How long do the judges remain in office ? Can they 
not be removed in any event whatever ? (Art. II., Sec. IV.) What is said about their 
compensation ? Of how many judges does the Supreme Court consist ? A/is. Nine, 
one Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. What compensation do they get ? Ans. 
The Chief Justice gets $10,500 a year ; the others get $10,000 each. By whom are they 
appointed? (Art. IT., Sec. II.) What can j'ou state of the inferior courts ? Am. The 
District Courts, of which there are about sixty, are the lowest in grade ; they hear the 
smaller cases : there are nine Circuit Courts. Appeals are taken from the District 
Courts to the Circuit Courts, and thence to the Supreme Court. What amendment has 
been made to the clause of the Constitution that we are considering ? Ans. The 
eleventh. Repeat it (page 30). 

Sec. II.— 1st Clause, To how many kinds of cases does the judicial power of United 
States Courts extend ? Ans. Nine. Name them ? What is admiralty jurisdiction ? 
Ans. It belongs to cases arising at sea, or in connection with ships : piracy and collisions 
between ships come under this head. 



Appendix. 25 



2fZ Clause. In all cases affect iiig ambassadors, other imblic ministers, 
and consuls, and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme 
Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other cases before 
mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have aj)pellate jurisdiction, both as 
to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the 
Congress shall make. 

''kl Clause. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, 
shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the State where the said 
crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any 
State, the trial shall be at sucii place or places as the Congress may by 
law have directed. 

Section III. Treason. 

\st Clause. Treason against the United States shall consist only in 
levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them 
aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the 
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open 
court. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment 
of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or 
forfeiture except during the life of the person attainted. 

ARTICLE IV. Miscellaneous Provisions. 

Section I. State Records. 

Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the puldic acts, 
records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress 
may l)y general laws prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, 
and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

2d Clavse. In what cases does the Supreme Court have original jurisdiction ? Ap- 
pelhite jurisdiction ? Ans. But few cases have their beginning— original start— in the 
Supreme Court: most cases come from the Circuit Courts on appeal, hence the term 
uppellate ju risdiction . 

M Clause. How are impeachments tried ? (See before.) How are all other crimes 
tried ? What is required as to the place for trial ? 

Sec. Yi\.—\sl Clavse. How is treason defined in the Constitution ? How is a person 
accused of treason tried ? (See before.) What advantage respecting testimony does the 
accused have ? 

'M Clause. What is the punishment for treason ? Ans. Death, or, if the Court ^n 
decide, imprisonment and fine. What is meant by " No attainder of treason shall 
work corruption of blood " ? Ans. Guilty persons only shall be punished, not their 
innocent relatives. 

ART. IV.— Sec. I. How are a State's acts, records, and court proceedings treated 
outside the State ? Repeat the law. 



26 Appendix. 



Section II. Privileges of Citizens. 

1st Clause. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privi- 
leges and immunities of citizens in the several States. 

2d Clause. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall on 
demand of the executive authority of the State from which he fled, be de- 
livered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 

od Clause. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the 
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or 
regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be 
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be 
due. (See Article XIII. of the Amendments.) 

Section III. JS^eiv Slates and Territories, 
1st Clause. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdic- 
tion of any other State ; nor any State be formed by tlie junction of two 
or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures 
of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 

2d Clause. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all 
needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property 
belonging to the United States; and notliing in this Constitution shall be 
so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States, or of any 
particular State. 

Section IV. Guarantees to the States. 
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a 
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against 
invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive (when 
the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. 

Sec. II.— lt'*< Clause. To what State privileges are citizens of any State entitled ? 
What is the object of this provision ? Ans. That the citizens of every State may as 
citizens be on an equality in every part of the land. 

2d Clmtse. What is said about fugitives from justice ? 

3'i Clause. What can you say of this clause ? Ans. It referred to slaves ; under its 
authority, a law for the capture of runaway slaves was passed in 18.50. (See 13th Amend 
ment to the Constitution, p. 30.) 

Sec. III.— 1c<^ Clattse. In what two ways shall not new States be formed ? Has not 
this provision been violated ? (See the Histoky, p. 303.) Give the particulars of that 
case. How many States belong to the Union now ? 

2d Clause. What control has Congress over United States territory ? Over other 
United States property ? What other property is meant ? 

Sec. IV. What guarantee is given respecting the State forms of government ? 
\Miat protection is each State entitled to ? 



Appendix. 27 



ARTICLE V. Powers of Amendment. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall tleem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the 
aj)[)lication of the legishitures of two-thirds of the several States, shall 
call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall 
be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when 
ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by con- 
ventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratifi- 
cation may be proposed by the Congress : provided that no amendment 
which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and 
eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth 
section of tlie first ai-ticle ; and that no State, without its consent, shall 
be deprived of its e(|ual suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of the Constitution, Oath 
OF Office, Religious Test. 

\st Clause. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the 
United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 

2d Clause. This (V)nstitution, and the laws of the United States 
which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or 
which shall be made, undei' the authority of the United States, shall be 
the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall be 
bound thereby, anything in the (constitution or laws of any State to the 
contrary notwithstanding. 

"dd Clause. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and 
the members of the several State legislatures, and all executive and 
judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall 
be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution; but no 
religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States. 

ART. V. In how many and what ways may the first steps be taken to ameiul the 
C'oiistitiUion ? In how many and what ways may amendments be ratified ? Now state 
fully how the Constitution may be altered. How is a State protected in its Senate 
rights ? 

ART. VI.— 15/ Clause. Wliat old debts and engagements are referred to? How 
were they protected ? 

•id Clause. What is the supreme law of tlie l.ind ? If a State law sliould be passed 
contrary to it, what duty is imposed upon judges? What is the highest duty of every 
judge ? 

M Clause. By what act or form are judges so bound ? What other ofiicials are 
bound in like manner ? What is said about religious te^ts? What is the object of that 
provision ? Ans. To secure to every citizen the full enjoyment of religious liberty. 



28 Appendix. 



ARTICLE VII. Ratification of thk Constitution. 
Tlie ratifu'jition of the conventions of nine States sliall be snfTicicnt 
for the establislnnent of this Constitution between the States so ratifyin*;- 
the same. 



AMENDMENTS, 

PROPOSED BY C0N(;RESB, AND llATIFIED BY THE LKGISLATURES OP THE SEVERAL 
STATES, PURSUANT TO THE FIFTH AltTKLE OF THE ORIGINAL CONSTITUTION. 

Article I. Freedom of Religion. 
Congress sliall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press; or the right of the i)eople peaceably to assemble, 
and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

Article II. Right to Bear Arms. 
A well-regidated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, 
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 

Article III. Quartering Soldiers on Citizens. 
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without 
the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be pre- 
scriljed by law. 

Article IV. Searctt-Warrants. 
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, 
and etfects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- 
lated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, su|»[)orted by 

ART. Vir. If eiglit States only had ratified the Constitution, what would have been 
the consequence ? What ratifications were necessarj- to its establishment ? 

AMENDMENTS. What binding force have amendments to the Constitution ? Ans. 
When accepted bj-^ three-lourths of the States, they are binding on all. When were 
the first amendments made ? At^s. The first ten, in 1701, the elevep.th in 17i)8. What 
alterations did they efl'ect? Aiift. None : they only made more clear the rights df the 
peoi.le and the States. 

ART I. What is made certain respecting religion and church worship ? Freedom 
of speech ? Of the press ? People's assemblages ? Riglit of petition ? 

ART. II. The riglit to have and use arms ? Repeat the article. 

ART. III. The quartering of soldiers in private houses ? (See Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, Appendix p. 3.) 

ART. IV. Unreasonible searches and seizures? When only shall warrants issue ? 
What is a search-warrant ? Ans. A paper issued by a court, directing a person's 
premises to be searched, usually for stolen goods. 



Appendix, 29 



oath or affirmation, and particularly describing tlie i)lace to be searched, 
and the persons or tilings to be seized. 

Article V. Trial for Crime. 
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous 
crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in 
cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual 
service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject 
for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall 
be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be 
deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor 
shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. 

Article YI. Rights of Accused Persons. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the State and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; 
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to 
have the assistance of counsel for his defence. 

xVrticle yil. Suits at Common Laiv. 
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed 
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact 
tried by a jury shall V)e otherwise re-examined in any court of the United 
States than according to the rules of the common law. 

Article VIII. Excessive Bail. 
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor 
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

AKT. V. What protection is at first given to persons accused of infamous crimes? 
When may such protection be withheld 'i How many times may an accused jierson be 
iried ? What is the meaning of that? Ans. After a person has been legally tried and 
acquitted on a criminal charge, he shall not be tried again on the same charge. When 
may a witness be excused from giving testimony? What protection is uiven to life, 
liberty, and property ? Wliat is said about taking private property ? By what term 
is such government right known ? An^. The right of eminent domain. 

ART. VI. In respect to a jury, what are the rights of an accnsed person ? What 
information is he entitled to ? What are his rights in respect to witnesses ? Respecting 
counsel for his defence ? 

ART. VII. In what civil cases is the right of trial by jury secured ? What is the 
effect of a jury's verdict when reviewed in other courts ? 

ART. VIII. What is said about excessive bail? Excessive fines? Cruel and 



30 Appendix. 



Article IX. Rights Retained by the People. 

The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be 
construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

Article X. Reserved Rights of the States. 

The powers not delegated to the United States Ijy the Constitution, 
nor prohil>itt'd by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, 
or to the people. 

Article XI. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit, in law or equity, coninieneed or prosecuted against 
one of the United States by citizens of another State, or l)y citizens or 
subjects of any foreign state. 

Article XIII. Slavery. 

Section I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a 
punishment for crinu\ whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, 
shall exist within tlie United States, or any place subject to their juris- 
diction. 

Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article l)y appro- 
priate legislation. 

Article XIV. 

Section I. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and 
subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and 
of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law 
which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United 
States; nor shall any State depi-ive any person of life, liberty, or property 
without due process of law, nor deny any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

unusual punishments ? What is meant bj^ bail ? Ans. Securily for the prisoner's 
appearance in court. Why should not the bail be very large ? Ans. Innocent persons, 
not being able to get large bail, might suffer long imprisonment. What rights belong 
to every citizen not a criminal ? 

ART. IX.-XII. What was the object of the 9th amendment ? Is not the 10th a repe- 
tition in effect of the 9th ? What is the meaning of the 11th ? (For the 12th, see p. 2().'\ 

ART. XIII. When was the 13th adopted? Ans. In 18&1. What does it assert? 
How far did the force of Lincoln's famous proclamation extend ? (History, p. 844.) 

ART. XIV.- Sec. I. When was the 14th amendment adopted ? Ans. In 1868. What 
does it assert as to who are citizens ? As to laws respecting the rights of citizens ? As 
to their life, liberty, and property ? Their protection under tlie laws ? 



Ajjpendix. 31 



Sec, II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States 
according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of 
persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right 
to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice- 
President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive 
and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, 
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 
years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of represen- 
tation therein shall l)e reduced in the proportion which the number of 
such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- 
one years of age in such State. 

Sec. III. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, 
or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or 
military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having 
previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of 
the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an 
executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of 
the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 
the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress 
may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. 

Sec. IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, author- 
ized l)y law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and 
bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be 
questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or 
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion 
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emanci[)atiou of 
any slave ; but all such de])ts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal 
and void. 

Sec. V. The Congress shall have power to enforce, 1)y appropriate 
legislation, the provisions of this article. 



Sec. II. How were Representatives in tlie lower House of Congress formerly appor- 
tioned ? (Art. I., Sec. II., 3d clause.) What is the present method ? What is the dillVr- 
ence between the two methods ? In what event shall the basis of representation be 
reduced? W^hat persons did the 1st and 2d sections of this amendment particularly 
aim to help ? Arts. Colored persons, including all formerly in slavery. What impor- 
tant end has in consequence been accomplished ? Ans. A citizen of the United Slates 
is a citizen of any State in which he may reside. Caste is abolished. 

Sec-. III. What disabilities are put upon insurgents and rebels ? W^ho are included 
among such great offenders ? How may they recover their former rights and standing ? 

Sec. IV. What is said about the validity of certain public debts ? What debts are 
meant? What debts are declared to be illegal and void? What particular claims can 
never be paid ? 



32 Appendix. 



Article XV. 

Section I. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not 
be denied or abridged Ijy the United States, or by any State, on account 
of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Sec. II. The Congress sliall have power to enforce this article by 
appropriate legislation. 

ART. XV. When was the 15th amendment adopted ? Ans. In 1870. What does it 
declare ? What was its main purpose ? Ans. To give to all colored men who are 
citizens the unquestioned right to vote in the Stales in which they reside. Does the 
article declare i)Ositively that they shall have that right under all circuni>tances ? Ans. 
No, but it puts them on the same footing with other citizens : if a State should adopt an 
educational, i)roperty, or other test, its law would exclude all the men in it, white as 
well as colored, who could not comply with the test. 

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS. 

1. Mention two particulars in which a limited monarchy differs from a republic. 
2. What is the difference between a republic and a pure democracy ? 3. What is a 
nation ? 4. Why are laws necess try in society ? 5. From what source does the United 
States Government derive its authority ? 6. Which has the higher authority, the Consti- 
tution of the United States or the laws passed by Congress, and why ? 7. Write the 
preamble of the Constitution. 8. Give the distinction between the legislative and judi- 
cial departments of government. 9. Mention the three branches of the United States 
Government, and show why they should be separate and distinct. 10. Name the seven 
executive depnrtments of the government that make up the President's Cabinet, stating 
how their heads are chosen, and for what length of time. 11. Give the conditions of 
eligibility to the Presidency in regard to age, citizenship, and time of residence in the 
United States. 12. Describe the usual process by which a person i<? elected President, 
and state by what other process he may be elected. 13. Mention the qualifications for a 
citizen entitled to vote for presidential electors, as to sex, age, residence, and character. 
14. IIow are judges of the United States Supreme Court appointed, how long do they 
hold office, what is their compensation, and how many are there ? 15. State how Con- 
gress is organized, for how long the Senators and Representatives are elected and by 
whom, what is their compensation, and how the presiding officer of each house is 
chosen. 16. Why is a Senator's term of office longer than a Representative's ? 17. 
Name the three classes of persons who cannot vote for presidential electors, stating 
why. 18. In which house of Congress must bills for revenue origi ate, and why was 
this provision made ? 19. Mention three ways in any one of which a bill passed by both 
houses may become law. 23. To what cases does the judicial power of the United 
States extend ? 21. What powers are vested in the President ? 22. Under what circum- 
stances is the general government aurhorizeil to interfere in the dcmiestic concerns of a 
State ? 23. Explain how the Senate is a continuous body. 24. Name five personal riglits 
guaranteed by the Constitution. 25. Explain the process by which treaties are made 
with other nations. 26. Mow war m;iy be declared. 27. When does the official year of 
the government begin ? 28. Mention two prohibitions enjoined upon a State by the Con- 
st itution, and two things which it guarantees to each State. 29. Explain the writ of 
haf)enf< corpus, and give a case that will show its application. 30. State how the Consti- 
tution mav be altered. 



SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. 



The States. 



Settled. 



Virginia 1607 

New York 1614 

1620 
1623 
1633 
]634 
1636 



Massachnsetts. . . 
New IIanii)shire. 

Connecticut 

Maryland 

7] Rhode Island 



8 Delaware ' 163S 



9[ North Carolina.. 

10 New Jersey 

11 South Carolina. . 

12 Pennsylvania 

13 Georgia 

14 Vermont 

15 Kentucky 

16 Tennessee 

17!ohio 

18 Louisiana 

19 Indiana 

20 Mississippi 

21jlllinois 

22 Alabama 

23 Maine 

24 Missouri 

2:-) Arkansas 

26 1 Michigan. . .. 

27 Florida 

28 Texas 

29 Iowa 

30 Wisconsin 

3l!caliroriiia 

32 Minnesota 

33 Oregon 

34 Kansas 

35 West Virginia. . 

36 Nevada 

37 Nebraska 

38 Colorado 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 



1650 
1664 
1670 
1682 
1733 
1724 
1775 
1757 
1788 
1699 
1730 
1716 
1682 
1711 
1625 
1764 
1685 
1670 
1.565 
1692 
1833 
1669 
]7<.9 
1846 
1811 
1850 
1774 
1850 
1810 
18.58 



When. Where. 



By wliom. 



Jamestown. . . 
New York. . . 

Plymouth 

Little Harbor. 

Windsor 

St. Mary's.... 
Providence. . . 
Wilmington . . 
Chowan River 

Elizabeth 

Ashley River. 
Philadelphia . 

Savannah 

Fort Dummei 
Boonesboro".. 
Fort Loudon . 

Marietta 

Iberville 

Viiicennes 

Natchez French . . 

Kaskaskia French. . . 

Mobile French 

Bristol French... 

St. Louis... . French .. 
Arkansas Post . French. .. 

Detroit French... 

St. Aiigustin((. . Spaniards 

San Antonio Spaniards 

Burlington English . . 

Green Bay French . . . 

San Diego Spaniards 

St. Paul 'Americans 



English . . 
Dutch . . . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
Swedes. . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . . 
English . 
French . . 
French . . 



AstoriM 

Leavenworth 
Wheeling . . 

Genoa 

Bellevue . . . . 
Denver 



Americans 
Americans 
English .. . 
Americans 
Americans 
Americans 



a 2 



1791 1 
1792 
1796 i 



1812 ( 
1816 i 
18171 

1818 I 

1819 "r 

1820 i 
li-21 J 

1836 I 

1837 i 
1845 

1845 . 

1846 > 
1848' 
18.50 
1858 
1859 
1861 

1863 ( 

1864 f 
1867 
1876 



^ 



S58i 
^59 I 
361 ) 



Washington. 

Jefferson. 

Madison. 



Monroe. 



Jackscm. 
Tyler. 

Polk. 

Fillmore. 

Buchanan. 



Lincoln. 

Johnson. 
Giant. 



Ohio.— In the case of every Stale excei)t Ohio. Congress has i)assed a distnict and 
definite act of admission, or has provided for an a(lniis>i(in on the issue of a inoehima- 
lion by the President. The people of Ohio elected deU^ales to a convention, by wiiom 
a Constit.Uion was formed (1802). which, in January, 1803, was submitted to Congress for 
ratification ; and on tbe 19th of the following month the President appioved the first act 
which recognized the new State. 



THE STATES. 

THE ORIGi:^ OF THEIR NAMES, AND THEIR PET XAMES. 



Virginia was so called by Queen Elizabeth because it was discovered 
during the reign of the virgin queen. (See the History, p. 48.) Its pop- 
ular name is the Old Dominion, the origin of which has not been deter- 
mined. It is also called the Mother of States, because from its extensive 
original domain a number of States were foi-med, in whole or in part. 
The name llother of Presidejits is likewise given to it, because so many of 
the early Presidents were born in it. 

New York. — The name was bestowed in compliment to the Duke of 
York (p. 89). This, the Empire State, is the most populous and the 
wealthiest in the Union. It is also known as the Excelsior State, the 
motto Excelsior being on its coat of arms. 

Massachusetts.—" The name probably arose from the name of a tribe 
of Indians formerly at Barnstable, or from two Indian words, mas, signi- 
fying an Indian arrow-head, and ivetuset, a hill." Massachusetts, before 
the Revolution, was called the Massachusetts Bay Colony (p. 78), hence 
its popular name of the Eat/ State, or the Otd Bay State. 

New Hampshire. — The province was named after the county in Eng- 
land, Hampshire, in which John Mason lived (p. 72). New Hampshire is 
known as the Granite State, its mountains l)eing largely composed of 
granite. 

Connecticut. — This was the Indian name of the river, meaning the 
long river. Connecticut is often alluded to as the Land of Steady Habits, 
in allusion to the staid deportment of its inhabitants. Also, the Nutmeg 
State, "the inhabitants of which have such a reputation for shrewdness 
that they have been jocosely accused of palming oft' wooden nutmegs on 
unsuspecting purchasers, instead of the genuine article." 

Maryland. — In the charter granted by Charles I. the province was 
named Terra JIarifp, Mary's Land, in honor of his wife, Henrietta Maria 
(p. 82). 

Rhode Island. — The island itself, says one authority, "was so called 
from a fancied resemblance to the Islajid of Rhodes in the Mediterranean 
Sea." Another authority says that, in consequence of the reddish appear- 



Appendix. 35 



ance of the island, it " was soon known by the Dutch as Roode, or Red 
Island. From this is derived the name of the island and State." Rhode 
Island is called Little Rhodij, it being the smallest of the States. 

Delaware. — This State takes its name from Lord De la Ware, one of 
the governors of Virginia (p. 50). It is sometimes called the Diamond 
State, from its small size and great importance. Also, the Blue Hen State, 
an officer in the war of the Revolution, commanding a Delaware regiment, 
having asserted that no fighting cock could be truly game whose mother 
was not a blue hen. 

North Carolina. — The name Carolina was given to the region in 
honor of King Charles {Carolus, in Latin) II. (p. 40). When we hear any 
one speak of the Old North State we know that North Carolina is meant. 
It is also called the Tuiyentine State, immense quantities of turpentine 
being produced there. 

South Carolina is called the Palmetto State, "'from its arms, which 
contain a picture of a palmetto tree." 

New Jersey derived its name from the Island of Jersey (p. 90). The 
pet name applied to its people is the Jersey Blues. 

Pennsylvania. — The word means Penws woods or Pemis forest (p. 
94). Pennsylvania is called the Keystone State, " from its having been 
tlie central State of the Union at the time of the formation of the Consti- 
tution. If the names of the thirteen original States are arranged in the 
form of an arch, Pennsylvania will occupy the place of the keystone." 

Georgia. — The colony was so called in honor of the king, George II. 
(p. 104). Georgia has been spoken of as the Umpire State of the South, 
but the term more properly belongs to Texas. 

Vermont. — When the French were in possession of the St. Lawrence 
Valley they called the Green Mountains Vermont, vert meaning green, 
and monf, mountain (p. 217). This is the Green 3Iountain State, and 
its male inhabitants are the Green Mountain Boys. 

Kentucky. — An Indian word, "signifying," says J. II. Trumbull, "at 
the head of a river." The popular name of the State is the Corn-cracker 
State ; its inhabitants are often called Corn-craclcers. 

Tennessee. — An Indian word signifying river of the big bend. Ten- 
nessee has been called the Volunteer State, from the fact that during the 
war of 1812, and the wars against the Seminoles, it furnished large num- 
bers of volunteer soldiers. 

Ohio. — An Indian word, meaning beautiful. Ohio is called the Buck- 
eye State, from the buckeye tree, which abounds there ; and its inhaljit- 
ants are called Buckeyes. 

Louisiana was named in honor of Louis XIV., of France (p. 43). It 



36 Appendix. 



is called the Creole State, the desceiulants of the original French and 
Spanish settlers being a large part of the inhabitants. 

Indiana. — This name was first applied in 17(58 to a grant of land north 
oi the Ohio River, which a company of traders obtained from the Indians. 
Indiana is known as the Iluo^sier State, and its inhabitants as Iloosieifi. 
"The word is said to be a corruption of hmhei\ formerly a common term 
for a bully throughout the West.'' 

Mississippi. — An Indian name, signifying the yreat and tony river. 
Because of its numerous bayous or creeks, Mississipi)i is known as the 
Bayou State. 

Illinois. — The first part of this word, signifying men, is of Indian 
origin; the other part, ois, meaning tribe of men, is from the French. 
This State, in allusion to its wide-spread and beautiful prairies, is known 
as the Prairie State. 

Alabama. — An Indian word, said to signify here we rest. 

Maine. — Authors do not agree as to how Maine received its name. 
One writer says : " It was called the 3Iai}i land, to distinguish it from the 
islands along the coast, which were valuable for fishing purposes." Var- 
ney, in his Ili.story of Maine, says : "In 1639 Gorges ju'ocured a royal 
grant of land extending from the Piscataqua to the Kennebec. The 
name of the territory under the new charter was changed to 3Iaine, in 
honor of the queen (Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I,), whose patrimo- 
nial estate, as Princess of France, was the French province of Mayne,'" 
Maine is the Lumber State, the inhabitants being largely engaged in cut- 
ting and rafting lumber. 

Missouri. — This Indian name, signifying muddy, was first applied to 
the fiver. 

Arkansas. — Kansas, an Indian word, signifies smoky ivater. The i)re- 
fix ar {aix), meaning a bow, is French. Because of the number of bears 
that infested its forests, Arkansas is often called the Bear State. 

Michigan. — Trumbull says : "The word is Indian, signifying a weir 
for fish.'' Michigan is known as the Lake State, it bordering on four 
great lakes ; also as the Wolverine State, because of the great number of 
wolverines formerly abounding there. The inhabitants are sometimes 
designated as Wolvei'ines. 

Florida was discovered on Pascua Florida day, hence its name (p. 
30). Its pet name is the PeninsHla State. 

Texas. — " The name was derived from a small tribe ()f Indians tliat 
inhabited a village called Tehas, meaning friendly."' Another authority 
says that, "when the first Europeans landed on its shores, the Indians 
met them saying, Tekas, meaning welcome. By easy transition, Tekas 



Appendix. 37 



became Texas." Texas is called the Lone Star Sf<(/t\ the Texas flag, he- 
fore the admission of the State into the Union, having a single star. 

Iowa. — This, according to Trumbull, is " the French form of an In- 
dian word signifying the drowsy or the sleepy ones."' Iowa is called the 
Hawkeye State, after an Indian chief (note on p. 2(52). 

WiscoxsiN. — This Slate takes its name from a tributary of the Missis- 
sippi discovered by Marquette, and called by him Masconsin {ivild, rush- 
ing channel). Masconsin became changed to Ouisconsin, and finally to 
Wisconsin. Owing to the great number of badgers that were formerly in 
the State, it became known as the Badyer State. 

California. — A romance was published in Si)ain, in 1510, in which 
the word California, applied to an imaginary island, for the first time oc- 
curs. Cortes had read the book, it is supposed, and when he sailed along 
the west coast of Mexico, in 1535, he called the country California. It 
has been suggested that the root of the word is Arabic, meaning caliph. 
California is known as the Golden State, it being the most important 
gold-producing region in the world. 

Minnesota.— This name is from two Indian woi'ds, signifying sky- 
colored water. The familiar appellation of JNIinnesota is the North Star 
State. 

Oregon. — "This name,'' says Trumbull, "comes from an Indian lan- 
guage, with which the traveler Carver had l)een for many years familiar, 
and it is the accurate translation into that language of the name by 
which, as Carver had reason for believing, the ' Great River of the West ' 
was designated by the tribes that lived near it." Owing to a peculiarity of 
the climate of Oregon— dry months in the summer and early autumn, and 
excessive rain in the winter — the State, particularly that portion lying 
west of the Cascade Mountains, has been called the Weh-foot Country. 
The inhabitants are called Web-foots. 

Kansas.— An Indian word, signifying sniuky water. The name Gar- 
den of the West is often given to this State. 

West Virginia.— West Virginia, because of its grand mountain 
scenery, is called the Switzerland of America. The term is also applied 
to Xew Hampshire. 

Nevada.— This State was named from the mountain range on the west 
of it, called the Sierra Nevada. The two words. Sierra Nevada, are Span- 
ish, the former meaning serrated or saw-toothed, the latter, snowy. 

Nebraska.— The word is of Indian origin, signifying shallow water. 
It was first applied to the Platte River, which runs through the State. 

Colorado.— This word is Spanish, meaning red or ruddy. Colorado 
is called the Centennial State (p. 333). 



38 



Appetidix. 



THE PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



No. 


Pkesidents. 


Kesidence. 


Inaugukated. 


Vice-Pkesidents. 


1 


George Washington.. 


Virginia 


April 30, 1789.. 


John Adams. 


2 


John Adams 


Massachusetts. . . . 


March 4, 1797.. 


Thomas Jefferson. 


3 


Thomas Jefferson.... 




March 4, 1801 j 


Aaron Burr. 






George C^linton. 


4 


James Madison 


Virginia 


March 4, 1809 -j 


George Clinton.* 
Elbridge Gerry.* 


5 


James Monroe 

John Q,. Adams 


Vinnnia. 


March 4, 1817.. 


Daniel D. Tompkins. 


6 


Massachusetts. . . 


March 4, 1825.. 


John C. Calhoun, 


7 


Andrew Jackson 


Tennessee 


March 4, 1829^ 


John C. Calhoun. t 
Martin Van Buren. 


s 


Martin Van Buren 

William H. Harrison * 


New York. 


March 4, I83r.. 


Kichard M Johnson. 


9 


Ohio 


March 4, 1841 . . 


John Tyler. 


10 


John Tyler 


Virginia. 


April 6, 1841.. 




11 


James K. I'olk 


Tennessee 


.March 4, 1845.. 


George M. Dallas. 


12 


Zachary Taylor* 


Louisiana 


.March 5, 1849. 


Millard Fillmore. 


13 


Millard Fillmore 


New York 


July 10, 1850.. 




14 


Franklin Pierce 


New H:impshire. . 


March 4, 1853.. 


William R. King.* 


15 


James Buchanan 


Pennsylvania 


March 4, 1857. . 


John C. Breckinridge. 


Ifi 


Abraham Lincoln* . . . 


Illinois 


March 4, 1861 j 


Hannibal llaniliu. 






Andrew Johnson. 


IT 


Andrew Johnson 


Tennessee 


April 15, 1865. 




18 


Ulysses S. Grant 


Illinois . 


March 4, 1809-! 


Schuyler Colfax. 






Henry Wilson.* 


19 


Rutherford B. Hayes. 
James A. Garfield* . . . 
Chester A. Arthur 


Ohio. 


March 5, 1877.. 
March 4, 1881.. 
Sept. 20, 1881.. 


William A. Wheeler 


20 


Ohio . 


Chester A. Arthur 


21 


New York 




22 
23 
24 


Grover Cleveland 


New York 


March 4, 1885.. 


Thomas A. Hendricks.* 


25 










26 








• 


27 











* Died in office. 



t Resigned, 



Appendix. 



39 



THE PRESIDENTS. 



Names. 


When and 

WHEKK BOIIN. 


When and 
where died. 


SonniyuETs. 


Was'hingtoii. 


1732, Virginia 


1799, Virginia 


Father of his Country, i 
Colossiis of Debate. 2 


Juhu Adams. 


1735, Massachusetts... 


1820, Massachusetts.... 


Jeflerson.... 


1748, Virginia 


1826, Virginia 


Sage of Monticello.3 


Madison 


1751, Virginia 


1836, Virginia 




Monroe 


1758, Virginia 


1831, New York City.. 




J. Q. Adams 


1767, Massachusetts... 


1848, Washington City. 


Old Man Eloquent. ^ 


Jackson ... 


1707, North Carolina.. 


1845, Tennessee 


Old Hickory." 


Van Burcn . 


178'A New York 


1862, New York 


Sage of Kinderhook.^ 


Harrison 


1773, Virginia 


1841, Washington City. 


Hero of Tippecanoe. » 


Tyler 


1790, Virginia 


1802, Virginia 


1st Accidental Prest.9 


Polk 


1795, North Carolina,. 


1849, Tennessee 


Young Hickory. 10 


Taylor 


1784, Virginia 


1850, Washington City. 


Old Rough andlleady.il 


Fillmore ... 


1800, New York 


187'4, New York 


2d Accidental Pres't." 


Pierce 


1804, New Hampshire. 


1869, New Hampshire . 




Buchanan.. . 


1791 , Pennsylvania.. . . 


1868, Pennsylvania .... 


Bachelor President. 1=* 


Lincoln 


1809, Kentucky 


1865, Washington City. 


Honest Old Abe. 1^ 


Johnson 


1808, North Carolina.. 


1875, Tennessee 


3d Accidental Prus't. IS 


Grant 


1822, Ohio 


1885, New York 


Unconditional Surrender. i" 


Hayes 


1822, Ohio 






Garfield 


1831^0hio 


1881, New Jersey 


Teacher President, i^ 


Arthur 


1830, Vermont 


1886, New York City.. 


4th Accidental Pres't. 18 


Cleveland . . . 


1837, New Jersey 







1. See the History, p. 228.-2. Hist., p. 162.— 3. Hist., p 240.— 4. Hist., p. 206.-5. After 
his presidential term he was a member of Congress, where his eloquence in favor of the 
"right of petition" gained him the title. For a long time Congress refused to have 
read petitions for the abolition of slavery.— 6. So called by the soldiers under his com- 
mand in the second war with England. At first they said that he was as " tough as 
hickory."— 7. He was born and he died at Kinderhook, N. Y.— 8 Hist., p. 242.-9. Hist., 
p. 2T3 — 10. It was said that lie looked and acted like Old Hickory (Jackson).— 11. A 
term of affection applied to him by his soldiers in the Mexican War (p. 282).— 12. Hist., p. 
28:3.- 13. He never was married. -14. Hist., p. 298. -15. Hist., p. 327.-16. Hist., p 309 
-17. Hist., p. 339.— 18. Hist., p. 340. 



ACQUISITION OP TERRITORY. 



{See Map 8.) 

Original Territory. — The territorial limits of the United States at the 
close of the Revolution extended to the Mississippi on the west and the 
great lakes on the north, but not to the Gulf of Mexico (p. 200). 

The Louisiana Purchase. — The first acquisition was a vast domain stretch- 
ing from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains, purchased of France in 
1803 (p. 238). All the present States of Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, 
Iowa, and Nebraska, and the Territories of Montana and Dakota, with 
the greater part of Minnesota and Kansas, and a small portion of Col- 
orado and Wyoming, belonged to it. The part of Minnesota east of the 
Mississippi belonged to the original territory. 

Florida. — The second acquisition was Florida. This was nuide iu 
1819-21, by purchase from Spain (p. 262). 

Oregon. — The region west of the Rocky Mountains, north of California, 
was long known as Oregon. It was claimed by the United States and 
Great Britain. The claim of the United States had for its basis discov- 
ery, exploration, settlement, and a title acquired from Spain (p. 297). In 
1846 Great Britain abandoned her pretensions to all south of the 49th 
parallel (p. 298). This region, from that parallel to California, includes 
the State of Oregon and the Territories of Washington and Idaho. 

Texas, California, etc. — Texas was acquired by annexation (p. 275), and 
the immense tract now belonging to the United States between that State 
and the Pacific, was afterward acquired from Mexico by compiest and pur- 
chase (pp. 280, 285). All the present States of California and Nevada, 
and the Territories of New Mexico, Arizona, and Utah, with such por- 
tion of Kansas, Colorado, and Wyoming as was not included in tlie 
Louisiana Purchase, belonged to the region acquired by annexation, or by 
conquest and purchase, from Mexico. 

Alaska. — This territory, formerly known as Russian America, was ])ur- 
chased of Russia in 1867 (p. 329). 





Acquired. 


Extent 

in 
sq. m. 


Cost. 


Who was 
President. 


Territokt. 


When. 


How. 


trom 
whom. 


1. Original 

2. LouisJMna 


1783 
1803 
1819 
1845 


Conquest .. 

Purciiasc... 

Purchase . . . 

Annexat'n . 

Exploration, 
occ'p'ncj% 
etc .... . . 

Conquest & 
purchase . 

Purchase. .. 

Purcliase.. . 


England . 
France . . . 
Spain .... 
Texas.... 

\ 

[Mexico. 

Mexico... 
Russia . . . 


833,744 

925,269 

59.268 

274,356 

251 ,.56-2 

636,760 

45,535 
577,390 


(See p. 200.) 

S15,000,C00 

5,000,000 

(See p. 262.) 

) (See p. J 

"( 297.) r 

$18,000,000 

10,000.000 
7,200,(X)0 


Jefferson. 


4. Texas 


Tyler, Polk. 
Washingtcn 


5. Oregon 


il789 
■)1846 

1846 
1S48 
18.5:3 
1867 


6. California, Ne- ( 

vada, etc 1 

7. Gadsden Tract.. 

8. Alaska 


to Polk. 

Polk. 

Pierce. 
Johnson. 







INDEX. 

[Fo)' Topical Study and Becitation.] 



Ab'er-crom-by, 114. 

Abolitionists, 275, 284. 

A-ca'di-a, 51, 102, 112. 

Adams, John, 151, 162, 200, 214, 225, 2(J6. 

Adams, John.Quincy, 260, 265. 

Adams, Samuel, 151, 205. 

Al-a-ba'ma, 262, 299. 

Alabama Claims, aSO. 

Alabama, steamer, 307, 322, 330. 

A-las'ka, i)nrchase of, 329. 

Al'ba-ny, 62, 63, 89, 174. 

Al'be-maile Colonj% 93. 

Algiers', war against, 2.j7. 

Alien and Sedition Laws, 229. 

Allen, Ethan, 154, 216. 

Allston, W., 3.35. 

Amerigo Vesi)ucci {ah-ma-re' go ces-pool'- 

chee\ 'i'i. 
Anderson, Major, 299, 301. 
Andre {an'dra). Major, 193, 195, 196. 
An'dros, Sir Edmund, 97. 
An-nap'o-lis, 202. 

Antietam {an-te'-lam), battle of, 313. 
Ap-po-mat'tox Court-House, 325. 
Ar-i-zo'na Territory, 287, App. 40. 
Ar-kan'sas, 274, 300. 
Arnold, Benedict, 1:33, 154, 159, 176, 192, 193, 

195, 198. 
Arthur, Chester A., 340, App. 39. 
Articles of Confederation, 180, 202. 
Astor, John Jacob, 234. 
As-to'ri-a, 234. 
Astrolabe, 20, 21. 
At-lan'ta, 320,321,323. 
Atlantic Cable, 244. 
Augusta, Ga., 185. 

B 

Bacon's Rebellion, 87. 
Bainbridge, Captain, 256. 



Bal-bo'a, 31, 106. 

Bal'ti-more City, 180,254. 

Baltimore, Lord, 81. 

Bancroft, George, 335. 

Bank of the U. S., 216, 268, 287. 

Banks, General, 312, 319. 

Beauregard (bo're-gard), Gen., 300, 309. 

Bell, John, 298. 

Bem'is Heights. 179. 

Ben'ning-ton, battle of, 178. 

Berk'eley, Lord, 90. 

Berkeley, Sir William, 87, 88. 

Black Hawk War, 262. 

Blaine, James G., 341. 

Books, 1:3:3, .334. 

Boone, Daniel, 219. 

Boston, 74, 148, 149, 159, 160. 

Braddock, General, expi dition of, 111. 

Bradford, William, 70. 

Bragg, Genera), .309, 317 

Braiidywine, battle of, 171. 

Breckinridge, Joim C, 298. 

Breed's Hill, lattle of, 155. 

Brooklyn, 164, 16.5, 195. 

Brown, General, 247, 252, 256. 

Brown, John, 287, 2C6. ^ 

Bryant, William C, 47, 191, :3:3.5. 

Bu-chan'an, James. 295-.300. 

Buell, General D. C.,309. 

Buena Vista {biva'nah vees'tah), battle of, 

2:7. 
Bull Run. battles of, 304, 313. 
Bunker Hill, 155. 
Burgoyne, General, 174, W.). 
Burnsidc, General, .313, 314, 319. 
Burr, Aaron. 1.35, 2:30, 2:35. 
Butler, B. F., General, 310. 

C 
Cab'ot, John and Sebastian, 28, 29. 
Cabrlllo {cab-reel' yo), 33, 44. 



42 



Index, 



Calhoun', John C, 266, 268, 270, 271, 275. 

Cal-i-f or'ni-a, 33, 277, 278, 280, 282, 283, 284. 

Cal'vert, Leonard, 82. 

Campbell, Colonel, 196, 212. 

Cambridge, 131, 133, 158. 

Cai)ada, 39, 117, 159. 

Canals, 267. 

Ca-non'i-cus, 70, 

Cape Cod, di>coverj' of, 50, 62. 

Cai)itals of the U. S., 180, 213, 225. 

Car'te-ret Colony, 93. 

Carteret, Sir George, 90. 

Cartier {car-ted'), 39. 

Carver, John, 68, 70. 

Cedar Mountain, battle of, 313. 

Census of the U. S., 289, 333. 

Centennial Anniversary, 332. 

Cerro Gordo (sdr'ro gor'do), battle of, 279. 

Chad's Ford, battle of, 171. 

Chambersburg, burning of, 322. 

Champlain {sham-plane'), 39. 

Champlain, Lake, battle of, 253. 

Chancellorsville, battle of, 316. 

Charleston, 93, 160, 189, 301, 325. 

Charlestovvi), 156. 

Charter Oak, 98. 

Chat-ta-noo'ga, battle of, 317. 

Chemung [she-mumi'), battle of, laS. 

Cherry Valley, massacre at, 183. 

Chesapeake Bay, exploration of, 52, 55. 

Chesapeake, frigate, 239, 248, 256. 

Chicago, 346. 

Chick-a-mau'ga, battle of, 317. 

China, treaty with, 33S. 

Chip'pe-wa, battle of, 252. 

Christian Commission, 314. 

Churches, early, -14, 57, 129. 

Cincinnati, map 5. 

Clarendon Colony, 93. 

Clark, General G. R., 184. 

Clay, Henry, 271, 275, 282, 2S5. 

Clayborne, William, rebellion of, 83. 

Cleveland, Grover, 341. 

Clinton, De Witt, 267. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, 160, 174, 178, 181, 189. 

Coddington, William. 80. 

Colleges, in the Colonies, 132. 

Colorado, 333. 

Columbia, S. C, capture of, 324. 

Columbia College, 132. 

Columbia R., 221, 234, 298. 



Columbus, Christopher, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 

27, 106. 
Concord, battle of, 152, 153. 
Confederate States, organization of, 299. 
Confederation, Articles of, 180. 
Congress, colonial, 1-15; first Continental, 

150 ; second Continental, 157, 161. 
Connecticut, 75, 80, 97. 
Constitution of the IT. S.,205. 
Constitution, frigate. 243, 245, 246, 256. 
Cooper, Ashley, 92. 
Cooper, novelist, 334. 
Corinth, 309, 317. 

Cornwallis, Lord, 166, 170, 190, 197, 198, 199. 
Coroiiado {koro-nah' do\ 14, 44, 47. 
Cor'tes, 30, 106, 220. 
Cotton, 24, 221. 
Cotton-gin, 223. 
Cowpens, battle of, 196, 212. 
Creeks, war with the, 251. 
Crogan, Major, 247, 265. 
Crown Point, 175. 
Custer, General, 333. 

D 
Da Gama, 26. 
Dakota Ter.,App. 40. 
Davenport, John, 80. 
Davis, Jefferson, 3C0, 327. 
DeAyllone {Ue'yoiie), 120. 
De-ca'tur, 256, 2.59. 
Declaration of Independence, 161. 
Deerfield, attack on, 102. 
D'Estaing {des-ta/ig'), Count, 185, 186. 
De Kalb, Baron, 191. 
Delaware, Lord, 56. 
Delaware, 63, 94, 126. 
De Leon', Pon-ce, 29, 106. 
De Soto, expedition of, 35, 106. 
Detroit, 184, 227, 244. 
Die.skau {de-esJco'), Baron, 111, 114. 
Din-wid'die, Robert, 108. 
Dorr Rebellion, 274. 
Douglas, Stephen A., 298. 
Dover, N. H., 72. 
Draft Riot in New York, 319. 
Drake, Sir Francis, 33, 47. 
Dred Scott Decision, 296. 
Duel between Burr and Hamilton, 235. 
Dustin, Hannah, 99. 

E 
Early, General, 321, 322. 



Index. 



43 



Eaton, Theophilus, 80. 

Education in the Colonies, 131. 

Electro-Magnetic Telegrapli, 281. 

Eliot, John, 132. 

Eliz'ibethtown (now Elizabeth), 00. 

Emancipation Proclamation, 315. 

Embargo, the, 240. 

Emerson, R. W., 336. 

Erie, Lake, 249. 

Entaw Springs, battle of, 197, 212. 



Faiieuil {fan'-el) Hall. 14T. 
Far'ra-gut, Admiral, 31(1, 323. 
Federalists, 205-200. 
Field, Cyrus W., 281. 
Fillmore, Millard, Pre.sident, 2s;l 
Fishery Question, 51. xOl, 331. 
Five Forks, battle of, 32.5. 
Flag of U. S., adoption of. 180. 
Flamboro' Head, battle of, 188. 
Florida, 29, 47, 261,299. 
Foote, A. H., 308, 310. 
Fort Amsterdam, 62. 

Carol us, 46. 

Donelson, 308. 

Duqxie.sne (diikanf). 111, ll.'>. 

Griswold, 198. 

Henry, .308. 

McAllister, 324. 

McHenry, 255. 

Meigs, ^47, 256. 

Mims, 251, 

Moultrie, 160, 299. 

Necessity, 111. 

Orange, 63, 89. 

Oswego, 114. 

Pillow, 310. 

Pitt, 115. 

Schuyler, 176. 

Sumter, 299, 325. 

Ticonderoga, 114, 1.54, 159, 175. 

Wa.shington, 166. 

William Henry, 114. 
France, treaty with, 180; hostilities of, 226. 
Franklin, Benj.imin, 108, 14(5, 151, 162, 180, 

187, 200, 2a3, .333. 
Fredericksburg, battle of, 314. 
Free Soil Principles, 281. 
Fremont, John C, 277, 29.5, 304, 312. 
Freuchtown, 247, 25G. 



French and Indian War, 106. 
Fugitive Slave Law, 284. 
Fulton, Robert, 237. 



Gadsden Purchase, 286. 

Gage, General, 149, 151, 154, 159. 

Gaspee, capture of the, 148. 

Garfield, James A., 339. 340. 

Garrison, W. L., 275. 3;35. 

Gates, General. 1.57, 178, 191, 197. 

Georgia, 91, 103, 104, 106, 299. 

Germantown, settlement of, 97 ; battle of, 

172. 
Gettysburg, battle of, 3Ut. 
Ghent, Treaty of, 257. 
Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 4~. 
Gold, excitement in Virginia. .')5; discovery 

of, in California, 282. 
Gor'ges, Ferdinando, 72. 
Gos'nold, Bartholomew, .50, 53. 
Grant, Ulysses S., 308, 317, 320, .321, 325, 

326, 329-341. 
Gray, Captain, 221. 
Great Meadows, battle of, 110. 
Greeley, Horace, 332. 

Greene, Nathaniel, Gen., 1.54, 1.57, 181, 197. 
Greenville, 220. 
Gua-da-lu'pe Hi-dal'go, 280. 
Guerriere (gare-e-urt'), capture of, 246. 
Guilford Court-House, battle of, 197, 212. 

H 

Hale, Nathan, Captain, 165, 19.5. 

Halleck, General, 313. 

Hamilton, Alexander, 203, 205,21.5,216, 2.35. 

Hamilton, Governor, 184. 

Hancock, John, 142, Appendix 5. 

Hancock, W. S., General, 3:^9. 

Harlem Heights, battle of, 166. 

Harper's Ferry, 296, 303, .313. 

Harrison, W^m. H., 241, 27'2, 273. 

Hartford, 75, 244. 

Harvard College, 1.31. 

Havana, 27. 

Haverhill, 99. 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 100. 335. 

Hayes, Rutherford B., 337. 

Hayne, Robert Y., 270, 271. 

Hendricks, Thomas A., Appendix 38. 

Henry, Patrick, 123, 143, 150, 205. 



44 



Index. 



Iler'ki-mer, General, 176. 

IIes(<ians, 163, 1G4, 182. 

HobUirk's Hill, battle of, 197, 212. 

Holmes, O. W., 336. 

Hood, General, 321, 323. 

Hooker, Joseph E., General. 815. 31 S. 

Hooker, Rev. Thomas, 7.5. 

Houston (hi/'sfy/i), Sanmel, 274. 

Howe, Elias, 334. 

Howe, Sir Wm., 1.56, 159, 163, 171, ISl. 

Hubbardton, battle of, 175. 

Hudson, Henry, 60, 62. 

Huguenots, 45. 

Hull, Captain, 245, 2.56. 

Hull, General, 214. 

Hutchinson, Mrs., 80. 

I 

Iceland, discovery of, 16. 

Idaho Territory, Appendix 40. 

Illinois, 184, 263. 

Impresi-ment, 239, 243. 

India, route to, 19, 26. 

Indiana, 185. 

Indians, 13, 14, 15. 

Indian War in Virginia, 87 ; with the Pe- 
quods, 76; with King Philip, 77; in 
New Netherland, 64 ; during the French 
War, 99 ; with Pontiac, 118 ; during the 
Revolution, 183 ; on the Western Fron- 
tier, 220, 262, 333 ; in the South, 251, 261 ; 
in Florida, 261, 262. 

Inventions, 289. 

Iowa, 281. 

Iroquois (ero'-guah), 14, 107, 108. 

Irving, Washington, 335. 



Jackson, Andrew, 251, 261, 268-271. 

Jackson, T. J.. General, 312, 316. 

Jamestown, .52-88. 

Japan, expedition to, 287. 

Jasper, Sergeant, 160. 

Jay, John, 200, 205, 215, 225, 227. 

Jefferson, Thomas, 162, 205, 215, 2.30-266. 

Johnson, Andrew, 327, 328, 329. 

Johnston, A. S., General, 309. 

Johnston, J. E., General, 312, 320, 325, 327 

Joliet {z/io-le-d'), 41. 

Jones, John Paul, 187. 



Kansas, 286, 287, 298. 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 286. 

Kaskaskia, 184. 

Kearny {kar'ne). General, 277. 

Kennebec River, 52. 

Iventucky, 219. 

Key, Fi-ancis S., 255. 

Kidd, Captain, 91. 

King George's War, 103. 

King Philip's War, 77. 

King William's War, 98. 

King's College, 132. 

King's Mountain, battle of, 196, 212. 

Knox, General, 202, 215. 

Knoxville, battle of, 319. 

Kosciusko (kos-se-us'lco), Thaddeus, 179. 

L 

La Fayette {lah fa-yet'), 171, 181, 199, 26.5. 

Lancaster, 180. 

La Salle {sat), 42. 

Lawrence, Captain, 248, 256. 

Ledyard, Colonel, 198. 

Lee, Charles, General, 157, 166, 180, 181, 182. 

Lee, Richard Henry, 151, 161, Appendix 6. 

Lee, Robert E., General, 312, 314, 316, 320, 

325, 326. 
Leisler {lice'ler), Jacob, 90. 
Lexington, battle of, 152. 
Leydeii, 67, 70. 

Lewis and Clarke, exploration by, 234. 
Liberty Bell, 162. 
Liberty Tree, 145. 
Lincoln, Abraham, 298-326. 
Lincoln, General, 186, 189. 
Livingston, Robert R., 162, 2.33. 
Locke, John, 92. 
London Company, 51. 
Longfellow, Henry W., 1.53, *i.5. 
Long Island, battle of, 164. 
Lookout Mountain, battle on, 318. 
Louisburg, 103, 115. 
Louisiana, 43, 247, 299. 
Louisiana Territorj', 232. 
Lowell, J. R., 336. 
Lundy's Lane, battle of, 2.52, 2.56. 
Lyon, General, 304. 

M 

McClellan, Geo. B., General, 303, 311, 313. 



Index. 



45 



McCrea {kru\ Miss, 175. 

MacDonough, Commodore, 253. 

McDowell, General, 304, 412. 

Macomb {ma-kcom'), General, 254, 256. 

Madison, James, 203, 205, 24()-2()0. 

Magellan {ma-jel'lan), 32. 

Maine, 52, 264, 274. 

Maii-hat'tan Island, i>nrcliase of, 68. 

Marietta, 219. 

Mariner's Compass, 20. 

Marion, General, 190, 191. 

Marquette {mar-kef), 40. 

Marshall, John, 229. 

Maryland, 81, 83, 84, 302. 

Mason and Dixon's Line, 2()4. 

Mason and Slidell, seizure of, 306. 

Mason, John, 72. 

Massachusetts, 56, 68-103. 

Mas-sa-soit, 70, 78. 

Mat-a-mo'ras, taking of, 276. 

Mather, Cotton, 101, l;«. 

Mayflower, sailing of the, 6S. 

Meade, George G., General, 316, 320. 

Memphis, taking of, 310. 

Mercer, General, 170. 

Merrj' Mount, 72. 

Mesilla {ma-seel' yali) Valley, 285. 

Mexico, 30, 274-285. 

Mexico (city), occupation of, 280. 

Michigan, 244, 274. 

Miller, Colonel, 253. 

Minnesota, 297. 

Mississippi, 262, 299. 

Mississippi River, 35, 38, 41, 42, 308, 317. 

Missouri, 232, 264, 304. 

Missouri Compromise, 264, 286. 

Mobile, 255, 323. 

Money, 123, 211, 337. 

Monitor, the, 310. 

Monmouth, battle of, 181. 

Monroe, James, 233, 260-266. 

Montcalm {monl.-kam'), 114, 116. 

Montana Territory, Appendix 40. 

Monterey {tnon-ta-rd'), battle of, 276. 

Mon-te-zu'ma, 30. 

Montgomery (city), 300. 

Montgomery, R., General, 115, 157, 159. 

Montreal, 159. 

Morgan, General Daniel, 1.59, lOfi, 197. 

Mormons, 285. 

Morris, Robert, 168, 169. 



Morristown, 170. 
Morse, Professor, 281. 
Motley, Jolm C, historian, ; 
Moultrie, Colonel, 160. 
Mound Builders, 12. 
Mount Vernon, 202. 
Murfreesboro, l)attie of, 317. 



Narvaez {nar-vah'-eth), 14, 35. 

Nashville, battle of, 323. 

Navigation Act, 126, 141. 

Nebraska, 329. 

Nevada, 3-29. 

New Albion, 34. 

New Amsterdam, 62, 89. 

Newbiirgh, 201. 

New England, its name, 56, 65. 

Newfoundland {nv'fuml-land), 29, 48, 50. 

New France, 51, 115. 

New Hampshire, 72, 154. 

New Haven, 80. 

New Jersey, 63, 90, 91, 125. 

New Jersey, College of, 132. 

New London, burning of, 198. 

New Mexico, 14, 277, 284, 287. 

New Netherland, 62, 88 ; customs in, 129. 

New Orleans, 247, 255, 310. 

Newport, 80. 

Newport, Christopher, Captain, 53, 55. 

Newspapers, 133, 334. 

New Sweden, 63, 64. 

New York, 60, 88, 145, 165, 201, 213, 319. 

Norfolk, 303. 

Normans, or Norsemen, 16. 

North Carolina, 48, 93, 140, 216, 800. 

Northwest Territory, 218. 

Nova Scotia, 39, 51, 112. 

Nueces {nwd'seez) River, 275. 

Nullification, 271. 

O 
Oglethorpe {o'f/l-lhorp), James, 108, 120. 
Ohio, 232. 

Ohio Company, 107. 
O-kee-cho'bee, battle of, 262. 
Oliver, Andrew, 145. 
Oregon, 220, 297, Appendix 40. 
Oregon River, exploraticm of, 221, 234. 
O-ris'ka-ny, battle of, 176. 
Os-ce-o'la, 262. 
Otis, James, 144, 336. 



46 



Index. 



Pacific Ocean, discovery of the, 31, 32. 

Paine, Tliomas, 161. 

Paivenham (;;aA;'n-fl??<), Sir Edward, 25.'). 

Palfrey, Jolin G., historian, 18, 335. 

Palo Alto {pah'lo ohl'to), battle of, 27f). 

Palos ipa/i'los), 22, 25. 

Paoli {pa-o'-le), battle of, 172. 

Paris, treaty of, 117. 

Parkman, Francis, historian. 335. 

Pa-troons', 64. 

Paulding, John, 194. 

Penn, William, 91, 93, 95, 127. 

Pennsylvania, 93. 

Pennsylvania, University of, 132. 

Pen-sa-co'la, 255, 261. 

Pequod War, 76, 120. 

Perry, M. C, expedition to Japan, 287. 

Perry, Oliver H., Captain, 249. 

Petersburg, 346. 

Petroleum, 128. 

Philadelphia, 96, 127, 150, 157, 161, 172, 1K0> 

181, 225, 332. 
Philip, war with King, 77, 120. 
Phillips, Wendell, 335. 
Pickens, Colonel, 186, 190. 
Pierce, Franklin, President, 285. 
Pike, General, 247, 256. 
Pilgrims, the, 67, 68, 69, 70, 75. 
Pinckncy, Charles C, 228. 
Pit cairn. Major, 152. 
Pitt, William, 115, 145. 
I'ittsburgh, 110. 

Pittsburgh Landing, battle of, 309. 
Plattsburg, battle of, 253. 
Plymouth, settlement of, 69; council of, 71. 
Plymouth Company, 51. 
Po-ca-hon'tas, 55, 59. 
Poe, Edgar A., 334. 
Polk, James K., 275-281. 
Polo, Marco, 19. 
Pontiac's War, 118. 
Pope, General, .310, 313. 
Porter, Captain, 245, 256. 
Porter, D. D., Admiral, 319. 
Port Hudson, 317. 
Port Royal, 39, 51, 100. 
Portsmouth, N. H., 72. 
Pow-ha-tan', 55. 
Prescott, Colonel, 155. 
Prescott, W. H., historian, 334. 



Prevost, General, 256. 

Princeton, 132 ; battle of, 168, 170. " 

Printing, 133, 334. 

Providence, 79. 

Pueblo (pwa'-hlo) Indians, 14. 

Pulaski {im-las'kee), 171, 186. 

Puritans, the, 65, 73, 85. 

Putnam, Israel, General, IM, 157, 164. 



Quakers, the, 85, 94. 
i Quebec, 39, 115, 117. 
Queen Anne's War, 102. 
Queenstown, 245, 256. 

R 

Railroads, 266. 
' Raleigh (raiv'le). Sir Walter, 47, 49, 50, 124. 

Randolph, Edmund, 205, 215. 

Randolph, Peyton, 1.50. 

Rawdon, Lord, 197, 212. 
' Reconstruction of tlie Union, 328. 

Red River Expedition, 319. 
1 Resaca de la Palma {rd-sah'-kah da Ink 
I 2mhl'-7nah), battle of, 276. 
i Rhode Island, 79, 216, 274. 
i Ribault, (re-bo'), 45. 

Rice culture, 120. 
: Richmond, 198, 237, .303, .325. 
i Rio Grande (re'-o grahn'da), 275,280. 
' Roanoke Island, 48. 

Robinson, John, 67, 70. 

Rochambeau (ro-sham-1>o'), 199. 

Rolfe, John, 59. 

Rosecrans, General, .309, 317. 

S 
St. Augustine, 47, 92. 
St. Clair, General, 175, 220. 
St. Lawrence River, discovery of, 39. 
St. Leger (Icj'er), 174, 176. 
St. Louis, 232, 304, 317. 
Salem, 73, 78. 
Salem Witchcraft, 100. 
Sam'o-set, 70. 

Sanders Creek, battle of, 191. 
San Francisco, 33, 283. 
Sanitary Commission, 314. 
San Juan Question (boundary), 330. 
Santa Anna. 277, 279, 
Santa Fe, 47, 277. 



Index. 



47 



Saratoga, battle of, 179, 

Savannah, 104, 185, 3^4. 

Saj'brook, 75. 

Sche-nec'ta-dy, massacre at, 99. 

Schofield, General, 323. 

Schools, in the Colonies, 131, 

Sclinyicr, General, 157, 1.59, 175, 178. 

Scott, Winfield, Gen., 252, 271, 277, 285, .304. 

Sem'i-noles, war with, 261, 262. 

Semmes (femz), Captain, 322. 

Sew'ard, W. H., .327, 329. 

Sewing-Machine, 334. 

Shays, Daniel, rebellion of, 20.1 

Shen-an-do'ah Valley, 321. 

Sheridan, rhilip H., General, .322, 3-2.5. 

Sherman, Roger, 162. 

Sherman, W. T., General, 318, 320-325. 

Shiloh, battle of, 309. 

Simms, W. G., novelist, a35. 

Slavery, 119, 218, 223, 264, 275, 280, 283,-284, 

286, 288, 295, 296, 315, 328. 
Smith, John, 53, 56, 59, 69. 
Smith, Joseph, 285. 
Sonth Carolina, 45, 93, 271, 299, 300. 
Sonth Mountain, battle of, 313. 
Stamp Act, 143. 
Staten Island, 163, 171. 
Standish, Miles, 70, 72, 
Stanton, E, M., .321. 
Stark, General, 154, 178. 
Star-Spangled Banner, song, 255, 
State Rights, 2.30, 271, 299, 
Statue of Liberty, 342. 
Steamboats, 2.37, 266. 
Steuben, Baron, 182. 
Stillwater, battles of, 179. 
Stonj"^ Point, capture of, 186. 
Stowe, Mrs., a35, ,336. 
Stuyvesant {sti've-sant), Peter, 64, 88. 
Sullivan, General, 183. 
Sumter, General, 190, 212. 
Sunbury, 1R5. 
Swedes, settlement by, 63. 



Tallmadge, Major, 195. 

Tariff Law, 215, 241, 26!), 271. 

Tarleton, Colonel, 197, 212. 

Tarry town, 194. 

Taylor, Zachary, 262, 276, 277, 282, 283. 

Tea, tax on, 147. 



Te-cum'seh, 341, 242, 244, 251. 

Telegraphs, 281, 

Telephones, 281. 

Tennessee, 219, 300, 

Texas, 43, 274, 275, 299,. 329, 

Thames {femz), battle of, 2.50. 

Tliomas, Geo. H., General, 3:9, 317, 323. 

Tilden, Samuel J., 3.37. 

Tip-pe-can-oe', battle of, 242. 

Tobacco, 123, 124. 

To-ho-pe'ka, battle of, 251, 

Tories, 160, 178, 183, 201. 

Traveling, in the colonies, 134, 

Trenton, battle of, 167, 214, 

Trip'-o-li, war against, 257. 

Tunis, war against, 2.57. 

Tyler, John, 273, 274, 275. 

IT 
Useful Inventions, 289, 
Utah Territory, 284, Appendix 40, 

V 

Valley Forge, 172, 

Van Bu'ren, Martin, 271, 272. 

Van Wart, Isaac. 194. 

Vera Cruz (krooz), taking of, 278, 279, 

Vermont, 154, 175, 178, 216. 

Verrazzani {ver-rat-tsah'ne), voyage of, 61. 

Vicksburg, 317, 

Vincennes, 185, 

Vinland, 17. 

Virginia, 33, 48, 52, 56, 71, 87, .300. 

Virginia and Monitor, battle between, 311. 

W 

Wampum, 124. 

Ward, General, 154, 157, 

Warner, Seth, 178, 216, 

Warren, General, 157, 

Washington, George, first public employ- 
ment, 108, 110, 111, 112, 151; Commander- 
in-Chief, 157 ; at Boston, 159 ; at Long 
Island, 164; at Trenton, 168; at Princeton, 
170; atBrandywine, 171; at Germantown, 
172 ; at Monmouth, 181 ; at Yorktown, 
199 ; after the war, 201; in Constitutional 
Convention, 203; President, 211-225; 
death of, 228. 

Washington (city), 2-30, 2.54. 

Washington Territory, Appendix 40, 

Wayne, General, 172, 181, 186, 220. 



48 



Index. 



Webster, Daniel, :265. 271, 273. 
Weslej-, John and Chaiii-?, 105. 
West Point, 193. 
West Virginia, 303. 
Wetherstield. seitlenient of , 7."v 
Whipple, E. P.,33ti. 
Whisky Insnriection. 22."i. 
White, John, 49. 
Wliite Plains, battle of. 1()6. 
Whiteliild (fiwiC-J'edd), Georjre, 
Whitney, Eli. 223. 
Whittier, Jchn G., a35. 
Wilderness, l)attle of the, 321. 
Wilkes, Captain. 3(H). 
Williamsburg, battle of. 312. 
William and Mary College, 132. 
Williams, David, 194. 



10.5. 



I Williams, Roger, 76, 78. 

I Wilmington, Del., 63, 127.- 

I Wilmot Proviso, 280. 

I Winchester, battle of. 322. 

; Windsor, 7."). 

I Winslow, Captain, 322. 

Winthrop (2), John, 73, 7."). 
! Wisconsin, 2S1. 
! Witchcraft, Salem, llXl. 
j Wolfe, General, 115. 

Wy-o'ming, massacre at, 1SS. 

W^N'oniing Territory, Appendi.K 40. 



Y. 



Yale College, 132, 165. 
York, 180, 247, 2.56. 
Yorktown, 199, 312, ^0. 



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